Research Article
Taş yapıların cephelerindeki malzeme bozulmalarının yersel lazer tarama yöntemiyle araştırılması: Mardin Konağı Örneği
Abstract
Yapılarda meydana gelen malzeme bozulmalarına etki eden faktörlerin ve süreçlerin doğru bir şekilde belirlenmesi ve anlaşılması, uygun koruma müdahalelerinin uygulanması ve yapılarda meydana gelecek bozulmaların önceden bilinmesi ve önlem alınması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmaya konu olan ve yöreye özgü geleneksel konutların özelliklerini yansıtan tarihi taş bir yapı olan Mardin Konağı, topografya, malzeme gibi bölgesel unsurların belirleyiciliği altında oluşmuş bir oluşumdur. Çalışmanın amacı Mardin ilinde geleneksel konutların özelliklerini yansıtan tarihi bir konağın taş malzeme sorunlarının araştırılmasıdır. Malzeme sorunlarının araştırılmasında gözlemsel tespit ve yersel lazer tarama yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda yapıda en sık görülen malzeme bozulma türlerinin yüzey kirliliği ve bitki oluşumu olduğu görülmüştür. Cephelerdeki yoğun düzeyde kararmaların artan hava kirliliğinin etkisiyle meydana geldiğini düşünülmekte olup, yöredeki yapılarda hava kirliliğini cephelerde meydana getirdiği zararlara yönelik önlemlerin alınması gerektiğini önerilmektedir.
References
- Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M., 2020. Kaya Bloklarının 3B Nokta Bulutunun Yersel Lazer Tarayıcı Kullanarak Elde Edilmesi. Türkiye LİDAR Dergisi, 2(1), 1-4.
- Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M., 2020. Mersin Akyar Falezi’nin 3B modeli. Türkiye Lidar Dergisi, 2(1), 5-9.
- Alptekin, A., Çelik, M. Ö., & Yakar, M., 2019. Anıtmezarın yersel lazer tarayıcı kullanarak 3B modellenmesi. Türkiye Lidar Dergisi, 1(1), 1-4.
- Alptekin, A., Fidan, Ş., Karabacak, A., Çelik, M. Ö., & Yakar, M., 2019. Üçayak Örenyeri'nin yersel lazer tarayıcı kullanılarak modellenmesi. Türkiye Lidar Dergisi, 1(1), 16-20.
- Brimblecombe, P., & Grossi, C. M., 2005. Aesthetic thresholds and blackening of stone buildings. Science of the Total Environment, 349(1-3), 175-189.
- Cammarano, D., & Tian, D., 2018. The effects of projected climate and climate extremes on a winter and summer crop in the southeast USA. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 248, 109-118.
- Corvo, F., Reyes, J., Valdes, C., Villaseñor, F., Cuesta, O., Aguilar, D., & Quintana, P., 2010. Influence of air pollution and humidity on limestone materials degradation in historical buildings located in cities under tropical coastal climates. Water, air, and soil pollution, 205(1), 359-375.
- De Reu, J., Plets, G., Verhoeven, G., De Smedt, P., Bats, M., Cherretté, B., ... & De Clercq, W., 2013. Towards a three-dimensional cost-effective registration of the archaeological heritage. Journal of archaeological science, 40(2), 1108-1121.
- Fioretti, G., Mazzoleni, P., Acquafredda, P., & Andriani, G. F., 2018. On the technical properties of the Carovigno stone from Apulia (Italy): physical characterization and decay effects by means of experimental ageing tests. Environmental earth sciences, 77(2), 1-11.
- Graue, B., Siegesmund, S., Oyhantcabal, P., Naumann, R., Licha, T., & Simon, K., 2013. The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals. Environmental Earth Sciences, 69(4), 1095-1124.
- Guidi, G., Russo, M., Ercoli, S., Remondino, F., Rizzi, A., & Menna, F., 2009. A multi-resolution methodology for the 3D modeling of large and complex archeological areas. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 7(1), 39-55.
- Kanun, E., Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M., 2021. Cultural heritage modelling using UAV photogrammetric methods: a case study of Kanlıdivane archeological site. Advanced UAV, 1(1), 24-33.
- Kapsalas, P., Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P., Zervakis, M., Delegou, E. T., & Moropoulou, A., 2007. Optical inspection for quantification of decay on stone surfaces. NDT & E International, 40(1), 2-11.
- Karataş, L., 2023. Investigating the historical building materials with spectroscopic and geophysical methods: A case study of Mardin Castle. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 7(3), 266-278.
- Karataş, L., Alptekin, A., Kanun, E., & Yakar, M., 2022. Tarihi kârgir yapılarda taş malzeme bozulmalarının İHA fotogrametrisi kullanarak tespiti ve belgelenmesi: Mersin Kanlıdivane ören yeri vaka çalışması. İçel Dergisi, 2(2), 41-49.
- Martinho, E., Dionísio, A., Almeida, F., Mendes, M., & Grangeia, C., 2014. Integrated geophysical approach for stone decay diagnosis in cultural heritage. Construction and Building Materials, 52, 345-352.
- Moroni, B., Pitzurra, L., & Poli, G., 2004. Microbial growth and air pollutants in the corrosion of carbonate building stone: results of laboratory and outdoor experimental tests. Environmental geology, 46(3), 436-447.
- O'Brien, P. F., Cooper, T. P., & Jeffrey, D. W., 1992. Measurement of stone decay rates at remote locations using ion exchange resins. Environmental technology, 13(5), 485-491.
- Paradise, T. R., & Zayadine, F., 1999. Analysis of sandstone weathering of Roman theater in Petra, Jordan. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 43, 353-368.
- Riegert, M., and Turkington, A., 2003. Setting stone decay in a cultural context: conservation at the African Cemetery No. 2, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. Building and Environment, 38(9-10), 1105-1111.
- Robinson, D. A., & Williams, R. B. G., 1996. An analysis of the weathering of Wealden sandstone churches. Processes of urban stone decay, 133-149.
- Smith, B. J., & Přikryl, R., 2007. Diagnosing decay: the value of medical analogy in understanding the weathering of building stones. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 271(1), 1-8.
- Smith, B. J., Gomez-Heras, M., & McCabe, S., 2008. Understanding the decay of stone-built cultural heritage. Progress in Physical Geography, 32(4), 439-461.
- Spezzano, P., 2021. Mapping the susceptibility of UNESCO World Cultural Heritage sites in Europe to ambient (outdoor) air pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142345.
- Yakar, M., Yılmaz, H. M., & Mutluoğlu, H. M., 2009. Hacim Hesaplamalarında Laser Tarama ve Yersel Fotogrametrinin Kullanılması, TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası 12. Türkiye Harita Bilimsel ve Teknik Kurultayı, Ankara. Yılmaz, H. M., & Yakar, M., 2006. Yersel lazer tarama Teknolojisi. Yapı teknolojileri Elektronik dergisi, 2(2), 43-48.
Investigating the Material Deteriorations on the Facades of Stone Structures by Terrestrial Laser Scanning Method: Case Study of Mardin Mansion
Abstract
It is of great importance to determine and understand the factors and processes that affect material deterioration in buildings, to apply appropriate protection interventions, to know in advance of the deterioration that will occur in buildings and to take precautions. Mardin Mansion, which is the subject of the study and is a historical stone structure that reflects the characteristics of traditional houses unique to the region, is a formation that was formed under the determination of regional elements such as topography and materials. The aim of the study is to investigate the stone material problems of a historical mansion reflecting the characteristics of traditional houses in the province of Mardin. Observational detection and terrestrial laser scanning methods were used to investigate material problems. As a result of the study, it was seen that the most common types of material deterioration in the building were surface pollution and plant formation. It is thought that the intense darkening on the facades is caused by the effect of increasing air pollution, and it is suggested that measures should be taken against the damages caused by air pollution on the facades of the buildings in the region.
References
- Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M., 2020. Kaya Bloklarının 3B Nokta Bulutunun Yersel Lazer Tarayıcı Kullanarak Elde Edilmesi. Türkiye LİDAR Dergisi, 2(1), 1-4.
- Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M., 2020. Mersin Akyar Falezi’nin 3B modeli. Türkiye Lidar Dergisi, 2(1), 5-9.
- Alptekin, A., Çelik, M. Ö., & Yakar, M., 2019. Anıtmezarın yersel lazer tarayıcı kullanarak 3B modellenmesi. Türkiye Lidar Dergisi, 1(1), 1-4.
- Alptekin, A., Fidan, Ş., Karabacak, A., Çelik, M. Ö., & Yakar, M., 2019. Üçayak Örenyeri'nin yersel lazer tarayıcı kullanılarak modellenmesi. Türkiye Lidar Dergisi, 1(1), 16-20.
- Brimblecombe, P., & Grossi, C. M., 2005. Aesthetic thresholds and blackening of stone buildings. Science of the Total Environment, 349(1-3), 175-189.
- Cammarano, D., & Tian, D., 2018. The effects of projected climate and climate extremes on a winter and summer crop in the southeast USA. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 248, 109-118.
- Corvo, F., Reyes, J., Valdes, C., Villaseñor, F., Cuesta, O., Aguilar, D., & Quintana, P., 2010. Influence of air pollution and humidity on limestone materials degradation in historical buildings located in cities under tropical coastal climates. Water, air, and soil pollution, 205(1), 359-375.
- De Reu, J., Plets, G., Verhoeven, G., De Smedt, P., Bats, M., Cherretté, B., ... & De Clercq, W., 2013. Towards a three-dimensional cost-effective registration of the archaeological heritage. Journal of archaeological science, 40(2), 1108-1121.
- Fioretti, G., Mazzoleni, P., Acquafredda, P., & Andriani, G. F., 2018. On the technical properties of the Carovigno stone from Apulia (Italy): physical characterization and decay effects by means of experimental ageing tests. Environmental earth sciences, 77(2), 1-11.
- Graue, B., Siegesmund, S., Oyhantcabal, P., Naumann, R., Licha, T., & Simon, K., 2013. The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals. Environmental Earth Sciences, 69(4), 1095-1124.
- Guidi, G., Russo, M., Ercoli, S., Remondino, F., Rizzi, A., & Menna, F., 2009. A multi-resolution methodology for the 3D modeling of large and complex archeological areas. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 7(1), 39-55.
- Kanun, E., Alptekin, A., & Yakar, M., 2021. Cultural heritage modelling using UAV photogrammetric methods: a case study of Kanlıdivane archeological site. Advanced UAV, 1(1), 24-33.
- Kapsalas, P., Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P., Zervakis, M., Delegou, E. T., & Moropoulou, A., 2007. Optical inspection for quantification of decay on stone surfaces. NDT & E International, 40(1), 2-11.
- Karataş, L., 2023. Investigating the historical building materials with spectroscopic and geophysical methods: A case study of Mardin Castle. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 7(3), 266-278.
- Karataş, L., Alptekin, A., Kanun, E., & Yakar, M., 2022. Tarihi kârgir yapılarda taş malzeme bozulmalarının İHA fotogrametrisi kullanarak tespiti ve belgelenmesi: Mersin Kanlıdivane ören yeri vaka çalışması. İçel Dergisi, 2(2), 41-49.
- Martinho, E., Dionísio, A., Almeida, F., Mendes, M., & Grangeia, C., 2014. Integrated geophysical approach for stone decay diagnosis in cultural heritage. Construction and Building Materials, 52, 345-352.
- Moroni, B., Pitzurra, L., & Poli, G., 2004. Microbial growth and air pollutants in the corrosion of carbonate building stone: results of laboratory and outdoor experimental tests. Environmental geology, 46(3), 436-447.
- O'Brien, P. F., Cooper, T. P., & Jeffrey, D. W., 1992. Measurement of stone decay rates at remote locations using ion exchange resins. Environmental technology, 13(5), 485-491.
- Paradise, T. R., & Zayadine, F., 1999. Analysis of sandstone weathering of Roman theater in Petra, Jordan. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 43, 353-368.
- Riegert, M., and Turkington, A., 2003. Setting stone decay in a cultural context: conservation at the African Cemetery No. 2, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. Building and Environment, 38(9-10), 1105-1111.
- Robinson, D. A., & Williams, R. B. G., 1996. An analysis of the weathering of Wealden sandstone churches. Processes of urban stone decay, 133-149.
- Smith, B. J., & Přikryl, R., 2007. Diagnosing decay: the value of medical analogy in understanding the weathering of building stones. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 271(1), 1-8.
- Smith, B. J., Gomez-Heras, M., & McCabe, S., 2008. Understanding the decay of stone-built cultural heritage. Progress in Physical Geography, 32(4), 439-461.
- Spezzano, P., 2021. Mapping the susceptibility of UNESCO World Cultural Heritage sites in Europe to ambient (outdoor) air pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142345.
- Yakar, M., Yılmaz, H. M., & Mutluoğlu, H. M., 2009. Hacim Hesaplamalarında Laser Tarama ve Yersel Fotogrametrinin Kullanılması, TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası 12. Türkiye Harita Bilimsel ve Teknik Kurultayı, Ankara. Yılmaz, H. M., & Yakar, M., 2006. Yersel lazer tarama Teknolojisi. Yapı teknolojileri Elektronik dergisi, 2(2), 43-48.
There are 25 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 22, 2023 |
| Publication Date | June 28, 2023 |
| Submission Date | November 1, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 23 Issue: 3 |
