Research Article
The Effect of Different Ambient Temperatures on the Adhesion Performance of Black Pine (Pinus nigra) Wood
Abstract
In this study, the adhesion performance of wood glues was evaluated depending on temperature. Polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and poly urethane (PU) glue were used to adhere to the Back pine (Pinus nigra) wood samples. The adhesion performance of the samples was determined under three different temperature effects: below room temperature (4 ° C), at room temperature (22 ° C), and above room temperature (55 ° C). After sticking, the samples were clamped with a hand vise and left to cure at three different temperatures. Lap sheer strength (LSS), modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) analyses were performed for the mechanical characterization of the samples. According to the obtained results, the LSS (Load at Specified Strain) strength increased below and above room temperature. In contrast, the MOR (Modulus of Rupture) and MOE (Modulus of Elasticity) strengths decreased below and above room temperature. Thus, it was concluded that in addition to the adhesive strength varying with temperature, the direction of the force application also influences the strength. Especially in small workshops, the ambient temperature is greatly influenced by summer and winter conditions. This, in turn, affects the adhesive strength and the quality of the work for wood bonding. Supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with similar studies is essential to improve the quality of their work.
Keywords
References
- Altınok, M. (2002). Ahşap tutkallı bi̇rleşmelerde yapışma performansına sıcaklık artışının etki̇leri. Politeknik Dergisi, 5(5), 341–345.
- Bal, B. C., Bektaş, I. and Ozdemir, F. (2012). Masif ve Lamine Ağaç Malzemelerin Isıl Genleşme Katsayıları Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 8(1), 77–83.
- Baltaci, B. (2011). Karaçam odununun laminasyon özelliklerinin belirlenmesi (Dissertation, Dumlupınar University). Dumlupınar University, Kütahya. Retrieved from https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/610285
- Blanchet, P. (2008). Long-term performance of engineered wood flooring when ex-posed to temperature and humidity cycling. Forest Products Journal, 58(9), 37–44.
- Clauss, S., Joscak, M., Niemz, P. (2011). Thermal stability of glued wood joints measured by shear tests. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 69(1), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-010-0411-4
- Comyn, J. (2021). What are adhesives and sealants and how do they work? In Adhesive Bonding (pp. 41–78). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819954-1.00003-4
- Coppendale, J. (1977). The stress and failure analysis of structural adhesive joints (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Bristol, Bristol.
- Corey, A., Draghetti, P., Fantl, J. (1977). Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsions and Polyvinyl Alcohol for Adhesives.
- Kollmann, F. and Côté, W. (1984). Principles of Wood Science and Technology. In Solid Wood; Springer. Newyork.
- EN 15497. (2014). Structural finger jointed solid timber - performance requirements and minimum production requirements. London.
- Frihart, C. R. (2009). Adhesive Groups and How They Relate to the Durability of Bonded Wood. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 23(4), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856108X379137
- Han, X., Wen, Y., Kant, S. (2009). The global competitiveness of the Chinese wooden furniture industry. Forest Policy and Economics, 11(8), 561–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2009.07.006
- Hart-Smith, L. (1973). Adhesive-bonded single-lap joints. USA. Retrieved from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19740005083/downloads/19740005083.pdf
- Hunt, C., Frihart, C., Dunky, M., Rohumaa, A. (2018). Understanding wood bonds–going beyond what meets the eye: a critical review. Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives, 6(4), 369–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119625322.ch8
- Ilgın, H. E., Karjalainen, M. (2021). Preliminary Design Proposals for Dovetail Wood Board Elements in Multi-Story Building Construction. Architecture, 1(1), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture1010006
- Karaaslan, A. (2004). Borla modifiye edilmiş bazı tutkalların kestane ağacının yapışma direncine etkileri (Dissertation, , Institute of science). Institute of science, Kütahya. Retrieved from https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/611278
- Kimeng, H. T., Olusegun, E. O., Okoli, O. G., Ango, A. J. (2015). Temperature Effects on Glue Performance and Compressive Strength of Glue Laminated Funtumia Africana. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.24178/ijare.2015.1.1.01
- Kurtoğlu, A., Sofuoğlu, S. D. (2015). Mobilya ve ağaç işlerinde kullanılan ahşap malzemeler 1 : (Ağaç malzemelerin seçimi, işlenmesi, mobilya ve yapı elemanlarının üretiminde kullanılmaları, mobilya üretiminde kullanılan ağaç kökenli malzemeler) . Mobilya Dekorasyon, 22(118), 62–78.
- Lamb, D. (1998). Large-scale Ecological Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forest Lands: The Potential Role of Timber Plantations. Restoration Ecology, 6(3), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1998.00632.x
- LeBono, J., Barton, L., Birkett, M. (2017). Low temperature tensile lap-shear testing of adhesively bonded polyethylene pipe. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 74, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2016.12.003
- Merey, G. (2023). Aletli Analiz Yöntemleri Analiz Çeşitleri ve Temel Kavramlar. Çorum.
- Motohashi, K., Tomita, B., Mizumachi, H., Sakaguchi, H. (1984). Temperature dependency of bond strength of polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesives for wood. Wood and Fiber Science, 16(1), 72–85.
- Moussa, O., Vassilopoulos, A. P., Keller, T. (2012). Effects of low-temperature curing on physical behavior of cold-curing epoxy adhesives in bridge construction. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 32, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2011.09.001
- Na, B., Pizzi, A., Delmotte, L., Lu, X. (2005). One-component polyurethane adhesives for green wood gluing: Structure and temperature-dependent creep. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 96(4), 1231–1243. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21529
- Obucina, M., Gondzic, E., Manso, E. (2015). The Influence of Adhesion Temperature to the Shear Strength of Width Glued Wooden Elements. Procedia Engineering, 100, 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.374
- Ordu, M. (2007). Açık hava koşullarının ahşap malzemenin özelliklerine etkisi (Dissertation, , Dumlupınar University). Dumlupınar University, Kütahya. Retrieved from https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/610960
- Pirard, R., Secco, L., Warman, R. (2016). Do timber plantations contribute to forest conservation? Environmental Science & Policy, 57, 122–130.
- Ramage, M. H., Burridge, H., Busse-Wicher, M., Fereday, G., Reynolds, T., Shah, D. U., Scherman, O. (2017). The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, 333–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.107
- Šedivka, P., Bomba, J., Böhm, M., Boška, P. (2015). Influence of temperature on the strength of bonded joints. . . BioResources, 10(3), 3999-4010., 10(3), 3999–4010.
- Shields, J. (1985). Adhesives Handbook (3rd ed.).
- Smardzewski, J. (2015). Furniture Design. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19533-9
- Susanty, A., Tjahjono, B., Sulistyani, R. E. (2020). An investigation into circular economy practices in the traditional wooden furniture industry. Production Planning & Control, 31(16), 1336–1348. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2019.1707322
- Tam, L., Zhou, A., Yu, Z., Qiu, Q., Lau, D. (2017). Understanding the effect of temperature on the interfacial behavior of CFRP-wood composite via molecular dynamics simulations. Composites Part B: Engineering, 109, 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.030
- TS EN 204. (2017). Classification of thermoplastic wood adhesives for non- structural applications. Ankara.
- TS EN 205. (2017). Adhesives - Wood adhesives for non-structural applications - Determination of tensile shear strength of lap joints. Ankara.
- TSE. (1999). Wood- Based panels- Sampling, cutting and inspection- Part 1: Sampling test pieces and expression of test results. Ankara.
- TSE EN 310. (1999). Ahşap esaslı levhalar-Eğilme dayanımı ve eğilme elastikiyet modülünün tayini. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara. Ankara.
- Ülker, O. (2016). Wood adhesives and bonding theory. In A. Rudawska (Ed.), Adhesives: Applications and Properties (pp. 271–288). Intechopen.
- Wang, X., Hagman, O., Sundqvist, B., Ormarsson, S., Wan, H., Niemz, P. (2015). Impact of cold temperatures on the shear strength of Norway spruce joints glued with different adhesives. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 73(2), 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0882-4
- Watts, D. C., Marouf, A. S., Heindl, D. (2002). New methods to directly measure adhesive stress and movement on glass. In A. E. Hatheway (Ed.), International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology (p. 19). Seattle, WA, United States: spiedigitallibrary. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.482165
- Yu, H., Adams, R. D., da Silva, L. F. M. (2014). Development of a torsion pendulum and its application to measuring the dynamic modulus of adhesives from pre-gelation to the cured state. Measurement Science and Technology, 25(5), 055603. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/25/5/055603
Year 2024,
Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 107 - 115, 23.04.2024
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, ahşap tutkallarının yapışma performansı, sıcaklığa bağlı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Karaçam (Pinus nigra) odun örneklerinin yapıştırılmasında, polivinil asetat (PVA) ve poliüretan (PU) yapıştırıcıları kullanılmıştır. Numunelerin yapışma performansı, oda sıcaklığının altı (4 °C), oda sıcaklığı (22 °C) ve oda sıcaklığının üstü (55 °C) olmak üzere üç farklı sıcaklık etkisi altında belirlenmiştir. Yapıştırıldıktan sonra numuneler el mengenesi ile sıkıştırılarak üç farklı sıcaklıkta kürlenmeye bırakılmıştır. Numunelerin mekanik karakterizasyonu için makaslamada çekme direnci (LSS-Load at Specified Strain), eğilme direnci (MOR- Modulus of Rupture) ve eğilmede elastikiyet modülü (MOE- Modulus of Elasticity) analizleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, LSS direnci oda sıcaklığının altında ve üzerinde artış göstermiştir. Buna karşın, MOR ve MOE güçleri, oda sıcaklığının altında ve üzerinde azalmıştır. Böylece, sıcaklığa bağlı olarak değişen yapışma mukavemetinin yanı sıra kuvvet uygulama yönünün de mukavemeti etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Özellikle küçük atölyelerde ortam sıcaklığı yaz ve kış koşullarından büyük ölçüde etkilenir. Bu da ahşabın yapıştırılması için yapılan işin yapışma gücünü ve kalitesini etkiler. Küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerin (KOBİ'ler) benzer çalışmalarla desteklenmesi, yaptıkları işin kalitesinin artırılması açısından önemlidir.
Keywords
References
- Altınok, M. (2002). Ahşap tutkallı bi̇rleşmelerde yapışma performansına sıcaklık artışının etki̇leri. Politeknik Dergisi, 5(5), 341–345.
- Bal, B. C., Bektaş, I. and Ozdemir, F. (2012). Masif ve Lamine Ağaç Malzemelerin Isıl Genleşme Katsayıları Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi, 8(1), 77–83.
- Baltaci, B. (2011). Karaçam odununun laminasyon özelliklerinin belirlenmesi (Dissertation, Dumlupınar University). Dumlupınar University, Kütahya. Retrieved from https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/610285
- Blanchet, P. (2008). Long-term performance of engineered wood flooring when ex-posed to temperature and humidity cycling. Forest Products Journal, 58(9), 37–44.
- Clauss, S., Joscak, M., Niemz, P. (2011). Thermal stability of glued wood joints measured by shear tests. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 69(1), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-010-0411-4
- Comyn, J. (2021). What are adhesives and sealants and how do they work? In Adhesive Bonding (pp. 41–78). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819954-1.00003-4
- Coppendale, J. (1977). The stress and failure analysis of structural adhesive joints (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Bristol, Bristol.
- Corey, A., Draghetti, P., Fantl, J. (1977). Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsions and Polyvinyl Alcohol for Adhesives.
- Kollmann, F. and Côté, W. (1984). Principles of Wood Science and Technology. In Solid Wood; Springer. Newyork.
- EN 15497. (2014). Structural finger jointed solid timber - performance requirements and minimum production requirements. London.
- Frihart, C. R. (2009). Adhesive Groups and How They Relate to the Durability of Bonded Wood. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 23(4), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.1163/156856108X379137
- Han, X., Wen, Y., Kant, S. (2009). The global competitiveness of the Chinese wooden furniture industry. Forest Policy and Economics, 11(8), 561–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2009.07.006
- Hart-Smith, L. (1973). Adhesive-bonded single-lap joints. USA. Retrieved from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19740005083/downloads/19740005083.pdf
- Hunt, C., Frihart, C., Dunky, M., Rohumaa, A. (2018). Understanding wood bonds–going beyond what meets the eye: a critical review. Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives, 6(4), 369–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119625322.ch8
- Ilgın, H. E., Karjalainen, M. (2021). Preliminary Design Proposals for Dovetail Wood Board Elements in Multi-Story Building Construction. Architecture, 1(1), 56–68. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture1010006
- Karaaslan, A. (2004). Borla modifiye edilmiş bazı tutkalların kestane ağacının yapışma direncine etkileri (Dissertation, , Institute of science). Institute of science, Kütahya. Retrieved from https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/611278
- Kimeng, H. T., Olusegun, E. O., Okoli, O. G., Ango, A. J. (2015). Temperature Effects on Glue Performance and Compressive Strength of Glue Laminated Funtumia Africana. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.24178/ijare.2015.1.1.01
- Kurtoğlu, A., Sofuoğlu, S. D. (2015). Mobilya ve ağaç işlerinde kullanılan ahşap malzemeler 1 : (Ağaç malzemelerin seçimi, işlenmesi, mobilya ve yapı elemanlarının üretiminde kullanılmaları, mobilya üretiminde kullanılan ağaç kökenli malzemeler) . Mobilya Dekorasyon, 22(118), 62–78.
- Lamb, D. (1998). Large-scale Ecological Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forest Lands: The Potential Role of Timber Plantations. Restoration Ecology, 6(3), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1998.00632.x
- LeBono, J., Barton, L., Birkett, M. (2017). Low temperature tensile lap-shear testing of adhesively bonded polyethylene pipe. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 74, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2016.12.003
- Merey, G. (2023). Aletli Analiz Yöntemleri Analiz Çeşitleri ve Temel Kavramlar. Çorum.
- Motohashi, K., Tomita, B., Mizumachi, H., Sakaguchi, H. (1984). Temperature dependency of bond strength of polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesives for wood. Wood and Fiber Science, 16(1), 72–85.
- Moussa, O., Vassilopoulos, A. P., Keller, T. (2012). Effects of low-temperature curing on physical behavior of cold-curing epoxy adhesives in bridge construction. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 32, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2011.09.001
- Na, B., Pizzi, A., Delmotte, L., Lu, X. (2005). One-component polyurethane adhesives for green wood gluing: Structure and temperature-dependent creep. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 96(4), 1231–1243. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21529
- Obucina, M., Gondzic, E., Manso, E. (2015). The Influence of Adhesion Temperature to the Shear Strength of Width Glued Wooden Elements. Procedia Engineering, 100, 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.374
- Ordu, M. (2007). Açık hava koşullarının ahşap malzemenin özelliklerine etkisi (Dissertation, , Dumlupınar University). Dumlupınar University, Kütahya. Retrieved from https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/610960
- Pirard, R., Secco, L., Warman, R. (2016). Do timber plantations contribute to forest conservation? Environmental Science & Policy, 57, 122–130.
- Ramage, M. H., Burridge, H., Busse-Wicher, M., Fereday, G., Reynolds, T., Shah, D. U., Scherman, O. (2017). The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, 333–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.107
- Šedivka, P., Bomba, J., Böhm, M., Boška, P. (2015). Influence of temperature on the strength of bonded joints. . . BioResources, 10(3), 3999-4010., 10(3), 3999–4010.
- Shields, J. (1985). Adhesives Handbook (3rd ed.).
- Smardzewski, J. (2015). Furniture Design. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19533-9
- Susanty, A., Tjahjono, B., Sulistyani, R. E. (2020). An investigation into circular economy practices in the traditional wooden furniture industry. Production Planning & Control, 31(16), 1336–1348. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2019.1707322
- Tam, L., Zhou, A., Yu, Z., Qiu, Q., Lau, D. (2017). Understanding the effect of temperature on the interfacial behavior of CFRP-wood composite via molecular dynamics simulations. Composites Part B: Engineering, 109, 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.030
- TS EN 204. (2017). Classification of thermoplastic wood adhesives for non- structural applications. Ankara.
- TS EN 205. (2017). Adhesives - Wood adhesives for non-structural applications - Determination of tensile shear strength of lap joints. Ankara.
- TSE. (1999). Wood- Based panels- Sampling, cutting and inspection- Part 1: Sampling test pieces and expression of test results. Ankara.
- TSE EN 310. (1999). Ahşap esaslı levhalar-Eğilme dayanımı ve eğilme elastikiyet modülünün tayini. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara. Ankara.
- Ülker, O. (2016). Wood adhesives and bonding theory. In A. Rudawska (Ed.), Adhesives: Applications and Properties (pp. 271–288). Intechopen.
- Wang, X., Hagman, O., Sundqvist, B., Ormarsson, S., Wan, H., Niemz, P. (2015). Impact of cold temperatures on the shear strength of Norway spruce joints glued with different adhesives. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 73(2), 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0882-4
- Watts, D. C., Marouf, A. S., Heindl, D. (2002). New methods to directly measure adhesive stress and movement on glass. In A. E. Hatheway (Ed.), International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology (p. 19). Seattle, WA, United States: spiedigitallibrary. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.482165
- Yu, H., Adams, R. D., da Silva, L. F. M. (2014). Development of a torsion pendulum and its application to measuring the dynamic modulus of adhesives from pre-gelation to the cured state. Measurement Science and Technology, 25(5), 055603. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/25/5/055603
There are 41 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Wood Physics and Mechanics |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | April 5, 2024 |
| Publication Date | April 23, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 26 Issue: 2 |
Bartin Orman Fakultesi Dergisi Editorship,
Bartin University, Faculty of Forestry, Dean Floor No:106, Agdaci District, 74100 Bartin-Turkey.
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