Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 126 - 139, 22.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1200742

Abstract

References

  • [1] A. K. Mishra ve V. P. Singh, “A review of drought concepts”, Journal of Hydrology, c. 391, sy 1, ss. 202-216, Eyl. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012.
  • [2] IPCC, “Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)] Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 3056 pp., doi:10.1017/9781009325844.”, 2022,
  • [3] W. Erian vd., GAR Special Report on Drought 2021. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), 2021. Erişim: 29 Eylül 2022. [Çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: http://collections.unu.edu/view/UNU:8334
  • [4] S. M. Vicente-Serrano, J. I. López-Moreno, S. Beguería, J. Lorenzo-Lacruz, C. Azorin-Molina, ve E. Morán-Tejeda, “Accurate Computation of a Streamflow Drought Index”, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, c. 17, sy 2, ss. 318-332, Şub. 2012, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000433.
  • [5] M. Eşi̇t ve M. Yüce, “Kopula Yöntemi ile Osmaniye Bölgesinin İki Değişkenli Kuraklık Frekans Analizi”, Academic Platform - Journal of Engineering and Science, c. 9, sy 3, Art. sy 3, Eyl. 2021, doi: 10.21541/apjes.728959.
  • [6] D. A. Wilhite ve M. H. Glantz, “Understanding: the Drought Phenomenon: The Role of Definitions”, Water International, c. 10, sy 3, ss. 111-120, Oca. 1985, doi: 10.1080/02508068508686328.
  • [7] G. Tsakiris vd., “Drought characterization. Drought management guidelines technical annex, 58, 85-102.”, 2007.
  • [8] A. Zargar, R. Sadiq, B. Naser, ve F. I. Khan, “A review of drought indices”, Environ. Rev., c. 19, sy NA, ss. 333-349, Ara. 2011, doi: 10.1139/a11-013.
  • [9] M. D. Svoboda ve B. A. Fuchs, “Handbook of Drought Indicators and Indices*”, içinde Drought and Water Crises, CRC Press, 2017.
  • [10] I. Nalbantis ve G. Tsakiris, “Assessment of Hydrological Drought Revisited”, Water Resour Manage, c. 23, sy 5, ss. 881-897, Mar. 2009, doi: 10.1007/s11269-008-9305-1.
  • [11] M. Eşi̇t ve M. İ. Yüce, “Çok Değişkenli Kuraklık Frekans Analizi ve Risk Değerlendirmesi: Kahramanmaraş Örneği”, Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, c. 8, sy 2, Art. sy 2, Tem. 2022, doi: 10.21324/dacd.1066958.
  • [12] J. A. Dracup, K. S. Lee, ve E. G. Paulson Jr., “On the definition of droughts”, Water Resources Research, c. 16, sy 2, ss. 297-302, 1980, doi: 10.1029/WR016i002p00297.
  • [13] D. A. Wilhite, “Wilhite, D. A. (2004) Drought as a natural hazard, in international perspectives on natural disasters; occurrence, mitigation, and consequences, edited by JP Stollman, J. Lidson and LM Dechano. 147-162.”, 2004.
  • [14] A. Elouissi, B. Benzater, I. Dabanli, M. Habi, A. Harizia, ve A. Hamimed, “Drought investigation and trend assessment in Macta watershed (Algeria) by SPI and ITA methodology”, Arab J Geosci, c. 14, sy 14, s. 1329, Tem. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12517-021-07670-7.
  • [15] M. I. Yuce ve M. Esit, “Drought monitoring in Ceyhan Basin, Turkey”, Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, c. 9, sy 4, ss. 293-314, Eki. 2021, doi: 10.1080/23249676.2021.1932616.
  • [16] O. M. Kati̇poğlu, S. N. Yeşi̇lyurt, ve H. Y. Dalkiliç, “Yeşilırmak havzasındaki hidrolojik kuraklıkların Mann-Kendall ve Yenilikçi Şen yöntemi ile trend analizi”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 12, sy 2, Art. sy 2, Nis. 2022, doi: 10.17714/gumusfenbil.1026893.
  • [17] P. Bhunia, P. Das, ve R. Maiti, “Meteorological Drought Study Through SPI in Three Drought Prone Districts of West Bengal, India”, Earth Syst Environ, c. 4, sy 1, ss. 43-55, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s41748-019-00137-6.
  • [18] A. Danandeh Mehr ve B. Vaheddoost, “Identification of the trends associated with the SPI and SPEI indices across Ankara, Turkey”, Theor Appl Climatol, c. 139, sy 3, ss. 1531-1542, Şub. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s00704-019-03071-9.
  • [19] Z. Şen, “Innovative Trend Analysis Methodology”, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, c. 17, sy 9, ss. 1042-1046, Eyl. 2012, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000556.
  • [20] M. S. Ashraf, I. Ahmad, N. M. Khan, F. Zhang, A. Bilal, ve J. Guo, “Streamflow Variations in Monthly, Seasonal, Annual and Extreme Values Using Mann-Kendall, Spearmen’s Rho and Innovative Trend Analysis”, Water Resour Manage, c. 35, sy 1, ss. 243-261, Oca. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11269-020-02723-0.
  • [21] V. Gumus, Y. Avsaroglu, ve O. Simsek, “Streamflow trends in the Tigris river basin using Mann−Kendall and innovative trend analysis methods”, J Earth Syst Sci, c. 131, sy 1, s. 34, Oca. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s12040-021-01770-4.
  • [22] M. M. Kale, “Akarçay Kapalı Havzası için Hidrolojik Kuraklık Analizi”, Coğrafya Dergisi, sy 42, Art. sy 42, Tem. 2021. [23] V. Gümüş, M. S. Yildiz, ve O. Şi̇mşek, “Hidrolojik Kuraklık Değerlendirmesi: Murat Nehri-Palu Örneği”, Harran Üniversitesi Mühendislik Dergisi, c. 3, sy 3, Art. sy 3, Ara. 2018.
  • [24] A. Ozkaya ve Y. Zerberg, “A 40-Year Analysis of the Hydrological Drought Index for the Tigris Basin, Turkey”, Water, c. 11, sy 4, Art. sy 4, Nis. 2019, doi: 10.3390/w11040657.
  • [25] T. B. Altın, F. Sarış, ve B. N. Altın, “Determination of drought intensity in Seyhan and Ceyhan River Basins, Turkey, by hydrological drought analysis”, Theor Appl Climatol, c. 139, sy 1, ss. 95-107, Oca. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s00704-019-02957-y.
  • [26] G. Akturk, U. Zeybekoglu, ve O. Yildiz, “Assessment of meteorological drought analysis in the Kizilirmak River Basin, Turkey”, Arab J Geosci, c. 15, sy 9, s. 850, Nis. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s12517-022-10119-0.
  • [27] Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, “KIZILIRMAK HAVZASI TAŞKIN YONETIM PLANI YÖNETİCİ ÖZETİ”. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, 2019. [Çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SYGM/Belgeler/Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1n%20Y%C3%B6netim%20Planlar%C4%B1/KIZILIRMAK%20HAVZASI%20TA%C5%9EKIN%20YONETIM%20PLANI%20Y%C3%96NET%C4%B0C%C4%B0%20%C3%96ZET%C4%B0.pdf
  • [28] A. Malik, A. Kumar, S. Q. Salih, ve Z. M. Yaseen, “Hydrological Drought Investigation Using Streamflow Drought Index”, içinde Intelligent Data Analytics for Decision-Support Systems in Hazard Mitigation: Theory and Practice of Hazard Mitigation, R. C. Deo, P. Samui, O. Kisi, ve Z. M. Yaseen, Ed. Singapore: Springer, 2021, ss. 63-88. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-5772-9_4. [29] A. A. Paulo, L. S. Pereira, ve P. G. Matias, “Analysis of Local and Regional Droughts in Southern Portugal using the Theory of Runs and the Standardised Precipitation Index”, içinde Tools for Drought Mitigation in Mediterranean Regions, G. Rossi, A. Cancelliere, L. S. Pereira, T. Oweis, M. Shatanawi, ve A. Zairi, Ed. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003, ss. 55-78. doi: 10.1007/978-94-010-0129-8_4.
  • [30] X. Hong, S. Guo, Y. Zhou, ve L. Xiong, “Uncertainties in assessing hydrological drought using streamflow drought index for the upper Yangtze River basin”, Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, c. 29, sy 4, ss. 1235-1247, May. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s00477-014-0949-5.
  • [31] H. C. S. Thom, “Some methods of climatological analysis, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Technical Note No. 81 (WMO - No. 199.TP.I03), Geneva, Switzerland, 69ss.”, 1966.
  • [32] D. C. Edwards, “Characteristics of 20th Century drought in the United States at multiple time scales. Air Force Inst of Tech Wright-Patterson Afb Oh.”, 1997.
  • [33] V. Yevjevich, “An objective approach to definitions and investigations of continental hydrologic droughts”, Journal of Hydrology, c. 7, sy 3, s. 353, Mar. 1967, doi: 10.1016/0022-1694(69)90110-3.
  • [34] S. Berhail, M. Tourki, I. Merrouche, ve H. Bendekiche, “Geo-statistical assessment of meteorological drought in the context of climate change: case of the Macta basin (Northwest of Algeria)”, Model. Earth Syst. Environ., c. 8, sy 1, ss. 81-101, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s40808-020-01055-7.
  • [35] O. Simsek, “Hydrological drought analysis of Mediterranean basins, Turkey”, Arab J Geosci, c. 14, sy 20, s. 2136, Eki. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12517-021-08501-5.
  • [36] A. A. Kumanlioglu, “Characterizing meteorological and hydrological droughts: A case study of the Gediz River Basin, Turkey”, Meteorological Applications, c. 27, sy 1, s. e1857, 2020, doi: 10.1002/met.1857.
  • [37] U. Serencam, “Innovative trend analysis of total annual rainfall and temperature variability case study: Yesilirmak region, Turkey”, Arab J Geosci, c. 12, sy 23, s. 704, Kas. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s12517-019-4903-1.

An Investigation of Hydrological Drought Characteristics in Kızılırmak Basin, Türkiye: Impacts and Trends

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 126 - 139, 22.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1200742

Abstract

Drought is a natural disaster that is generally defined as precipitations which are significantly below the precipitation recorded in normal times. Drought has been classified as meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, and socio-economic by many researchers. Hydrological drought takes place when deficiencies in the surface and ground waters occur as a result of the long-term lack of precipitation. In this study, a hydrological drought analysis has been performed for Kızılırmak Basin which is the second biggest basin of Turkey by using streamflow drought index (SDI) and innovative trend analysis (ITA) for the time scales of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12-month. Monthly mean streamflow records of 7 stations are obtained from the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ). Drought severity and drought duration which is two important drought characteristics have been calculated for each time scale with their occurrence term. Results have shown that Mild Drought and Wet (SDI≥0) have the highest percentage of occurrences. Using Run Theory, the longest lasted and highest drought has been noted in the SDI-12-time scale of E15A017 station with 149.72 and 103 months as severity and duration, respectively. From the highest severity and longest lasted droughts, it is seen that starting with 2000, the basin is exposed to the highest occurrence of droughts. ITA results have shown that in most of the SDI series of any time scale a trend is existent and these trends are mostly decreasing trends. Therefore, the results of this have shown that the basin needs to be kept from the potential effects of droughts with effective water resources management plan.

References

  • [1] A. K. Mishra ve V. P. Singh, “A review of drought concepts”, Journal of Hydrology, c. 391, sy 1, ss. 202-216, Eyl. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012.
  • [2] IPCC, “Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)] Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 3056 pp., doi:10.1017/9781009325844.”, 2022,
  • [3] W. Erian vd., GAR Special Report on Drought 2021. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), 2021. Erişim: 29 Eylül 2022. [Çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: http://collections.unu.edu/view/UNU:8334
  • [4] S. M. Vicente-Serrano, J. I. López-Moreno, S. Beguería, J. Lorenzo-Lacruz, C. Azorin-Molina, ve E. Morán-Tejeda, “Accurate Computation of a Streamflow Drought Index”, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, c. 17, sy 2, ss. 318-332, Şub. 2012, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000433.
  • [5] M. Eşi̇t ve M. Yüce, “Kopula Yöntemi ile Osmaniye Bölgesinin İki Değişkenli Kuraklık Frekans Analizi”, Academic Platform - Journal of Engineering and Science, c. 9, sy 3, Art. sy 3, Eyl. 2021, doi: 10.21541/apjes.728959.
  • [6] D. A. Wilhite ve M. H. Glantz, “Understanding: the Drought Phenomenon: The Role of Definitions”, Water International, c. 10, sy 3, ss. 111-120, Oca. 1985, doi: 10.1080/02508068508686328.
  • [7] G. Tsakiris vd., “Drought characterization. Drought management guidelines technical annex, 58, 85-102.”, 2007.
  • [8] A. Zargar, R. Sadiq, B. Naser, ve F. I. Khan, “A review of drought indices”, Environ. Rev., c. 19, sy NA, ss. 333-349, Ara. 2011, doi: 10.1139/a11-013.
  • [9] M. D. Svoboda ve B. A. Fuchs, “Handbook of Drought Indicators and Indices*”, içinde Drought and Water Crises, CRC Press, 2017.
  • [10] I. Nalbantis ve G. Tsakiris, “Assessment of Hydrological Drought Revisited”, Water Resour Manage, c. 23, sy 5, ss. 881-897, Mar. 2009, doi: 10.1007/s11269-008-9305-1.
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  • [12] J. A. Dracup, K. S. Lee, ve E. G. Paulson Jr., “On the definition of droughts”, Water Resources Research, c. 16, sy 2, ss. 297-302, 1980, doi: 10.1029/WR016i002p00297.
  • [13] D. A. Wilhite, “Wilhite, D. A. (2004) Drought as a natural hazard, in international perspectives on natural disasters; occurrence, mitigation, and consequences, edited by JP Stollman, J. Lidson and LM Dechano. 147-162.”, 2004.
  • [14] A. Elouissi, B. Benzater, I. Dabanli, M. Habi, A. Harizia, ve A. Hamimed, “Drought investigation and trend assessment in Macta watershed (Algeria) by SPI and ITA methodology”, Arab J Geosci, c. 14, sy 14, s. 1329, Tem. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12517-021-07670-7.
  • [15] M. I. Yuce ve M. Esit, “Drought monitoring in Ceyhan Basin, Turkey”, Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, c. 9, sy 4, ss. 293-314, Eki. 2021, doi: 10.1080/23249676.2021.1932616.
  • [16] O. M. Kati̇poğlu, S. N. Yeşi̇lyurt, ve H. Y. Dalkiliç, “Yeşilırmak havzasındaki hidrolojik kuraklıkların Mann-Kendall ve Yenilikçi Şen yöntemi ile trend analizi”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 12, sy 2, Art. sy 2, Nis. 2022, doi: 10.17714/gumusfenbil.1026893.
  • [17] P. Bhunia, P. Das, ve R. Maiti, “Meteorological Drought Study Through SPI in Three Drought Prone Districts of West Bengal, India”, Earth Syst Environ, c. 4, sy 1, ss. 43-55, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s41748-019-00137-6.
  • [18] A. Danandeh Mehr ve B. Vaheddoost, “Identification of the trends associated with the SPI and SPEI indices across Ankara, Turkey”, Theor Appl Climatol, c. 139, sy 3, ss. 1531-1542, Şub. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s00704-019-03071-9.
  • [19] Z. Şen, “Innovative Trend Analysis Methodology”, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, c. 17, sy 9, ss. 1042-1046, Eyl. 2012, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000556.
  • [20] M. S. Ashraf, I. Ahmad, N. M. Khan, F. Zhang, A. Bilal, ve J. Guo, “Streamflow Variations in Monthly, Seasonal, Annual and Extreme Values Using Mann-Kendall, Spearmen’s Rho and Innovative Trend Analysis”, Water Resour Manage, c. 35, sy 1, ss. 243-261, Oca. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11269-020-02723-0.
  • [21] V. Gumus, Y. Avsaroglu, ve O. Simsek, “Streamflow trends in the Tigris river basin using Mann−Kendall and innovative trend analysis methods”, J Earth Syst Sci, c. 131, sy 1, s. 34, Oca. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s12040-021-01770-4.
  • [22] M. M. Kale, “Akarçay Kapalı Havzası için Hidrolojik Kuraklık Analizi”, Coğrafya Dergisi, sy 42, Art. sy 42, Tem. 2021. [23] V. Gümüş, M. S. Yildiz, ve O. Şi̇mşek, “Hidrolojik Kuraklık Değerlendirmesi: Murat Nehri-Palu Örneği”, Harran Üniversitesi Mühendislik Dergisi, c. 3, sy 3, Art. sy 3, Ara. 2018.
  • [24] A. Ozkaya ve Y. Zerberg, “A 40-Year Analysis of the Hydrological Drought Index for the Tigris Basin, Turkey”, Water, c. 11, sy 4, Art. sy 4, Nis. 2019, doi: 10.3390/w11040657.
  • [25] T. B. Altın, F. Sarış, ve B. N. Altın, “Determination of drought intensity in Seyhan and Ceyhan River Basins, Turkey, by hydrological drought analysis”, Theor Appl Climatol, c. 139, sy 1, ss. 95-107, Oca. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s00704-019-02957-y.
  • [26] G. Akturk, U. Zeybekoglu, ve O. Yildiz, “Assessment of meteorological drought analysis in the Kizilirmak River Basin, Turkey”, Arab J Geosci, c. 15, sy 9, s. 850, Nis. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s12517-022-10119-0.
  • [27] Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, “KIZILIRMAK HAVZASI TAŞKIN YONETIM PLANI YÖNETİCİ ÖZETİ”. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, 2019. [Çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SYGM/Belgeler/Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1n%20Y%C3%B6netim%20Planlar%C4%B1/KIZILIRMAK%20HAVZASI%20TA%C5%9EKIN%20YONETIM%20PLANI%20Y%C3%96NET%C4%B0C%C4%B0%20%C3%96ZET%C4%B0.pdf
  • [28] A. Malik, A. Kumar, S. Q. Salih, ve Z. M. Yaseen, “Hydrological Drought Investigation Using Streamflow Drought Index”, içinde Intelligent Data Analytics for Decision-Support Systems in Hazard Mitigation: Theory and Practice of Hazard Mitigation, R. C. Deo, P. Samui, O. Kisi, ve Z. M. Yaseen, Ed. Singapore: Springer, 2021, ss. 63-88. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-5772-9_4. [29] A. A. Paulo, L. S. Pereira, ve P. G. Matias, “Analysis of Local and Regional Droughts in Southern Portugal using the Theory of Runs and the Standardised Precipitation Index”, içinde Tools for Drought Mitigation in Mediterranean Regions, G. Rossi, A. Cancelliere, L. S. Pereira, T. Oweis, M. Shatanawi, ve A. Zairi, Ed. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003, ss. 55-78. doi: 10.1007/978-94-010-0129-8_4.
  • [30] X. Hong, S. Guo, Y. Zhou, ve L. Xiong, “Uncertainties in assessing hydrological drought using streamflow drought index for the upper Yangtze River basin”, Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, c. 29, sy 4, ss. 1235-1247, May. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s00477-014-0949-5.
  • [31] H. C. S. Thom, “Some methods of climatological analysis, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Technical Note No. 81 (WMO - No. 199.TP.I03), Geneva, Switzerland, 69ss.”, 1966.
  • [32] D. C. Edwards, “Characteristics of 20th Century drought in the United States at multiple time scales. Air Force Inst of Tech Wright-Patterson Afb Oh.”, 1997.
  • [33] V. Yevjevich, “An objective approach to definitions and investigations of continental hydrologic droughts”, Journal of Hydrology, c. 7, sy 3, s. 353, Mar. 1967, doi: 10.1016/0022-1694(69)90110-3.
  • [34] S. Berhail, M. Tourki, I. Merrouche, ve H. Bendekiche, “Geo-statistical assessment of meteorological drought in the context of climate change: case of the Macta basin (Northwest of Algeria)”, Model. Earth Syst. Environ., c. 8, sy 1, ss. 81-101, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s40808-020-01055-7.
  • [35] O. Simsek, “Hydrological drought analysis of Mediterranean basins, Turkey”, Arab J Geosci, c. 14, sy 20, s. 2136, Eki. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12517-021-08501-5.
  • [36] A. A. Kumanlioglu, “Characterizing meteorological and hydrological droughts: A case study of the Gediz River Basin, Turkey”, Meteorological Applications, c. 27, sy 1, s. e1857, 2020, doi: 10.1002/met.1857.
  • [37] U. Serencam, “Innovative trend analysis of total annual rainfall and temperature variability case study: Yesilirmak region, Turkey”, Arab J Geosci, c. 12, sy 23, s. 704, Kas. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s12517-019-4903-1.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

İbrahim Halil Deger 0000-0001-6360-3923

Mehmet İshak Yüce 0000-0002-6267-9528

Musa Eşit 0000-0003-4509-7283

Early Pub Date March 23, 2023
Publication Date March 22, 2023
Submission Date November 7, 2022
Acceptance Date February 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

IEEE İ. H. Deger, M. İ. Yüce, and M. Eşit, “An Investigation of Hydrological Drought Characteristics in Kızılırmak Basin, Türkiye: Impacts and Trends”, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 126–139, 2023, doi: 10.17798/bitlisfen.1200742.

Bitlis Eren University
Journal of Science Editor
Bitlis Eren University Graduate Institute
Bes Minare Mah. Ahmet Eren Bulvari, Merkez Kampus, 13000 BITLIS