The Relation Between Diet and Microbiota

Aslıhan Özdemir; Zehra Büyüktuncer Demirel

Review

The Relation Between Diet and Microbiota

Year 2017, - Mikrobiyota, 25 - 33, 15.11.2017

Aslıhan Özdemir Zehra Büyüktuncer Demirel

Abstract

The composition and functions of gut microbiota that composed of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa are effected by various factors such as mode of delivery, breastmilk, age, antibiotic use, and diet. Among these, diet is a manageable factor, therefore, it takes great attention. The fi rst dietary factor effects microbiota is breastfeeding, because it is well known that human milk oligosaccharides, lysosomes, lactoferrin, antibodies, and cytokines increase Bifi dobacterium counts. Following breastfeeding, foods chosen in weaning period and dietary pattern shapes microbiota. It is shown that microbiota reaches adult composition at about 2-3 years old and can change with short and long term regulations. The fi rst dietary factors that affect microbiota in adulthood are dietary carbohydrate (especially fi bre), protein and lipid content. It is shown that diets high in animal protein and saturated fats; low in fi bre and carbohydrates decrease gut microbiota richness and diversity and increase Firmicutes and Proteobacteria colonisation. High-fi bre and plant-based diets increase gut bacterial diversity as well as Prevotella and Xylanibacter species. Short chain fatty acids occur after fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates that also present prebiotic properties, are energy sources for gut bacteria as well as enhance health through anti-infl ammatory, anticarcinogenic and immune-modulatory impacts. Dietary alive probiotic microorganisms are as important as prebiotic content of diets for modulation of microbiota. At this point, potential benefi ts of fermented foods attract attention. Even if effects of diet on microbiota has begun to be understood, further research is needed to refl ect our knowledge to advice.

Keywords

Diet, Microbiota, Prebiotics, Probiotics

References

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Beslenme ve Mikrobiyota İlişkisi

Year 2017, - Mikrobiyota, 25 - 33, 15.11.2017

Aslıhan Özdemir Zehra Büyüktuncer Demirel

Abstract

Bakteri, virüs, mantar ve protozoa gibi çok sayıda mikroorganizmadan oluşan bağırsak mikrobiyotasının kompozisyonu ve fonksiyonu, doğum şekli, anne sütü alımı, antibiyotik kullanımı ve beslenme gibi çeşitli faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Bu faktörler arasında beslenme düzenlenebilir bir etmen olması nedeniyle büyük ilgi çekmektedir. Mikrobiyotayı etkileyen ilk diyetsel etmen anne sütü alma durumudur çünkü anne sütünde bulunan oligosakkarit, lizozom, laktoferrin, antikor ve sitokinlerin bağırsaktaki Bifi dobacterium sayısını arttırdığı iyi bilinmektedir. Anne sütünden sonra, ek besinlere geçiş sürecinde seçilen besinler ve beslenme modeli mikrobiyotayı şekillendirmektedir. Ortalama 2-3 yaşta yetişkin kompozisyonuna ulaşan mikrobiyotanın, beslenmede yapılan kısa ve uzun dönem düzenlemeler ile değişebildiği gösterilmiştir. Yetişkin dönemde mikrobiyotayı etkileyen diyetsel etmenlerin başında, diyetin karbonhidrat (özellikle posa), protein ve yağ içeriğinin geldiği görülmektedir. Yüksek hayvansal protein ve doymuş yağ; düşük posa ve karbonhidrat içeren diyetlerin bağırsak mikrobiyotasının zenginliğini ve çeşitliliğini azalttığı, Firmicutes ve Proteobacteria kolonizasyonunu artırdığı gösterilmiştir. Yüksek posalı ve bitkisel bazlı diyetlerin ise bağırsaktaki bakteri çeşitlilik ile Prevotella ve Xylanibacter türlerini artırdığı saptanmıştır. Prebiyotik özellik de gösteren sindirilmeyen karbonhidrat bileşenlerinin mikrobiyotadaki bakteriler tarafından fermantasyonu sonucunda oluşan kısa zincirli yağ asitleri hem kolonositler için enerji kaynağı olmakta, hem de antiinfl amatuvar, antikarsinojenik ve immünomodülatör etkiler göstererek sağlığı geliştirebilmektedirler. Mikrobiyotanın düzenlenmesinde diyetin prebiyotik içeriği kadar önemli olan bir konu, diyetle alınan canlı probiyotik mikroorganizmalardır. Bu noktada, fermente besinlerin potansiyel yararları dikkat çekmektedir. Beslenmenin mikrobiyota üzerine etkileri anlaşılmaya başlanmış olsa da, bunların öneriye dönüştürülebilmesi için ileri araştırmalara gereksinim bulunmaktadır.

Keywords

Beslenme, Mikrobiyota, Prebiyotik, Probiyotik

References

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2. Neish AS. Microbes in gastrointestinal health and disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(1):65-80.
3. Morgan XC, Segata N, Huttenhower C. Biodiversity and functional genomics in the human microbiome. Trends in genetics. 2013;29(1):51-8.
4. Ursell LK, Clemente JC, Rideout JR, Gevers D, Caporaso JG, Knight R. The interpersonal and intrapersonal diversity of humanassociated microbiota in key body sites. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2012;129(5):1204-8.
5. Tilg H, Kaser A. Gut microbiome, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2011;121(6):2126-32.
6. Gill SR, Pop M, DeBoy RT, Eckburg PB, Turnbaugh PJ, Samuel BS, et al. Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science. 2006;312(5778):1355-9.
7. Flint HJ, Duncan SH, Scott KP, Louis P. Interactions and competition within the microbial community of the human colon: links between diet and health. Environmental microbiology. 2007;9(5):1101-11.
8. Walker AW, Ince J, Duncan SH, Webster LM, Holtrop G, Ze X, et al. Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. The ISME journal. 2011;5(2):220-30.
9. Palmer C, Bik EM, DiGiulio DB, Relman DA, Brown PO. Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota. PLoS biology. 2007;5(7):e177. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050177. PubMed PMID: 17594176; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1896187.
10. Fouhy F, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C, Cotter PD. Composition of the early intestinal microbiota: knowledge, knowledge gaps and the use of high-throughput sequencing to address these gaps. Gut microbes. 2012;3(3):203-20. doi: 10.4161/gmic.20169. PubMed PMID: 22572829; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3427213.
11. Marchesi JR. Human distal gut microbiome. Environmental microbiology. 2011;13(12):3088-102. Epub 2011/09/13. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02574.x. PubMed PMID: 21906225.
12. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012;486(7402):222-7. doi: 10.1038/ nature11053. PubMed PMID: 22699611; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3376388.
13. Koleva PT, Kim JS, Scott JA, Kozyrskyj AL. Microbial programming of health and disease starts during fetal life. Birth defects research Part C, Embryo today : reviews. 2015;105(4):265-77. Epub 2015/12/15. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.21117. PubMed PMID: 26663884.
14. Penders J, Thijs C, Vink C, Stelma FF, Snijders B, Kummeling I, et al. Factors infl uencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics. 2006;118(2):511-21. Epub 2006/08/03. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-2824. PubMed PMID: 16882802.
15. Rodríguez JM, Murphy K, Stanton C, Ross RP, Kober OI, Juge N, et al. The composition of the gut microbiota throughout life, with an emphasis on early life. Microbial ecology in health and disease. 2015;26(1):26050.
16. Koenig JE, Spor A, Scalfone N, Fricker AD, Stombaugh J, Knight R, et al. Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011;108(Supplement 1):4578-85.
17. Peterson J, Garges S, Giovanni M, McInnes P, Wang L, Schloss JA, et al. The NIH human microbiome project. Genome research. 2009;19(12):2317-23
18. Coppa GV, Bruni S, Morelli L, Soldi S, Gabrielli O. The fi rst prebiotics in humans: human milk oligosaccharides. Journal of clinical gastroenterology. 2004;38(6 Suppl):S80-3. Epub 2004/06/29. PubMed PMID: 15220665.
19. Ballard O, Morrow AL. Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors. Pediatric clinics of North America. 2013;60(1):49- 74. Epub 2012/11/28. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.002. PubMed PMID: 23178060; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3586783.
20. Madan JC, Hoen AG, Lundgren SN, Farzan SF, Cottingham KL, Morrison HG, et al. Association of Cesarean Delivery and Formula Supplementation With the Intestinal Microbiome of 6-Week-Old Infants. JAMA pediatrics. 2016;170(3):212-9. Epub 2016/01/12. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.3732. PubMed PMID: 26752321; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc4783194.
21. Laursen MF, Bahl MI, Michaelsen KF, Licht TR. First Foods and Gut Microbes. Frontiers in microbiology. 2017;8:356. Epub 2017/03/23. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00356. PubMed PMID: 28321211; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc5337510.
22. Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012;486(7402):222-7.
23. Schnorr SL, Candela M, Rampelli S, Centanni M, Consolandi C, Basaglia G, et al. Gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers. Nature communications. 2014;5.
24. De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, et al. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010;107(33):14691-6.
25. Zhernakova A, Kurilshikov A, Bonder MJ, Tigchelaar EF, Schirmer M, Vatanen T, et al. Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Science. 2016;352(6285):565-9.
26. Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen Y-Y, Keilbaugh SA, et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science. 2011;334(6052):105-8.
27. De Filippis F, Pellegrini N, Vannini L, Jeffery IB, La Storia A, Laghi L, et al. High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet benefi cially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome. Gut. 2015:gutjnl-2015-309957.
28. Zimmer J, Lange B, Frick J, Sauer H, Zimmermann K, Schwiertz A, et al. A vegan or vegetarian diet substantially alters the human colonic faecal microbiota. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2012;66(1):53.
29. Wu GD, Compher C, Chen EZ, Smith SA, Shah RD, Bittinger K, et al. Comparative metabolomics in vegans and omnivores reveal constraints on diet-dependent gut microbiota metabolite production. Gut. 2016;65(1):63-72.
30. Kabeerdoss J, Devi RS, Mary RR, Ramakrishna BS. Faecal microbiota composition in vegetarians: comparison with omnivores in a cohort of young women in southern India. British Journal of Nutrition. 2012;108(6):953-7.
31. Bonder MJ, Tigchelaar EF, Cai X, Trynka G, Cenit MC, Hrdlickova B, et al. The infl uence of a short-term gluten-free diet on the human gut microbiome. Genome medicine. 2016;8(1):45.
32. Sanz Y. Effects of a gluten-free diet on gut microbiota and immune function in healthy adult humans. Gut Microbes. 2010;1(3):135-7.
33. Zivkovic AM, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011;108(Supplement 1):4653-8
34. Rowland I, Gibson G, Heinken A, Scott K, Swann J, Thiele I, et al. Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. European Journal of Nutrition. 2017:1-24.
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Subjects	Health Care Administration
Journal Section	Review
Authors	Aslıhan Özdemir This is me Zehra Büyüktuncer Demirel
Publication Date	November 15, 2017
Acceptance Date	August 25, 2017
Published in Issue	Year 2017 - Mikrobiyota

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AMA	Özdemir A, Büyüktuncer Demirel Z. The Relation Between Diet and Microbiota. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. November 2017;1:25-33.

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