Research Article
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E. coli O157:H7 Detection Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Biosensor

Year 2023, Volume: 51 Issue: 4, 359 - 372, 07.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.15671/hjbc.1271685

Abstract

The detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria remains a significant challenge, and the need for fast and sensitive detection methods is becoming increasingly important. Escherichia coli is a prevalent bacteria associated with foodborne illness, and this study aimed to evaluate the ability of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensor to detect E. coli O157:H7 at low levels in pure culture and artificially contaminated bay leaves (Laurus nobilis) using different injection methods. To develop a biological sensing surface, the sensor surface was functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), and polyclonal antibodies were immobilized on the surface for bacteria detection. Bacterial attachment to the antibodies resulted in a change in resonance angle. The biosensor was able to discriminate between cellular concentrations of 103 to 107 CFU/mL and showed potential in detecting different pathogens in various food samples. Before the SPR detection, the sample preparation step was optimized to ensure complex food matrices were suitable for SPR analysis. The results suggest that the SPR based biosensor is a promising tool for the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens in complex food matrices.

References

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  • J.Y. Lim, J. Yoon, C.J. Hovde, A brief overview of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its plasmid O157, Journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 20 (2010) 5-14.
  • I.H. Cho, S. Ku, Current Technical Approaches for the Early Detection of Foodborne Pathogens: Challenges and Opportunities, Int J Mol Sci, 18 (2017).
  • M. Nemati, A. Hamidi, S. Maleki Dizaj, V. Javaherzadeh, F. Lotfipour, An Overview on Novel Microbial Determination Methods in Pharmaceutical and Food Quality Control, Adv Pharm Bull, 6 (2016) 301-308.
  • V. Velusamy, K. Arshak, O. Korostynska, K. Oliwa, C. Adley, An overview of foodborne pathogen detection: In the perspective of biosensors, Biotechnology Advances, 28 (2010) 232-254.
  • A.H. Havelaar, S. Brul, A. de Jong, R. de Jonge, M.H. Zwietering, B.H. ter Kuile, Future challenges to microbial food safety, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 139 (2010) S79-S94.
  • P. Leonard, S. Hearty, J. Brennan, L. Dunne, J. Quinn, T. Chakraborty, R. O’Kennedy, Advances in biosensors for detection of pathogens in food and water, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 32 (2003) 3-13.
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  • J. Kim, J.-H. Jin, H.S. Kim, W. Song, S.-K. Shin, H. Yi, D.-H. Jang, S. Shin, B.Y. Lee, Fully Automated Field-Deployable Bioaerosol Monitoring System Using Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors, Environmental Science & Technology, 50 (2016) 5163-5171.
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  • J. Homola, J. Ctyroky, M. Skalsky, J. Hradilova, P. Kolarova, A surface plasmon resonance based integrated optical sensor, Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 39 (1997) 286-290.
  • Z. Bai, X. Xu, C. Wang, T. Wang, C. Sun, S. Liu, D. Li, A comprehensive review of detection methods for Escherichia coli O157:H7, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 152 (2022) 116646.
  • S. Akgönüllü, A. Denizli, Recent advances in optical biosensing approaches for biomarkers detection, Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, 12 (2022) 100269.
  • A. Philip, A.R. Kumar, The performance enhancement of surface plasmon resonance optical sensors using nanomaterials: A review, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 458 (2022) 214424.
  • V.R. Samuel, K.J. Rao, A review on label free biosensors, Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, 11 (2022) 100216.
  • L. Jason‐Moller, M. Murphy, J. Bruno, Overview of Biacore Systems and Their Applications, Current Protocols in Protein Science, 45 (2006) 19.13.11-19.13.14.
  • J. Homola, Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Sensors, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Place Published, 2006.
  • V. Nanduri, A.K. Bhunia, S.-I. Tu, G.C. Paoli, J.D. Brewster, SPR biosensor for the detection of L. monocytogenes using phage-displayed antibody, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 23 (2007) 248-252.
  • D. Wei, O.A. Oyarzabal, T.-S. Huang, S. Balasubramanian, S. Sista, A.L. Simonian, Development of a surface plasmon resonance biosensor for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni, Journal of Microbiological Methods, 69 (2007) 78-85.
  • O.F.D. Urso, M.D.D. Blasi, M.G. Manera, M.F. Latronico, R. Rella, P. Poltronieri, Listeria monocytogenes detection with surface plasmon resonance and protein arrays, 2008 IEEE Sensors, 2008, pp. 458-461.
  • P. Leonard, S. Hearty, G. Wyatt, J. Quinn, R. O’Kennedy, Development of a surface plasmon resonance-based immunoassay for Listeria monocytogenes, J Food Prot, 68 (2005) 728-735.
  • C.Y. Si, Z.Z. Ye, Y.X. Wang, L. Gai, J.P. Wang, Y.B. Ying, [Rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor], Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi, 31 (2011) 2598-2601.
  • A. S. Subramanian, J. M. Irudayaraj, Surface plasmon resonance based immunosensing of E. coli O157:H7 IN apple juice, Transactions of the ASABE, 49 (2006) 127.
  • P.M. Fratamico, T.P. Strobaugh, M.B. Medina, A.G. Gehring, Detection of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor, Biotechnology Techniques, 12 (1998) 571-576.
  • A. Subramanian, J. Irudayaraj, T. Ryan, Mono and dithiol surfaces on surface plasmon resonance biosensors for detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 114 (2006) 192-198.
  • M.A. Syed, A.S. Bhatti, C.z. Li, H.A. Bokhari, SPR immunosensor for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus, 2016 13th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST), 2016, pp. 96-100.
  • S.D. Mazumdar, M. Hartmann, P. Kämpfer, M. Keusgen, Rapid method for detection of Salmonella in milk by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 22 (2007) 2040-2046.
  • N. Masdor, Z. Altintas, I. Tothill, Surface Plasmon Resonance Immunosensor for the Detection of Campylobacter jejuni, Chemosensors, 5 (2017) 16.
  • V. Koubová, E. Brynda, L. Karasová, J. Škvor, J. Homola, J. Dostálek, P. Tobiška, J. Rošický, Detection of foodborne pathogens using surface plasmon resonance biosensors, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 74 (2001) 100-105.
  • J. Waswa, J. Irudayaraj, C. DebRoy, Direct detection of E. Coli O157:H7 in selected food systems by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor, LWT - Food Science and Technology, 40 (2007) 187-192.
  • H. Vaisocherová-Lísalová, I. Víšová, M.L. Ermini, T. Špringer, X.C. Song, J. Mrázek, J. Lamačová, N. Scott Lynn, P. Šedivák, J. Homola, Low-fouling surface plasmon resonance biosensor for multi-step detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens in complex food samples, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 80 (2016) 84-90.
  • Z.E. Sikorski, Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Components, Third Edition, CRC Press, Place Published, 2006.
  • E.O.O. Eser E., Celik H., Sülek S., Dana A., Ekiz H. İ., Rapid Detection of Foodborne Pathogens by Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors, International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, 2015, pp. 7.
  • O.Ö. Ekiz, Novel Materials and Techniques for Energy Conversion and Sensing, Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 2015, pp. 94.
  • I. Perçin, N. Idil, M. Bakhshpour, E. Yılmaz, B. Mattiasson, A. Denizli, Microcontact Imprinted Plasmonic Nanosensors: Powerful Tools in the Detection of Salmonella paratyphi, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 17 (2017) 1375.
  • E. Eser, Yüzey plazmon rezonans tekniği ile patojen bakterilerin gıdalarda tespiti Mersin Universitesi, 2018, pp. 119.
  • A. Tereshchenko, M. Bechelany, R. Viter, V. Khranovskyy, V. Smyntyna, N. Starodub, R. Yakimova, Optical biosensors based on ZnO nanostructures: advantages and perspectives. A review, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 229 (2016) 664-677.
  • F.C. Dudak, İ.H. Boyacı, Development of an immunosensor based on surface plasmon resonance for enumeration of Escherichia coli in water samples, Food Research International, 40 (2007) 803-807.
  • A. Shrivastava, V. Gupta, Methods for the determination of limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the analytical methods, Chronicles of Young Scientists, 2 (2011) 21-25.
  • A.A.I. Sina, R. Vaidyanathan, S. Dey, L.G. Carrascosa, M.J.A. Shiddiky, M. Trau, Real time and label free profiling of clinically relevant exosomes, Scientific Reports, 6 (2016) 30460.
  • Y. Wang, Z. Ye, C. Si, Y. Ying, Monitoring of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food samples using lectin based surface plasmon resonance biosensor, Food Chemistry, 136 (2013) 1303-1308.
  • C.A. MacGriff, S. Wang, N. Tao, Note: Four-port microfluidic flow-cell with instant sample switching, The Review of Scientific Instruments, 84 (2013) 106110.
  • O. Zagorodko, J. Bouckaert, T. Dumych, R. Bilyy, I. Larroulet, A. Yanguas Serrano, D. Alvarez Dorta, S.G. Gouin, S.-O. Dima, F. Oancea, R. Boukherroub, S. Szunerits, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) for the Evaluation of Shear-Force-Dependent Bacterial Adhesion, Biosensors, 5 (2015) 276-287.
  • C.-y. Si, Z.-z. Ye, Y.-x. Wang, L. Gai, J.-p. Wang, Y.-b. Ying, Rapid Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor, Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 31 (2011) 2598-2601.
  • Y. Wang, Z. Ye, C. Si, Y. Ying, Subtractive Inhibition Assay for the Detection of E. coli O157:H7 Using Surface Plasmon Resonance, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 11 (2011) 2728-2739.
  • C. A. Meeusen, E. C. Alocilja, W. N. Osburn, Detection of E. coli o157:h7 using a miniaturized surface plasmon resonance biosensor, Transactions of the ASAE, 48 (2005) 2409.
  • X. Zhang, H. Kitaoka, S. Tsuji, M. Tamai, H. Kobayashi, K.I. Honjoh, T. Miyamoto, Development of a simultaneous detection method for foodborne pathogens using surface plasmon resonance biosensors, Food Science and Technology Research, 20 (2014) 317-325.
  • X. Zhang, S. Tsuji, H. Kitaoka, M. Tamai, H. Kobayashi, K.I. Honjoh, T. Miyamoto, Effects of pretreatments on detection of E. coli O157:H7 by SPR Biosensor, Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 58 (2013) 307-312.
  • B. Kaur, S. Kumar, B.K. Kaushik, Trends, challenges, and advances in optical sensing for pathogenic bacteria detection (PathoBactD), Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, 14 (2023) 100352.
Year 2023, Volume: 51 Issue: 4, 359 - 372, 07.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.15671/hjbc.1271685

Abstract

References

  • J.B. Kaper, J.P. Nataro, H.L.T. Mobley, Pathogenic Escherichia coli, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2 (2004) 123-140.
  • J.Y. Lim, J. Yoon, C.J. Hovde, A brief overview of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its plasmid O157, Journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 20 (2010) 5-14.
  • I.H. Cho, S. Ku, Current Technical Approaches for the Early Detection of Foodborne Pathogens: Challenges and Opportunities, Int J Mol Sci, 18 (2017).
  • M. Nemati, A. Hamidi, S. Maleki Dizaj, V. Javaherzadeh, F. Lotfipour, An Overview on Novel Microbial Determination Methods in Pharmaceutical and Food Quality Control, Adv Pharm Bull, 6 (2016) 301-308.
  • V. Velusamy, K. Arshak, O. Korostynska, K. Oliwa, C. Adley, An overview of foodborne pathogen detection: In the perspective of biosensors, Biotechnology Advances, 28 (2010) 232-254.
  • A.H. Havelaar, S. Brul, A. de Jong, R. de Jonge, M.H. Zwietering, B.H. ter Kuile, Future challenges to microbial food safety, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 139 (2010) S79-S94.
  • P. Leonard, S. Hearty, J. Brennan, L. Dunne, J. Quinn, T. Chakraborty, R. O’Kennedy, Advances in biosensors for detection of pathogens in food and water, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 32 (2003) 3-13.
  • Y. Zeng, R. Hu, L. Wang, D. Gu, J. He, S.-Y. Wu, H.-P. Ho, X. Li, J. Qu, Z. Gao Bruce, Y. Shao, Recent advances in surface plasmon resonance imaging: detection speed, sensitivity, and portability, Nanophotonics, 2017, pp. 1017.
  • J. Kim, J.-H. Jin, H.S. Kim, W. Song, S.-K. Shin, H. Yi, D.-H. Jang, S. Shin, B.Y. Lee, Fully Automated Field-Deployable Bioaerosol Monitoring System Using Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors, Environmental Science & Technology, 50 (2016) 5163-5171.
  • H.H. Nguyen, J. Park, S. Kang, M. Kim, Surface Plasmon Resonance: A Versatile Technique for Biosensor Applications, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 15 (2015) 10481-10510.
  • J. Homola, J. Ctyroky, M. Skalsky, J. Hradilova, P. Kolarova, A surface plasmon resonance based integrated optical sensor, Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 39 (1997) 286-290.
  • Z. Bai, X. Xu, C. Wang, T. Wang, C. Sun, S. Liu, D. Li, A comprehensive review of detection methods for Escherichia coli O157:H7, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 152 (2022) 116646.
  • S. Akgönüllü, A. Denizli, Recent advances in optical biosensing approaches for biomarkers detection, Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, 12 (2022) 100269.
  • A. Philip, A.R. Kumar, The performance enhancement of surface plasmon resonance optical sensors using nanomaterials: A review, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 458 (2022) 214424.
  • V.R. Samuel, K.J. Rao, A review on label free biosensors, Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, 11 (2022) 100216.
  • L. Jason‐Moller, M. Murphy, J. Bruno, Overview of Biacore Systems and Their Applications, Current Protocols in Protein Science, 45 (2006) 19.13.11-19.13.14.
  • J. Homola, Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Sensors, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Place Published, 2006.
  • V. Nanduri, A.K. Bhunia, S.-I. Tu, G.C. Paoli, J.D. Brewster, SPR biosensor for the detection of L. monocytogenes using phage-displayed antibody, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 23 (2007) 248-252.
  • D. Wei, O.A. Oyarzabal, T.-S. Huang, S. Balasubramanian, S. Sista, A.L. Simonian, Development of a surface plasmon resonance biosensor for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni, Journal of Microbiological Methods, 69 (2007) 78-85.
  • O.F.D. Urso, M.D.D. Blasi, M.G. Manera, M.F. Latronico, R. Rella, P. Poltronieri, Listeria monocytogenes detection with surface plasmon resonance and protein arrays, 2008 IEEE Sensors, 2008, pp. 458-461.
  • P. Leonard, S. Hearty, G. Wyatt, J. Quinn, R. O’Kennedy, Development of a surface plasmon resonance-based immunoassay for Listeria monocytogenes, J Food Prot, 68 (2005) 728-735.
  • C.Y. Si, Z.Z. Ye, Y.X. Wang, L. Gai, J.P. Wang, Y.B. Ying, [Rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor], Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi, 31 (2011) 2598-2601.
  • A. S. Subramanian, J. M. Irudayaraj, Surface plasmon resonance based immunosensing of E. coli O157:H7 IN apple juice, Transactions of the ASABE, 49 (2006) 127.
  • P.M. Fratamico, T.P. Strobaugh, M.B. Medina, A.G. Gehring, Detection of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor, Biotechnology Techniques, 12 (1998) 571-576.
  • A. Subramanian, J. Irudayaraj, T. Ryan, Mono and dithiol surfaces on surface plasmon resonance biosensors for detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 114 (2006) 192-198.
  • M.A. Syed, A.S. Bhatti, C.z. Li, H.A. Bokhari, SPR immunosensor for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus, 2016 13th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST), 2016, pp. 96-100.
  • S.D. Mazumdar, M. Hartmann, P. Kämpfer, M. Keusgen, Rapid method for detection of Salmonella in milk by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 22 (2007) 2040-2046.
  • N. Masdor, Z. Altintas, I. Tothill, Surface Plasmon Resonance Immunosensor for the Detection of Campylobacter jejuni, Chemosensors, 5 (2017) 16.
  • V. Koubová, E. Brynda, L. Karasová, J. Škvor, J. Homola, J. Dostálek, P. Tobiška, J. Rošický, Detection of foodborne pathogens using surface plasmon resonance biosensors, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 74 (2001) 100-105.
  • J. Waswa, J. Irudayaraj, C. DebRoy, Direct detection of E. Coli O157:H7 in selected food systems by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor, LWT - Food Science and Technology, 40 (2007) 187-192.
  • H. Vaisocherová-Lísalová, I. Víšová, M.L. Ermini, T. Špringer, X.C. Song, J. Mrázek, J. Lamačová, N. Scott Lynn, P. Šedivák, J. Homola, Low-fouling surface plasmon resonance biosensor for multi-step detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens in complex food samples, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 80 (2016) 84-90.
  • Z.E. Sikorski, Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Components, Third Edition, CRC Press, Place Published, 2006.
  • E.O.O. Eser E., Celik H., Sülek S., Dana A., Ekiz H. İ., Rapid Detection of Foodborne Pathogens by Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors, International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, 2015, pp. 7.
  • O.Ö. Ekiz, Novel Materials and Techniques for Energy Conversion and Sensing, Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 2015, pp. 94.
  • I. Perçin, N. Idil, M. Bakhshpour, E. Yılmaz, B. Mattiasson, A. Denizli, Microcontact Imprinted Plasmonic Nanosensors: Powerful Tools in the Detection of Salmonella paratyphi, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 17 (2017) 1375.
  • E. Eser, Yüzey plazmon rezonans tekniği ile patojen bakterilerin gıdalarda tespiti Mersin Universitesi, 2018, pp. 119.
  • A. Tereshchenko, M. Bechelany, R. Viter, V. Khranovskyy, V. Smyntyna, N. Starodub, R. Yakimova, Optical biosensors based on ZnO nanostructures: advantages and perspectives. A review, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 229 (2016) 664-677.
  • F.C. Dudak, İ.H. Boyacı, Development of an immunosensor based on surface plasmon resonance for enumeration of Escherichia coli in water samples, Food Research International, 40 (2007) 803-807.
  • A. Shrivastava, V. Gupta, Methods for the determination of limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the analytical methods, Chronicles of Young Scientists, 2 (2011) 21-25.
  • A.A.I. Sina, R. Vaidyanathan, S. Dey, L.G. Carrascosa, M.J.A. Shiddiky, M. Trau, Real time and label free profiling of clinically relevant exosomes, Scientific Reports, 6 (2016) 30460.
  • Y. Wang, Z. Ye, C. Si, Y. Ying, Monitoring of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food samples using lectin based surface plasmon resonance biosensor, Food Chemistry, 136 (2013) 1303-1308.
  • C.A. MacGriff, S. Wang, N. Tao, Note: Four-port microfluidic flow-cell with instant sample switching, The Review of Scientific Instruments, 84 (2013) 106110.
  • O. Zagorodko, J. Bouckaert, T. Dumych, R. Bilyy, I. Larroulet, A. Yanguas Serrano, D. Alvarez Dorta, S.G. Gouin, S.-O. Dima, F. Oancea, R. Boukherroub, S. Szunerits, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) for the Evaluation of Shear-Force-Dependent Bacterial Adhesion, Biosensors, 5 (2015) 276-287.
  • C.-y. Si, Z.-z. Ye, Y.-x. Wang, L. Gai, J.-p. Wang, Y.-b. Ying, Rapid Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor, Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 31 (2011) 2598-2601.
  • Y. Wang, Z. Ye, C. Si, Y. Ying, Subtractive Inhibition Assay for the Detection of E. coli O157:H7 Using Surface Plasmon Resonance, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 11 (2011) 2728-2739.
  • C. A. Meeusen, E. C. Alocilja, W. N. Osburn, Detection of E. coli o157:h7 using a miniaturized surface plasmon resonance biosensor, Transactions of the ASAE, 48 (2005) 2409.
  • X. Zhang, H. Kitaoka, S. Tsuji, M. Tamai, H. Kobayashi, K.I. Honjoh, T. Miyamoto, Development of a simultaneous detection method for foodborne pathogens using surface plasmon resonance biosensors, Food Science and Technology Research, 20 (2014) 317-325.
  • X. Zhang, S. Tsuji, H. Kitaoka, M. Tamai, H. Kobayashi, K.I. Honjoh, T. Miyamoto, Effects of pretreatments on detection of E. coli O157:H7 by SPR Biosensor, Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 58 (2013) 307-312.
  • B. Kaur, S. Kumar, B.K. Kaushik, Trends, challenges, and advances in optical sensing for pathogenic bacteria detection (PathoBactD), Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X, 14 (2023) 100352.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Esma Eser 0000-0002-9681-8442

Okan Öner Ekiz 0000-0002-1147-4231

H. İbrahim Ekiz 0000-0002-0775-9250

Publication Date November 7, 2023
Acceptance Date September 20, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 51 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Eser, E., Ekiz, O. Ö., & Ekiz, H. İ. (2023). E. coli O157:H7 Detection Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Biosensor. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 51(4), 359-372. https://doi.org/10.15671/hjbc.1271685
AMA Eser E, Ekiz OÖ, Ekiz Hİ. E. coli O157:H7 Detection Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Biosensor. HJBC. November 2023;51(4):359-372. doi:10.15671/hjbc.1271685
Chicago Eser, Esma, Okan Öner Ekiz, and H. İbrahim Ekiz. “E. Coli O157:H7 Detection Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Biosensor”. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry 51, no. 4 (November 2023): 359-72. https://doi.org/10.15671/hjbc.1271685.
EndNote Eser E, Ekiz OÖ, Ekiz Hİ (November 1, 2023) E. coli O157:H7 Detection Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Biosensor. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry 51 4 359–372.
IEEE E. Eser, O. Ö. Ekiz, and H. İ. Ekiz, “E. coli O157:H7 Detection Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Biosensor”, HJBC, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 359–372, 2023, doi: 10.15671/hjbc.1271685.
ISNAD Eser, Esma et al. “E. Coli O157:H7 Detection Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Biosensor”. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry 51/4 (November 2023), 359-372. https://doi.org/10.15671/hjbc.1271685.
JAMA Eser E, Ekiz OÖ, Ekiz Hİ. E. coli O157:H7 Detection Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Biosensor. HJBC. 2023;51:359–372.
MLA Eser, Esma et al. “E. Coli O157:H7 Detection Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Biosensor”. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 4, 2023, pp. 359-72, doi:10.15671/hjbc.1271685.
Vancouver Eser E, Ekiz OÖ, Ekiz Hİ. E. coli O157:H7 Detection Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Biosensor. HJBC. 2023;51(4):359-72.

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