Research Article
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Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 92 - 97, 15.08.2018

Abstract

References

  • 1. Cankaya, T., Monoray Ulaşım Sisteminin Kocaeli İlinde uygulanabilirliğinin araştırılması, 2011.Yüksek Lisans Tezi Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Fen ilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • 2. Hamurcu, M., Ankara'da çok ölçütlü karar verme yöntemleriyle monoray güzergâhı belirleme, 2016. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • 3. Çalış, E.A., Monoray ulaşım sistemelrinin özellikleri ve diğer kentiçi ulaşım araçları ile karşılaştırılması, 2016. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri enstitüsü.
  • 4. Tümen, G., Adıyaman için bir monoray çalışması, 2017. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri enstitüsü.
  • 5. Tarighi, A., Multı-Crıterıa feasıbılıty assessment of the monorail, 2011. Master dissertation, Middle East Technical University.
  • 6. Ghafooripour, A., Ogwuda, O. and Rezaei, S., An efficient cost analysis of monorail in the Middle East using statistics of existing monorail and metro models. Urban Transport XVIII: Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century, 2012. 18, 128-241.
  • 7. Das, A. M., Ladın, M. A., Ismail, A., and Rahmat, R. O., Consumers satısfactıon of publıc transport monorail user In Kuala Lumpur.Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2013.8(3) 272-283.
  • 8. Marathe, R.. and Hajiani, N. D., A Review of research on monorail as an alternative mass rapid transit system. International Journal of Science and Research, 2013. 4(2).1-3.
  • 9. Zhang, Y., Fukuda, H. and Yu, T., Study on the style of urban development as a center of kitakyushu monorail—about the user actual situation and the demographic around the station. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2014.4(4), 318.
  • 10. Liu Xi, Sun Huan, and Liu Fang-gang, Study on the application and development of monorail transit system. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 2014. 3(5), 1-4.
  • 11. Timan, P. E., Why monorail systems provide a great solution for metropolitan areas? Urban Rail Transit, 2015.1-13. 1(1):13-25.
  • 12. He, X., Application and prospect of straddle monorail transit system in China. Urban Rail Transit, 2015.1(9), 26-34.
  • 13. Gür, Ş., Hamurcu M. and Eren, T., Ankara’da monoray projelerinin analitik hiyerarşi prosesi ve 0-1 hedef programlama ile seçimi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 2017. 23 (4), 437-443.
  • 14. Taş, M, Özlemiş, Ş, Hamurcu, M. and Tamer, E., "Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ve Hedef Programlama Karma Modeli Kullanılarak Monoray Projelerinin Seçimi", Harran Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 2 (2), 24-34, 2017.
  • 15. Taş, M, Özlemiş, Ş, Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T, "Ankara’da AHP ve PROMETHEE Yaklaşımıyla Monoray Hat Tipinin Belirlenmesi", Ekonomi, İşletme, Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 3 (1), 65-89, 2017.
  • 16. Saaty, T. L. (1999, August). Fundamentals of the analytic network process. In Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on the analytic hierarchy process (pp. 12-14).
  • 17. Aouni B. and Kettani O., Goal programming model: a glorious history and a promising future. European Journal of Operational Research, 2011. 133(2), 225-231.
  • 18. Charnes A. and Cooper W. W., Management Models and Industrial Applications of Linear Programming, 1961. Wiley, New York.
  • 19. Romero C., Handbook of Critical Issues in Goal Programming, 1991. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
  • 20. Romero C., A Survey of Generalised Goal Programming. European Journal of Operational Research, 1986. 25,183-191.
  • 21. Schniederjans M. J., The life cycle of goal programming research as recorded in journal articles. Operations Research, 1995. 43, 551-557.
  • 22. Tamiz M, Jones D F. and El-Darzi, A review of goal programming and its applications. Annals of Operations Research, 1993. 58, 39-53.
  • 23. Tamiz M., Jones D., and Romero C., Goal programming for decision making: an overview of the current state-of-the-art, European Journal of Operational Research, 1998. 111(3), 569-581.
  • 24. Özcan, E. C., Ünlüsoy, S. and Eren, T., A combined goal programming–AHP approach supported with TOPSIS for maintenance strategy selection in hydroelectric power plants. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017. 78, 1410-1423.
  • 25. Gür, Ş., Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Using analytic network process and goal programming methods for project selection in the public ınstitution. Les Cahiers du MECAS, 2016.13, 36-51.
  • 26. Gül, E. and Eren, T., Lojistik dağıtım ağ problemlerinde analitik hiyerarşi prosesi yöntemi ve hedef programlama ile depo seçimi. Harran Üniversitesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 2017. 2(1).
  • 27. Narong W. and Porntep K., Solving multi-objective facility location problem using the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and goal programming: a case study on infectious waste disposal centers. Perations Research Perspectives, 2017. 4, 39-48.
  • 28. Chi, H. T. X., Supplier selection by using AHP-TOPSIS and goal programming-A case study in Casumina Rubber Company-Vietnam. In MATEC Web of Conferences, 2016. 68, 06002. EDP Sciences.
  • 29. Hamurcu, M. and Eren T., Using analytic hierarchy process and goal programming methods for investment project selection in Ankara. The International Conference on Multiple Objective Programming and Goal Programming, Tlemcen, Algeria, 2015. 30-31. 30. Lin, P., Pourmohammadi, H., and Sarfaraz, A. R., A combined AHP-GP model for selecting and awarding design-build construction contracts.Business Management Dynamics, 2015. 5(4), 30-42.
  • 31. Memarian, H., Balasundram, S. K., Abbaspour, K. C., Talib, J. B., Sung, C. T. B., and Sood, A. M. Integration of analytic hierarchy process and weighted goal programming for land use optimization at the watershed scale. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 2015. 38(2), 139-158.
  • 32. Ünal, F. M. and Eren. T., Analitik hiyerarşi prosesi ve hedef programlama ile nöbet çizelgeleme probleminin çözümü. 16. Uluslararası Ekonometri, Yöneylem Araştırması Ve İstatistik Sempozyumu, Edirne, 2015. 07-12.
  • 33. Özder, E. H., Eren, T. and Çetin Özel, S., Supplier selection with TOPSIS and goal programming methods: A case study. In 19h International Research/Expert Conference “Trends in the Development of Machinery and Associated Technology”, Journal of Trends in the Development of Machinery and Associated Technology, 2015. 22-23.
  • 34. Karaman, B. and Çerçioğlu, H., 0-1 hedef programlama destekli bütünleşik ahp–vikor yöntemi: hastane yatirimi projeleri seçimi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 2015.30(4).
  • 35. http://www.istanbul.com.tr/Uploads/2017/3/iUAP-ozet-Rapor.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2017)
  • 36. Gerçek, H., Karpak, B. and Kılınçaslan. T., A multiple criteria approach for the evaluation of the rail transit networks in Istanbul. Transportation, 2004.31: 203-228.
  • 37. Piantanakulchai, M., Analytic network process model for highway corridor planning. 2005. Proceedings Of ISAHP.
  • 38. Brunner, I., Kim, K., and Yamashita, E. Analytic hierarchy process and geographic information systems to identify optimal transit alignments.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2011. 1,59-66.
  • 39. Kim, H. Y., Wunneburger, D. F., and Neuman, M., High-speed rail route and regional mobility with a ras-ter-based decision support system: the Texas urban triangle case. Journal of Geographic Information System, 2013. 5:559-566.
  • 40. Hamurcu, M., Gür, Ş., Özder, E.H. and Eren, T., A multicriteria decision making for monorail projects with analytic network process and 0-1 goal programming. International Journal of Advances in Electronics and Computer Science (IJAECS), 2016. 3(7):8-12.
  • 41. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Selection of monorail technology by using multicriteria decision making.,Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 2017, 8(2), 303-314.
  • 42. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Selection of monorail technology by using multicriteria decision making. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 2017, 8(2), 291-302.
  • 43. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleriyle raylı sistem projelerinin sıralanması. 3rd International Symposium on Railway Systems Engineering (ISERSE'2016), 2016. 559-566.
  • 44. Hamurcu, M. and Eren T., Raylı Sistem Projeleri Kararında Ahs-Hp Ve Aas-Hp Kombinasyonu. Gazi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 2017. 3 (3), 1-13.
  • 45. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nde çok ölçütlü karar verme yöntemi ile monoray güzergâh seçimi.Transist 8. Uluslararası Ulaşım Teknolojileri Sempozyumu ve Fuarı, 2015. 400-409.
  • 46. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., A multicriteria decision-making for monorail route selection in Ankara. International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2016. 4 (5), 121-125.
  • 47. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Using ANP- TOPSIS methods for route selection of monorail in Ankara. 28th European Conference on Operational Research, 2016. 243.
  • 48. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Kent İçi Raylı Toplu Taşıma Türünün Seçiminde Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yaklaşımı, Transist 10. Uluslararası Ulaşım Teknolojileri Sempozyumu ve Fuarı, İstanbul, 2017. 98-106.
  • 49. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Toplu Taşıma Türünün Seçiminde Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Uygulaması. International Conference on Advanced Engineering Technologies (ICADET 2017), Bayburt, 2017, 903-913.
  • 50. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Selection Of Urban Rail Mass Transport Type By Using Fuzzy AHP, The 5th International Fuzzy Systems Symposium, Ankara, 2017, 13.

Transportation planning with analytic hierarchy process and goal programming

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 92 - 97, 15.08.2018

Abstract

Transportation
planning process, which requires a multi-criteria decision making a very
specific decision, is one of the most important issues of metropolitan cities.
There are many projects in the field of rail systems in Istanbul and some of
these projects are monorail projects. Through this way, urban transportation is
supported by various types of public transportation. However, it is not
possible to allocate the resources to all projects at the same time. This is
affected by several criteria, especially by limited budgetary constraints. In
this study, monorail projects were evaluated in accordance with urban needs of Istanbul and the planning
was done under three different budget scenarios. The analytic hierarchy process
(AHP) was used in the evaluation process of the projects and the goal
programming
(GP) model was used for the selection process. As a result, the
selection of the monorail projects planned for Istanbul was made.

References

  • 1. Cankaya, T., Monoray Ulaşım Sisteminin Kocaeli İlinde uygulanabilirliğinin araştırılması, 2011.Yüksek Lisans Tezi Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, Fen ilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • 2. Hamurcu, M., Ankara'da çok ölçütlü karar verme yöntemleriyle monoray güzergâhı belirleme, 2016. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • 3. Çalış, E.A., Monoray ulaşım sistemelrinin özellikleri ve diğer kentiçi ulaşım araçları ile karşılaştırılması, 2016. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri enstitüsü.
  • 4. Tümen, G., Adıyaman için bir monoray çalışması, 2017. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri enstitüsü.
  • 5. Tarighi, A., Multı-Crıterıa feasıbılıty assessment of the monorail, 2011. Master dissertation, Middle East Technical University.
  • 6. Ghafooripour, A., Ogwuda, O. and Rezaei, S., An efficient cost analysis of monorail in the Middle East using statistics of existing monorail and metro models. Urban Transport XVIII: Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century, 2012. 18, 128-241.
  • 7. Das, A. M., Ladın, M. A., Ismail, A., and Rahmat, R. O., Consumers satısfactıon of publıc transport monorail user In Kuala Lumpur.Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2013.8(3) 272-283.
  • 8. Marathe, R.. and Hajiani, N. D., A Review of research on monorail as an alternative mass rapid transit system. International Journal of Science and Research, 2013. 4(2).1-3.
  • 9. Zhang, Y., Fukuda, H. and Yu, T., Study on the style of urban development as a center of kitakyushu monorail—about the user actual situation and the demographic around the station. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2014.4(4), 318.
  • 10. Liu Xi, Sun Huan, and Liu Fang-gang, Study on the application and development of monorail transit system. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 2014. 3(5), 1-4.
  • 11. Timan, P. E., Why monorail systems provide a great solution for metropolitan areas? Urban Rail Transit, 2015.1-13. 1(1):13-25.
  • 12. He, X., Application and prospect of straddle monorail transit system in China. Urban Rail Transit, 2015.1(9), 26-34.
  • 13. Gür, Ş., Hamurcu M. and Eren, T., Ankara’da monoray projelerinin analitik hiyerarşi prosesi ve 0-1 hedef programlama ile seçimi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 2017. 23 (4), 437-443.
  • 14. Taş, M, Özlemiş, Ş, Hamurcu, M. and Tamer, E., "Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi ve Hedef Programlama Karma Modeli Kullanılarak Monoray Projelerinin Seçimi", Harran Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 2 (2), 24-34, 2017.
  • 15. Taş, M, Özlemiş, Ş, Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T, "Ankara’da AHP ve PROMETHEE Yaklaşımıyla Monoray Hat Tipinin Belirlenmesi", Ekonomi, İşletme, Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 3 (1), 65-89, 2017.
  • 16. Saaty, T. L. (1999, August). Fundamentals of the analytic network process. In Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on the analytic hierarchy process (pp. 12-14).
  • 17. Aouni B. and Kettani O., Goal programming model: a glorious history and a promising future. European Journal of Operational Research, 2011. 133(2), 225-231.
  • 18. Charnes A. and Cooper W. W., Management Models and Industrial Applications of Linear Programming, 1961. Wiley, New York.
  • 19. Romero C., Handbook of Critical Issues in Goal Programming, 1991. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
  • 20. Romero C., A Survey of Generalised Goal Programming. European Journal of Operational Research, 1986. 25,183-191.
  • 21. Schniederjans M. J., The life cycle of goal programming research as recorded in journal articles. Operations Research, 1995. 43, 551-557.
  • 22. Tamiz M, Jones D F. and El-Darzi, A review of goal programming and its applications. Annals of Operations Research, 1993. 58, 39-53.
  • 23. Tamiz M., Jones D., and Romero C., Goal programming for decision making: an overview of the current state-of-the-art, European Journal of Operational Research, 1998. 111(3), 569-581.
  • 24. Özcan, E. C., Ünlüsoy, S. and Eren, T., A combined goal programming–AHP approach supported with TOPSIS for maintenance strategy selection in hydroelectric power plants. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017. 78, 1410-1423.
  • 25. Gür, Ş., Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Using analytic network process and goal programming methods for project selection in the public ınstitution. Les Cahiers du MECAS, 2016.13, 36-51.
  • 26. Gül, E. and Eren, T., Lojistik dağıtım ağ problemlerinde analitik hiyerarşi prosesi yöntemi ve hedef programlama ile depo seçimi. Harran Üniversitesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 2017. 2(1).
  • 27. Narong W. and Porntep K., Solving multi-objective facility location problem using the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and goal programming: a case study on infectious waste disposal centers. Perations Research Perspectives, 2017. 4, 39-48.
  • 28. Chi, H. T. X., Supplier selection by using AHP-TOPSIS and goal programming-A case study in Casumina Rubber Company-Vietnam. In MATEC Web of Conferences, 2016. 68, 06002. EDP Sciences.
  • 29. Hamurcu, M. and Eren T., Using analytic hierarchy process and goal programming methods for investment project selection in Ankara. The International Conference on Multiple Objective Programming and Goal Programming, Tlemcen, Algeria, 2015. 30-31. 30. Lin, P., Pourmohammadi, H., and Sarfaraz, A. R., A combined AHP-GP model for selecting and awarding design-build construction contracts.Business Management Dynamics, 2015. 5(4), 30-42.
  • 31. Memarian, H., Balasundram, S. K., Abbaspour, K. C., Talib, J. B., Sung, C. T. B., and Sood, A. M. Integration of analytic hierarchy process and weighted goal programming for land use optimization at the watershed scale. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 2015. 38(2), 139-158.
  • 32. Ünal, F. M. and Eren. T., Analitik hiyerarşi prosesi ve hedef programlama ile nöbet çizelgeleme probleminin çözümü. 16. Uluslararası Ekonometri, Yöneylem Araştırması Ve İstatistik Sempozyumu, Edirne, 2015. 07-12.
  • 33. Özder, E. H., Eren, T. and Çetin Özel, S., Supplier selection with TOPSIS and goal programming methods: A case study. In 19h International Research/Expert Conference “Trends in the Development of Machinery and Associated Technology”, Journal of Trends in the Development of Machinery and Associated Technology, 2015. 22-23.
  • 34. Karaman, B. and Çerçioğlu, H., 0-1 hedef programlama destekli bütünleşik ahp–vikor yöntemi: hastane yatirimi projeleri seçimi. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 2015.30(4).
  • 35. http://www.istanbul.com.tr/Uploads/2017/3/iUAP-ozet-Rapor.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2017)
  • 36. Gerçek, H., Karpak, B. and Kılınçaslan. T., A multiple criteria approach for the evaluation of the rail transit networks in Istanbul. Transportation, 2004.31: 203-228.
  • 37. Piantanakulchai, M., Analytic network process model for highway corridor planning. 2005. Proceedings Of ISAHP.
  • 38. Brunner, I., Kim, K., and Yamashita, E. Analytic hierarchy process and geographic information systems to identify optimal transit alignments.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2011. 1,59-66.
  • 39. Kim, H. Y., Wunneburger, D. F., and Neuman, M., High-speed rail route and regional mobility with a ras-ter-based decision support system: the Texas urban triangle case. Journal of Geographic Information System, 2013. 5:559-566.
  • 40. Hamurcu, M., Gür, Ş., Özder, E.H. and Eren, T., A multicriteria decision making for monorail projects with analytic network process and 0-1 goal programming. International Journal of Advances in Electronics and Computer Science (IJAECS), 2016. 3(7):8-12.
  • 41. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Selection of monorail technology by using multicriteria decision making.,Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 2017, 8(2), 303-314.
  • 42. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Selection of monorail technology by using multicriteria decision making. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 2017, 8(2), 291-302.
  • 43. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleriyle raylı sistem projelerinin sıralanması. 3rd International Symposium on Railway Systems Engineering (ISERSE'2016), 2016. 559-566.
  • 44. Hamurcu, M. and Eren T., Raylı Sistem Projeleri Kararında Ahs-Hp Ve Aas-Hp Kombinasyonu. Gazi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 2017. 3 (3), 1-13.
  • 45. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nde çok ölçütlü karar verme yöntemi ile monoray güzergâh seçimi.Transist 8. Uluslararası Ulaşım Teknolojileri Sempozyumu ve Fuarı, 2015. 400-409.
  • 46. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., A multicriteria decision-making for monorail route selection in Ankara. International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2016. 4 (5), 121-125.
  • 47. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Using ANP- TOPSIS methods for route selection of monorail in Ankara. 28th European Conference on Operational Research, 2016. 243.
  • 48. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Kent İçi Raylı Toplu Taşıma Türünün Seçiminde Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yaklaşımı, Transist 10. Uluslararası Ulaşım Teknolojileri Sempozyumu ve Fuarı, İstanbul, 2017. 98-106.
  • 49. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Toplu Taşıma Türünün Seçiminde Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Uygulaması. International Conference on Advanced Engineering Technologies (ICADET 2017), Bayburt, 2017, 903-913.
  • 50. Hamurcu, M. and Eren, T., Selection Of Urban Rail Mass Transport Type By Using Fuzzy AHP, The 5th International Fuzzy Systems Symposium, Ankara, 2017, 13.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mustafa Hamurcu 0000-0002-6166-3946

Tamer Eren 0000-0001-5282-3138

Publication Date August 15, 2018
Submission Date March 6, 2018
Acceptance Date April 18, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Hamurcu, M., & Eren, T. (2018). Transportation planning with analytic hierarchy process and goal programming. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 2(2), 92-97.
AMA Hamurcu M, Eren T. Transportation planning with analytic hierarchy process and goal programming. Int. Adv. Res. Eng. J. August 2018;2(2):92-97.
Chicago Hamurcu, Mustafa, and Tamer Eren. “Transportation Planning With Analytic Hierarchy Process and Goal Programming”. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal 2, no. 2 (August 2018): 92-97.
EndNote Hamurcu M, Eren T (August 1, 2018) Transportation planning with analytic hierarchy process and goal programming. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal 2 2 92–97.
IEEE M. Hamurcu and T. Eren, “Transportation planning with analytic hierarchy process and goal programming”, Int. Adv. Res. Eng. J., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 92–97, 2018.
ISNAD Hamurcu, Mustafa - Eren, Tamer. “Transportation Planning With Analytic Hierarchy Process and Goal Programming”. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal 2/2 (August 2018), 92-97.
JAMA Hamurcu M, Eren T. Transportation planning with analytic hierarchy process and goal programming. Int. Adv. Res. Eng. J. 2018;2:92–97.
MLA Hamurcu, Mustafa and Tamer Eren. “Transportation Planning With Analytic Hierarchy Process and Goal Programming”. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, vol. 2, no. 2, 2018, pp. 92-97.
Vancouver Hamurcu M, Eren T. Transportation planning with analytic hierarchy process and goal programming. Int. Adv. Res. Eng. J. 2018;2(2):92-7.



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