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The relationship between udder conformation and milk quantity and quality in Iraqi Awassi ewes

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 81 - 92, 15.12.2020

Ferda Karakuş Nazik Ilyas

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the udder measurements and type, test-day (TD) milk yield, milk composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count, and to evaluate the relationships between these characteristics in Iraqi Awassi ewes. Animal material consisted of 50 Awassi ewes, aged 1 to 4 years, in lactation period. TD milk yield was recorded fortnightly from the second week after parturition for three times. Milk samples were analyzed for fat, solid non-fat, protein, and lactose content. Udder morphological traits recorded in the study were udder circumference, udder depth, teat diameter, teat length, distance between teats, udder height and teat height. Total bacterial count and SCC in milk samples were determined. Udder type had no significant effect on TD milk yield, SCC, and milk composition traits. It was determined that there were positive and negative but rather weak correlations between udder measurements and milk composition traits. Udder depth was statistically significant correlated with SCC (p<0.05). It was found that Iraqi Awassi ewes had a healthy mammary gland and consumable milk due to their low SCC (39.20 x103 cells/ml) and bacterial content. Since there is an increased risk of infection due to contact with the ground, ewes which have the cylindrical udder with upward and lateral teats can be selected instead of ewes which have the pear-shaped udder with downwards and inclined teats. Also, ewes which have medium-sized, well-shaped udders with upward and lateral teats may be more suitable for machine milking.

Keywords

Awassi Milk Somatic cell count udder type

References

  • [1] Makovicky P., Nagy M., Makovicky P., 2013. Comparison of external udder measurements of the sheep breeds Improved Valachian, Tsigai, Lacaune and their crosses. Chil J Agric Res, 73(4): 366-371.
  • [2] Rovai M., Thomas D.L., Berger Y., Caja G., 2004. Udder morphology and effects on milk production and ease of milking in dairy sheep. Proceeding of the 10th Annual Great Lakes Dairy Sheep Symposium, Hudson, WI, USA, November 4-6. pp: 1-37.
  • [3] Kominakis A.P., Papavasiliou D., Rogdakis E., 2009. Relationships among udder characteristics, milk yield and, non-yield traits in Frizarta dairy sheep. Small Ruminant Res 84: 82-88.
  • [4] Makovicky P., Margetin M., Makovicky P., 2017. Estimatıon of genetic and phenotypic parameters for udder morphology traits in different dairy sheep genotypes. Acta Univ Agric Silvic Mendelianae Brun, 65(12): 105-110.
  • [5] Emediato M.S., Siqueira E.R., Stradiotto M.M., Maesta S.A., Fernandes S., 2008. Relationship between udder measurements and milk yield in Bergamasca ewes in Brazil. Small Ruminant Res, 75: 232-235.
  • [6] Martinez M.E., Calderon C., de la Barra R., de la Fuente L.F., Gonzalo C., 2011. Udder morphological traits and milk yield of Chilota and Suffolk down sheep breeds. Chilean J Agric Res, 71(1): 90-95.
  • [7] Ayadi M., Matar A.M., Aljumaah R.S., Alshaikh M.A., Abouheif M.A., 2014. Evolution of udder morphology, alveolar and cisternal milk compartment during lactation and their relationship with milk yield in Najdi sheep. Span J Agric Res, 12(4): 1061-1070.
  • [8] Sezenler T., Ceyhan A., Yüksel M.A., Önaldı A.T., Yıldırır M., 2016. Effect of parity and type of lambing on performance and udder traits of Bandirma ewes. Indian J Anim Sci, 86(5): 572-577.
  • [9] Ozyürek S., 2020. Investigation of relationship between udder morphology, lactation traits and milk components in Morkaraman and Awassi. GUSTIJ, 10(1): 268-274.
  • [10] Merkhan K., 2014. Milk traits and their relationship with udder measurements in Awassi ewes. Iran J Appl Anim Sci, 4(3): 521-526.
  • [11] Dag B., Zulkadir U., 2004. Relationships among udder traits and milk production in unimproved Awassi sheep. J Anim Vet Adv, 3: 730-735.
  • [12] Kukovics S., Molnar A., Abraham M., Nemeth T., Komlosi I., 2006. Effects of udder traits on the milk yield of sheep. Arch. Tierz., Dummerstorf 49(2): 165-175.
  • [13] Milerski M., Margetin M., Capistrak A., Apolen D., Spanik J., Oravcova M., 2006. Relationships between external and internal udder measurements and the linear scores for udder morphology traits in dairy sheep. Czech J Anim Sci, 51: 383- 390.
  • [14] Leitner G., Lavon Y., Matzrafi Z., Benun O., Bezman D., Merin U., 2016. Somatic cell counts, chemical composition and coagulation properties of goat and sheep bulk tank milk. Int Dairy J, 58: 9-13.
  • [15] Li N., Richoux R., Boutinaud M., Martin P., Gagnaire V., 2014. Role of somatic cells on dairy processes and products: a review. Dairy Sci Technol, 94: 517-538.
  • [16] Silanikove N., Leitner G., Merin C., Prosser C.G., 2010. Recent advances in exploiting goat's milk: quality, safety and production aspects. Small Ruminant Res, 89(2-3): 110-124.
  • [17] Olechnowicz J., Jaskowski J.M., 2014. Mastitis in small ruminants. Med Weter, 70(2): 67-72.
  • [18] Li N., Wang Y., You C., Ren J., Chen W., Zheng H., Liu Z., 2018. Variation in raw milk microbiota throughout 12 months and the ımpact of weather conditions. Sci Rep, 8: 1-10.
  • [19] Olechnowicz J., Jaskowski J.M., 2012. Somatic cell counts and total bacterial count in bulk tank milk of small ruminants. Slov Vet Res, 49(1): 13-18.
  • [20] Fatima B.A.A., Kheira B., Bettache G., Habib A., Mebrouk K., 2013. Evaluation of microbiological and sanitary quality of ewe’s raw milk in Western of Algeria and detection of antibiotic residue by Delvotest. Adv Environ Biol, 7(6): 1027-1033.
  • [21] Alkass J.E., Juma K.H., 2005. Chapter 3. Small ruminant breeds of Iraq. In: Characterization of Small Ruminant Breeds in West Asia and North Africa; Iniguez L (ed). pp. 63-101. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria.
  • [22] Al-Samarai F.R., Abdulrahman Y.K., Mohammed F.A., Al-Zaidi F.H., Al-Anbari N.N., 2014. Influence of some genetic and non-genetic factors on total milk yield and lactation period in Iraqi Awassi sheep. J Anim Vet Adv, 2(12): 662-667
  • [23] Al-Khazraji W.J., Al-Khuzai H.M., 2017. Relationship of the udder and teats morphological traits with the milk yield and somatic cells count of unimproved Awassi ewes reared in the middle of Iraq. J Entomol Zool Stud, 5(6): 185-189.
  • [24] Reiad K., Al-Azzawi W., Al-Najjar K., Masri Y., Salhab S., Abdo Z., El-Herek I., Omed H., Saatci M., 2010. Factors influencing the milk production of Awassi sheep in a flock with the selected lines at the agricultural scientific research centre in Salamieh/Syria. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg., 16(3): 425-430.
  • [25] Basdagianni Z., Banos G., Abas Z., Arsenos G., Valergakis G.E., Zygoyiannis D., 2005. Estimation of daily and total lactation milk yield of Chios ewes from single morning or evening records. Livestock Prod Sci, 92(1): 59-68.
  • [26] Coles E.H., 1986. Veterinary clinical pathology. 4th Edition, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 517 pp.
  • [27] Yousef A.E., Carlstrom C., 2003. Food microbiology: A laboratory manual. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, Canada. 288 pp.
  • [28] Türkyılmaz D., Ozyürek S., Esenbuğa N., Yaprak M., 2018. Correlation between various udder measurements and milk components in Morkaraman, Tuj and Awassi sheep. Pak J Zool, 50(5): 1921-1927.
  • [29] Epstein H., 1985. The Awassi sheep with special reference to the improved dairy type. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 57 pp.
  • [30] SAS Institute Inc (2005) SAS/STAT User’s Guide: Version 9.3, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
  • [31] Jawasreh K., Al Amareen A., Aad P., 2019. Effect and interaction of -Lactoglobulin, Kappa Casein, and Prolactin genes on milk production and composition of Awassi sheep. Animals, 9: 1-14.
  • [32] Alkass J.E., Gardi H.A., 2010. Evaluation of test-day milk yield of native sheep breeds in some commercial flocks. J Duhok Univ, 13(1): 162-165.
  • [33] Berthelot X., Lagriffoul G., Concordet D., Barillet F., Bergonier D., 2006. Physiological and pathological thresholds of somatic cell counts in ewe milk. Small Ruminant Res, 62(1-2): 27-31.
  • [34] Arias R., Oliete B., Ramon M., Arias C., Gallego R., Montoro V., Gonzalo C., Perez-Guzman M.D., 2012. Long-term study of environmental effects on test-day somatic cell count and milk yield in Manchega sheep. Small Ruminant Res, 106(2-3): 92-97.
  • [35] Bonelli P., Dimauro C., Re R., Pilo G., Dore S., Cannas A.E., Nicolussi P.S., 2013. Peripheral blood and milk leukocytes subsets of lactating Sarda ewes. Ital J Anim Sci, 12(34): 208-212.
  • [36] Jawasreh K., Khasawneh A.Z., 2007. Genetic evaluation of milk production traits in Awassi sheep in Jordan. EJSGS, 2(2): 83-100.
  • [37] Dogan H., 2009. The relationshıp between udder types and somatic cell count in Anatolian Merino sheep. Master’s thesis. Selcuk Univ, Konya, Turkey.
  • [38] Dogan S., Aytekin I., Boztepe S., 2013. Anadolu merinosu koyunlarında meme tipleri ile meme özellikleri, süt verimi ve bileşenleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Tekirdag Zir Fak Derg, 10(2): 58-69.
  • [39] Kaygısız A., Dag B., 2017. Effects of udder types and some environmental factors on milk production of improved Awassi sheep. KSU J Nat Sci, 20(4): 344-349.
  • [40] Abd Allah M., Abass S.F., Allam F.M., 2011. Factors affecting the milk yield and composition of Rahmani and Chios sheep. Int J Livest Prod, 2(3): 24-30.
  • [41] Alexopoulos A., Tzatzimakis G., Bezirtzoglou E., Plessas S., Stavropoulou E., Sinapis E., Abas Z., 2011. Microbiological quality and related factors of sheep milk produced in farms of NE Greece. Anaerobe, 17: 276-279.
  • [42] Carrillo-Pineda K.N., Lopez-Ordaz R., Mendez-Gomez A.D.C., Peralta-Lailson M., Ulloa-Arvizu R., Vazquez-Pelaez C.G., 2015. Milk composition of Chiapas sheep breed under grazing conditions. Int J Livest Prod, 6(2): 16-25.
  • [43] Hariharan H., Donachie W., Macaldowie C., Keefe G., 2004. Bacteriology and somatic cell counts in milk samples from ewes on a Scottish farm. Can J Vet Res, 68: 188-192.
  • [44] Abo El-Makarem H.S., 2016. Chemical and microbiological quality of ewe’s milk. 3rd Int Food Safety Conference, Damanhur, Egypt, pp: 22-29.
  • [45] Oravcova M., Macuhova L., Tancin V., 2018. The relationship between somatic cells and milk traits, and their variation in dairy sheep breeds in Slovakia. J Anim Feed Sci, 27: 97-104.
  • [46] Vrskova M., Tancin V., Kirchnerova K., Slama P., 2015. Evaluation of daily milk production in Tsigai ewes by somatic cell count. Potravinarstvo, 9(1): 206-210.
  • [47] Tancin V., Baranovic S., Uhrincat M., Macuhova L., Vrskova M., Oravcova M., 2017. Somatic cell counts in raw ewes’ milk in dairy practice: frequency of distribution and possible effect on milk yield and composition. Mljekarstvo, 67(4): 253-260.
  • [48] Ozis Altıncekic S., Koyuncu M., 2011. Relationship between udder measurements and the linear scores for udder morphology traits in Kıvırcık, Tahirova and Karacabey Merino ewes. J Kafkas Univ Vet Fac, 17(1): 71-76.
  • [49] Iniguez L.B., Hilali M.E., Thomas D.L., Jesry G., 2009. Udder measurements and milk production in two Awassi sheep genotypes and their crosses. J Dairy Sci, 92(9): 4613-4620.

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 81 - 92, 15.12.2020

Ferda Karakuş Nazik Ilyas

Abstract

References

  • [1] Makovicky P., Nagy M., Makovicky P., 2013. Comparison of external udder measurements of the sheep breeds Improved Valachian, Tsigai, Lacaune and their crosses. Chil J Agric Res, 73(4): 366-371.
  • [2] Rovai M., Thomas D.L., Berger Y., Caja G., 2004. Udder morphology and effects on milk production and ease of milking in dairy sheep. Proceeding of the 10th Annual Great Lakes Dairy Sheep Symposium, Hudson, WI, USA, November 4-6. pp: 1-37.
  • [3] Kominakis A.P., Papavasiliou D., Rogdakis E., 2009. Relationships among udder characteristics, milk yield and, non-yield traits in Frizarta dairy sheep. Small Ruminant Res 84: 82-88.
  • [4] Makovicky P., Margetin M., Makovicky P., 2017. Estimatıon of genetic and phenotypic parameters for udder morphology traits in different dairy sheep genotypes. Acta Univ Agric Silvic Mendelianae Brun, 65(12): 105-110.
  • [5] Emediato M.S., Siqueira E.R., Stradiotto M.M., Maesta S.A., Fernandes S., 2008. Relationship between udder measurements and milk yield in Bergamasca ewes in Brazil. Small Ruminant Res, 75: 232-235.
  • [6] Martinez M.E., Calderon C., de la Barra R., de la Fuente L.F., Gonzalo C., 2011. Udder morphological traits and milk yield of Chilota and Suffolk down sheep breeds. Chilean J Agric Res, 71(1): 90-95.
  • [7] Ayadi M., Matar A.M., Aljumaah R.S., Alshaikh M.A., Abouheif M.A., 2014. Evolution of udder morphology, alveolar and cisternal milk compartment during lactation and their relationship with milk yield in Najdi sheep. Span J Agric Res, 12(4): 1061-1070.
  • [8] Sezenler T., Ceyhan A., Yüksel M.A., Önaldı A.T., Yıldırır M., 2016. Effect of parity and type of lambing on performance and udder traits of Bandirma ewes. Indian J Anim Sci, 86(5): 572-577.
  • [9] Ozyürek S., 2020. Investigation of relationship between udder morphology, lactation traits and milk components in Morkaraman and Awassi. GUSTIJ, 10(1): 268-274.
  • [10] Merkhan K., 2014. Milk traits and their relationship with udder measurements in Awassi ewes. Iran J Appl Anim Sci, 4(3): 521-526.
  • [11] Dag B., Zulkadir U., 2004. Relationships among udder traits and milk production in unimproved Awassi sheep. J Anim Vet Adv, 3: 730-735.
  • [12] Kukovics S., Molnar A., Abraham M., Nemeth T., Komlosi I., 2006. Effects of udder traits on the milk yield of sheep. Arch. Tierz., Dummerstorf 49(2): 165-175.
  • [13] Milerski M., Margetin M., Capistrak A., Apolen D., Spanik J., Oravcova M., 2006. Relationships between external and internal udder measurements and the linear scores for udder morphology traits in dairy sheep. Czech J Anim Sci, 51: 383- 390.
  • [14] Leitner G., Lavon Y., Matzrafi Z., Benun O., Bezman D., Merin U., 2016. Somatic cell counts, chemical composition and coagulation properties of goat and sheep bulk tank milk. Int Dairy J, 58: 9-13.
  • [15] Li N., Richoux R., Boutinaud M., Martin P., Gagnaire V., 2014. Role of somatic cells on dairy processes and products: a review. Dairy Sci Technol, 94: 517-538.
  • [16] Silanikove N., Leitner G., Merin C., Prosser C.G., 2010. Recent advances in exploiting goat's milk: quality, safety and production aspects. Small Ruminant Res, 89(2-3): 110-124.
  • [17] Olechnowicz J., Jaskowski J.M., 2014. Mastitis in small ruminants. Med Weter, 70(2): 67-72.
  • [18] Li N., Wang Y., You C., Ren J., Chen W., Zheng H., Liu Z., 2018. Variation in raw milk microbiota throughout 12 months and the ımpact of weather conditions. Sci Rep, 8: 1-10.
  • [19] Olechnowicz J., Jaskowski J.M., 2012. Somatic cell counts and total bacterial count in bulk tank milk of small ruminants. Slov Vet Res, 49(1): 13-18.
  • [20] Fatima B.A.A., Kheira B., Bettache G., Habib A., Mebrouk K., 2013. Evaluation of microbiological and sanitary quality of ewe’s raw milk in Western of Algeria and detection of antibiotic residue by Delvotest. Adv Environ Biol, 7(6): 1027-1033.
  • [21] Alkass J.E., Juma K.H., 2005. Chapter 3. Small ruminant breeds of Iraq. In: Characterization of Small Ruminant Breeds in West Asia and North Africa; Iniguez L (ed). pp. 63-101. ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria.
  • [22] Al-Samarai F.R., Abdulrahman Y.K., Mohammed F.A., Al-Zaidi F.H., Al-Anbari N.N., 2014. Influence of some genetic and non-genetic factors on total milk yield and lactation period in Iraqi Awassi sheep. J Anim Vet Adv, 2(12): 662-667
  • [23] Al-Khazraji W.J., Al-Khuzai H.M., 2017. Relationship of the udder and teats morphological traits with the milk yield and somatic cells count of unimproved Awassi ewes reared in the middle of Iraq. J Entomol Zool Stud, 5(6): 185-189.
  • [24] Reiad K., Al-Azzawi W., Al-Najjar K., Masri Y., Salhab S., Abdo Z., El-Herek I., Omed H., Saatci M., 2010. Factors influencing the milk production of Awassi sheep in a flock with the selected lines at the agricultural scientific research centre in Salamieh/Syria. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg., 16(3): 425-430.
  • [25] Basdagianni Z., Banos G., Abas Z., Arsenos G., Valergakis G.E., Zygoyiannis D., 2005. Estimation of daily and total lactation milk yield of Chios ewes from single morning or evening records. Livestock Prod Sci, 92(1): 59-68.
  • [26] Coles E.H., 1986. Veterinary clinical pathology. 4th Edition, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 517 pp.
  • [27] Yousef A.E., Carlstrom C., 2003. Food microbiology: A laboratory manual. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, Canada. 288 pp.
  • [28] Türkyılmaz D., Ozyürek S., Esenbuğa N., Yaprak M., 2018. Correlation between various udder measurements and milk components in Morkaraman, Tuj and Awassi sheep. Pak J Zool, 50(5): 1921-1927.
  • [29] Epstein H., 1985. The Awassi sheep with special reference to the improved dairy type. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 57 pp.
  • [30] SAS Institute Inc (2005) SAS/STAT User’s Guide: Version 9.3, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
  • [31] Jawasreh K., Al Amareen A., Aad P., 2019. Effect and interaction of -Lactoglobulin, Kappa Casein, and Prolactin genes on milk production and composition of Awassi sheep. Animals, 9: 1-14.
  • [32] Alkass J.E., Gardi H.A., 2010. Evaluation of test-day milk yield of native sheep breeds in some commercial flocks. J Duhok Univ, 13(1): 162-165.
  • [33] Berthelot X., Lagriffoul G., Concordet D., Barillet F., Bergonier D., 2006. Physiological and pathological thresholds of somatic cell counts in ewe milk. Small Ruminant Res, 62(1-2): 27-31.
  • [34] Arias R., Oliete B., Ramon M., Arias C., Gallego R., Montoro V., Gonzalo C., Perez-Guzman M.D., 2012. Long-term study of environmental effects on test-day somatic cell count and milk yield in Manchega sheep. Small Ruminant Res, 106(2-3): 92-97.
  • [35] Bonelli P., Dimauro C., Re R., Pilo G., Dore S., Cannas A.E., Nicolussi P.S., 2013. Peripheral blood and milk leukocytes subsets of lactating Sarda ewes. Ital J Anim Sci, 12(34): 208-212.
  • [36] Jawasreh K., Khasawneh A.Z., 2007. Genetic evaluation of milk production traits in Awassi sheep in Jordan. EJSGS, 2(2): 83-100.
  • [37] Dogan H., 2009. The relationshıp between udder types and somatic cell count in Anatolian Merino sheep. Master’s thesis. Selcuk Univ, Konya, Turkey.
  • [38] Dogan S., Aytekin I., Boztepe S., 2013. Anadolu merinosu koyunlarında meme tipleri ile meme özellikleri, süt verimi ve bileşenleri arasındaki ilişkiler. Tekirdag Zir Fak Derg, 10(2): 58-69.
  • [39] Kaygısız A., Dag B., 2017. Effects of udder types and some environmental factors on milk production of improved Awassi sheep. KSU J Nat Sci, 20(4): 344-349.
  • [40] Abd Allah M., Abass S.F., Allam F.M., 2011. Factors affecting the milk yield and composition of Rahmani and Chios sheep. Int J Livest Prod, 2(3): 24-30.
  • [41] Alexopoulos A., Tzatzimakis G., Bezirtzoglou E., Plessas S., Stavropoulou E., Sinapis E., Abas Z., 2011. Microbiological quality and related factors of sheep milk produced in farms of NE Greece. Anaerobe, 17: 276-279.
  • [42] Carrillo-Pineda K.N., Lopez-Ordaz R., Mendez-Gomez A.D.C., Peralta-Lailson M., Ulloa-Arvizu R., Vazquez-Pelaez C.G., 2015. Milk composition of Chiapas sheep breed under grazing conditions. Int J Livest Prod, 6(2): 16-25.
  • [43] Hariharan H., Donachie W., Macaldowie C., Keefe G., 2004. Bacteriology and somatic cell counts in milk samples from ewes on a Scottish farm. Can J Vet Res, 68: 188-192.
  • [44] Abo El-Makarem H.S., 2016. Chemical and microbiological quality of ewe’s milk. 3rd Int Food Safety Conference, Damanhur, Egypt, pp: 22-29.
  • [45] Oravcova M., Macuhova L., Tancin V., 2018. The relationship between somatic cells and milk traits, and their variation in dairy sheep breeds in Slovakia. J Anim Feed Sci, 27: 97-104.
  • [46] Vrskova M., Tancin V., Kirchnerova K., Slama P., 2015. Evaluation of daily milk production in Tsigai ewes by somatic cell count. Potravinarstvo, 9(1): 206-210.
  • [47] Tancin V., Baranovic S., Uhrincat M., Macuhova L., Vrskova M., Oravcova M., 2017. Somatic cell counts in raw ewes’ milk in dairy practice: frequency of distribution and possible effect on milk yield and composition. Mljekarstvo, 67(4): 253-260.
  • [48] Ozis Altıncekic S., Koyuncu M., 2011. Relationship between udder measurements and the linear scores for udder morphology traits in Kıvırcık, Tahirova and Karacabey Merino ewes. J Kafkas Univ Vet Fac, 17(1): 71-76.
  • [49] Iniguez L.B., Hilali M.E., Thomas D.L., Jesry G., 2009. Udder measurements and milk production in two Awassi sheep genotypes and their crosses. J Dairy Sci, 92(9): 4613-4620.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Zootechny (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ferda Karakuş

Nazik Ilyas This is me 0000-0002-9107-1079

Publication Date December 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karakuş, F., & Ilyas, N. (2020). The relationship between udder conformation and milk quantity and quality in Iraqi Awassi ewes. International Journal of Environmental Trends (IJENT), 4(2), 81-92.
AMA Karakuş F, Ilyas N. The relationship between udder conformation and milk quantity and quality in Iraqi Awassi ewes. IJENT. December 2020;4(2):81-92.
Chicago Karakuş, Ferda, and Nazik Ilyas. “The Relationship Between Udder Conformation and Milk Quantity and Quality in Iraqi Awassi Ewes”. International Journal of Environmental Trends (IJENT) 4, no. 2 (December 2020): 81-92.
EndNote Karakuş F, Ilyas N (December 1, 2020) The relationship between udder conformation and milk quantity and quality in Iraqi Awassi ewes. International Journal of Environmental Trends (IJENT) 4 2 81–92.
IEEE F. Karakuş and N. Ilyas, “The relationship between udder conformation and milk quantity and quality in Iraqi Awassi ewes”, IJENT, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 81–92, 2020.
ISNAD Karakuş, Ferda - Ilyas, Nazik. “The Relationship Between Udder Conformation and Milk Quantity and Quality in Iraqi Awassi Ewes”. International Journal of Environmental Trends (IJENT) 4/2 (December 2020), 81-92.
JAMA Karakuş F, Ilyas N. The relationship between udder conformation and milk quantity and quality in Iraqi Awassi ewes. IJENT. 2020;4:81–92.
MLA Karakuş, Ferda and Nazik Ilyas. “The Relationship Between Udder Conformation and Milk Quantity and Quality in Iraqi Awassi Ewes”. International Journal of Environmental Trends (IJENT), vol. 4, no. 2, 2020, pp. 81-92.
Vancouver Karakuş F, Ilyas N. The relationship between udder conformation and milk quantity and quality in Iraqi Awassi ewes. IJENT. 2020;4(2):81-92.
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