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Türkiye’deki Gıda Fiyatlarını Anlamak: Derinlemesine Mülakat Yaklaşımı

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 912 - 937, 30.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.821208

Abstract

Gıda fiyatlarının yükselmesi yoksulluğu ve tüketici fiyat endeksini olumsuz etkilediği için dünyanın her yerinde memnuniyetsizliklere yol açmaktadır. Türkiye ise, özellikle 2018 yılında olmak üzere, son yıllarda gıda enflasyonundan olumsuz etkilenen ülkelerden biri oldu. Örneğin, 2018 yılının Ekim ayında gıda fiyatları bir önceki yılın aynı ayına göre yaklaşık yüzde 30 arttı. Bu çalışma, nitel bir analiz metodu olan derinlemesine mülakat tekniğini kullanarak Türkiye’deki gıda fiyatlarını etkileyen faktörleri belirlemeye çalışmaktadır. Bu anlamda çalışmada, tarım ve gıda sektörlerindeki uzmanlarla derinlemesine mülakatlar yapılmış ve elde edilen veriler NVivo 12 nitel veri analiz programı ile yorumlanmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları Türkiye'de arz yönlü faktörlerin talep yönlü faktörlerden daha önemli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle, enerji, gübre, yem ve tarımsal ilaçlar gibi tarımsal girdilerin ithalata bağımlı yapısı nedeniyle Türk Lirası’nın değer kaybettiği dönemlerde girdi maliyetleri önemli rol oynamaktadır. Ayrıca, Türkiye’nin tarım sektörünün uzun yıllardır çözülemeyen yapısal sorunları gıda fiyatlarını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bunlar; kırdan kente göç ve yaşlanan kırsal nüfus, düşük teknoloji ve verimlilik, parçalı ve terk edilmiş tarım arazileri, kırsal nüfusun eğitim seviyesi, küçük ölçekli işletme yapısı, modern olmayan seralar, finansman ve sulama sorunlarıdır. Türkiye ayrıca yeterli ve iyi sınıflandırılmış tarımsal verilerden yoksundur. Bu durum etkili tarım politikalarının uygulanabilmesinin önünde önemli engellerden biridir. Uygulanan ithalat kararlarının ise yurtiçi üretime zarar verdiği görülmektedir. Bunlara ilave olarak, gıda tedarik zinciri boyunca rekabete ilişkin sorunların ve mafya-benzeri yapıların olması sağlıklı fiyat oluşumuna engel olmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, ihracat, tüketici tercihlerindeki değişiklikler, nüfus artışı, gelir artışı, artan turist ve mülteci sayısı, gıda israfı gibi talep yönlü etkenler de Türkiye'deki gıda fiyatlarını önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir.    

References

  • Alston, Julian M., and Jason M. Beddow. (2009). Agricultural Research, Productivity, and Food Prices in the Long Run. Science, 325, no. 5945: 1209-1210. doi:10.1126/science.1170451
  • Aragrande, Maurizio, and Olivio Argenti. (2001). Studying Food Supply and Distribution Systems to Cities in Developing Countries and Countries in Transition - Methodological and Operational Guide (Revised Version). Rome: FAO.
  • Arda, Mehmet. (2006). Food Retailing, Supermarkets and Food Security: Highlights from Latin America. Research Paper No. 2006/107 , UNU-WIDER.
  • Balkan, Binnur, Süleyman Hilmi Kal, and Semih Tümen. (2015). Akaryakıt Fiyatlarının Nakliye Maliyetleri Kanalı ile Taze Meyve-Sebze Fiyatları Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Ankara: CBRT.
  • Baskaya, Yusuf Soner, Tuğrul Gürgür, and Fethi Öğünç. (2008). İşlenmiş Gıda Fiyatlarını Belirleyen Faktörler. Ankara: TCMB Çalışma Tebliği No:08/09, 1-32.
  • Bukeviciute, Lina, Adriaan Dierx, and Fabienne Ilzkovitz. (2009). The functioning of the food supply chain and its effect on food prices in the European Union. Brussels: European Commission, Economic and Financial Affairs.
  • Case, D'Arcy Davis. (1990). The community's toolbox: The idea, methods and tools for participatory assessment, monitoring and evaluation in community forestry. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
  • Charmaz, Kathy. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. London: SAGE Publications.
  • COMCEC. (2017). Improving Agricultural Market Performance: Creation and Development of Market Institutions. COMCEC Coordination Office.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Grounded Theory Designs. In Educational Research - Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, by J. W. Creswell (Edit), 422-500. Boston: Pearson Education.
  • Çıplak, Uğur, and M. Eray Yücel. (2004). İthalatta Koruma Önlemleri ile Tarım ve Gıda Fiyatları. Ankara: TCMB Çalışma Tebliği No:04/01.
  • Eren, Okan, Süleyman Hilmi Kal, and Mustafa Utku Özmen. (2017). Türkiye’de Gıda Enflasyonunun Belirleyicileri . Ankara: CBRT.
  • EuroStat. 2019. The statistical office of the European Union. Harmonised index of consumer prices (online Data Code: prc_hicp_aind) [Dataset]. Available at http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=prc_hicp_aind&lang=en .
  • Ferreira, K. J., J. Goh, and E. Valavi. (2017). Intermediation in the Supply of Agricultural Products in Developing Economies. Working Paper 18-033, Harvard Business School.
  • Gall, Meredith D., Joyce P. Gall, and Walter R. Borg. (2003). Educational Research: An Introduction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Harrell, Margaret C., and Melissa A. Bradley. (2009). Data Collection Methods: Semi-Structured Interviews and Focus Groups. California: The RAND Corporation.
  • Hochman, Gal, Deepak Rajagopal, Govinda Timilsina, and David Zilberman. (2011). The Role of Inventory Adjustments in Quantifying Factors Causing Food Price Inflation. The World Bank, Development Research Group.
  • Isin, Sule, and Bulent Miran. (2005) Farmers’ Attitudes Toward Crop Planning in Turkey. Journal of Applied Sciences 5: 1489-1495.
  • Maher, Carmel, Mark Hadfield, Maggie Hutchings, and Adam de Eyto. (2018). "Ensuring Rigor in Qualitative Data Analysis: A Design Research Approach to Coding Combining NVivo With Traditional Material Methods." International Journal of Qualitative Methods.
  • Minten, Bart, and Thomas Reardon. (2008).Food Prices, Quality, and Quality's Pricing in Supermarkets versus Traditional Markets in Developing Countries. Review of Agricultural Economics, 30, no. 3: 480-490.
  • O’Keeffe, Jimmy, Wouter Buytaert, Ana Mijic, Nicholas Brozovic, and Rajiv Sinha. (2016). The use of semi-structured interviews for the characterisation of farmer irrigation practices. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20: 1911-1924. doi:10.5194/hess-20-1911-2016.
  • OECD. (2002). Glossary of Statistical Terms. Accessed March 23, 2020. https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=3285
  • Orman, Cüneyt, Fethi Öğünç, Şeref Saygılı, and Gökhan Yılmaz. (2010). İşlenmemiş Gıda Fiyatlarında Oynaklığa Yol Açan Yapısal Faktörler. Ankara: TCMB Ekonomi Notları Sayı: 2010-16.
  • Ortakalan. (2019). "Ulusal ve Discount Etkileşimli Araştırması." Accessed August 10, 2019. https://www.ortakalan.org/arastirma/ulusal-ve-discount
  • PwC. (2016). "Retail Industry of Turkey: Growing while Transforming." Accessed August 10, 2019. https://www.pwc.com.tr/tr/sektorler/Perakende-T%C3%BCketici/retail-industry-of-turkey-pwc-tampf-report-eng.pdf
  • Seaton, Jonathan S., and Michael Waterson. (2013). Identifying and characterising price leadership in British supermarkets. International Journal of Industrial Organization 31, no. 5: 392-403.
  • Shuhao, Tan. (2005). Land Fragmentation and Rice Production: A Case Study of Small Farms in Jiangxi Province, P. R. China. Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University.
  • Simons, Scott. (1985) Land Fragmentation in Developing Countries: The Optimal Choice and Policy Implications. Edited by International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE). Malaga, 703-716.
  • Sykuta, Michael E. (2013). The Fallacy of “Competition” in Agriculture. Vol. 20, in The Ethics and Economics of Agrifood Competition, by Jr. H. James, 55-73. Springer, Dordrecht.
  • The World Bank. Indicators. Accessed April 24, 2019. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS.
  • Theron, P.M. (2015). Coding and data analysis during qualitative empirical research in Practical Theology. In die Skriflig.
  • Tollens, Eric. (1997). Wholesale Markets in African Cities. Diagnosis, Role, Advantages, and Elements for Further Study and Development. FAO - University of Louvain.
  • TurkStat. 2019. the Turkish Statistical Institute. Consumer Price Index [Dataset] Available at http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1014.
  • Türk Sanayicileri ve İş Adamları Derneği (TÜSİAD). (2016). Yapısal Sorunlar Perspektifinden Gıda Enflasyonu. Ankara. Accessed July 24, 2019. https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/8907-yapisal-sorunlar-perspektifinden-gida-enflasyonu
  • Yan, Yanni. (2005). Foreign Investment and Corporate Governance in China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Yin, Robert K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York: The Guilford Press.

Understanding Food Prices in Turkey: An In-Depth Interview Approach

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 912 - 937, 30.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.821208

Abstract

Soaring domestic food prices, which negatively affect poverty and consumer price index, cause dissatisfaction all over the world. Turkey is one of the countries suffering from food price inflation in recent years, especially in 2018. For instance, in October 2018, food prices increased by approximately 30 percent compared to the same month of the previous year. The present study aims to determine the drivers of food prices in Turkey by using an in-depth interview approach as a qualitative method. Within the scope of this study, experts in agriculture and food sectors are interviewed, and the data obtained are interpreted with the NVivo 12 qualitative data analysis program. Based on our findings, supply-side drivers are more significant than demand-side factors in Turkey. In particular, input costs play a pivotal role in periods of depreciation of the Turkish Lira since agricultural inputs such as energy, fertilizers, animal feedingstaffs and pesticides are highly dependent on imports. Moreover, Turkey’s agricultural sector has structural problems that cannot be solved for many years. These are migration and ageing rural population, low technology and productivity, fragmented and abandoned agricultural areas, the level of education, small-scale farming, non-modern greenhouses, financing, and irrigation problems. Turkey also does not have complete and well-classified agricultural data. This is one of the main obstacles to achieving better policies for Turkish agriculture. Furthermore, it is seen that import decisions harm domestic production. Most strikingly, competition challenges and collusion-prone structures across the entire food supply chain prevent a healthy price formation. On the other hand, demand-side drivers such as export, changes in food preferences, population growth, income growth, increasing number of tourists and refugees, and food waste are also significant drivers affecting food prices in Turkey.

References

  • Alston, Julian M., and Jason M. Beddow. (2009). Agricultural Research, Productivity, and Food Prices in the Long Run. Science, 325, no. 5945: 1209-1210. doi:10.1126/science.1170451
  • Aragrande, Maurizio, and Olivio Argenti. (2001). Studying Food Supply and Distribution Systems to Cities in Developing Countries and Countries in Transition - Methodological and Operational Guide (Revised Version). Rome: FAO.
  • Arda, Mehmet. (2006). Food Retailing, Supermarkets and Food Security: Highlights from Latin America. Research Paper No. 2006/107 , UNU-WIDER.
  • Balkan, Binnur, Süleyman Hilmi Kal, and Semih Tümen. (2015). Akaryakıt Fiyatlarının Nakliye Maliyetleri Kanalı ile Taze Meyve-Sebze Fiyatları Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Ankara: CBRT.
  • Baskaya, Yusuf Soner, Tuğrul Gürgür, and Fethi Öğünç. (2008). İşlenmiş Gıda Fiyatlarını Belirleyen Faktörler. Ankara: TCMB Çalışma Tebliği No:08/09, 1-32.
  • Bukeviciute, Lina, Adriaan Dierx, and Fabienne Ilzkovitz. (2009). The functioning of the food supply chain and its effect on food prices in the European Union. Brussels: European Commission, Economic and Financial Affairs.
  • Case, D'Arcy Davis. (1990). The community's toolbox: The idea, methods and tools for participatory assessment, monitoring and evaluation in community forestry. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
  • Charmaz, Kathy. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. London: SAGE Publications.
  • COMCEC. (2017). Improving Agricultural Market Performance: Creation and Development of Market Institutions. COMCEC Coordination Office.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Grounded Theory Designs. In Educational Research - Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, by J. W. Creswell (Edit), 422-500. Boston: Pearson Education.
  • Çıplak, Uğur, and M. Eray Yücel. (2004). İthalatta Koruma Önlemleri ile Tarım ve Gıda Fiyatları. Ankara: TCMB Çalışma Tebliği No:04/01.
  • Eren, Okan, Süleyman Hilmi Kal, and Mustafa Utku Özmen. (2017). Türkiye’de Gıda Enflasyonunun Belirleyicileri . Ankara: CBRT.
  • EuroStat. 2019. The statistical office of the European Union. Harmonised index of consumer prices (online Data Code: prc_hicp_aind) [Dataset]. Available at http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=prc_hicp_aind&lang=en .
  • Ferreira, K. J., J. Goh, and E. Valavi. (2017). Intermediation in the Supply of Agricultural Products in Developing Economies. Working Paper 18-033, Harvard Business School.
  • Gall, Meredith D., Joyce P. Gall, and Walter R. Borg. (2003). Educational Research: An Introduction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Harrell, Margaret C., and Melissa A. Bradley. (2009). Data Collection Methods: Semi-Structured Interviews and Focus Groups. California: The RAND Corporation.
  • Hochman, Gal, Deepak Rajagopal, Govinda Timilsina, and David Zilberman. (2011). The Role of Inventory Adjustments in Quantifying Factors Causing Food Price Inflation. The World Bank, Development Research Group.
  • Isin, Sule, and Bulent Miran. (2005) Farmers’ Attitudes Toward Crop Planning in Turkey. Journal of Applied Sciences 5: 1489-1495.
  • Maher, Carmel, Mark Hadfield, Maggie Hutchings, and Adam de Eyto. (2018). "Ensuring Rigor in Qualitative Data Analysis: A Design Research Approach to Coding Combining NVivo With Traditional Material Methods." International Journal of Qualitative Methods.
  • Minten, Bart, and Thomas Reardon. (2008).Food Prices, Quality, and Quality's Pricing in Supermarkets versus Traditional Markets in Developing Countries. Review of Agricultural Economics, 30, no. 3: 480-490.
  • O’Keeffe, Jimmy, Wouter Buytaert, Ana Mijic, Nicholas Brozovic, and Rajiv Sinha. (2016). The use of semi-structured interviews for the characterisation of farmer irrigation practices. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20: 1911-1924. doi:10.5194/hess-20-1911-2016.
  • OECD. (2002). Glossary of Statistical Terms. Accessed March 23, 2020. https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=3285
  • Orman, Cüneyt, Fethi Öğünç, Şeref Saygılı, and Gökhan Yılmaz. (2010). İşlenmemiş Gıda Fiyatlarında Oynaklığa Yol Açan Yapısal Faktörler. Ankara: TCMB Ekonomi Notları Sayı: 2010-16.
  • Ortakalan. (2019). "Ulusal ve Discount Etkileşimli Araştırması." Accessed August 10, 2019. https://www.ortakalan.org/arastirma/ulusal-ve-discount
  • PwC. (2016). "Retail Industry of Turkey: Growing while Transforming." Accessed August 10, 2019. https://www.pwc.com.tr/tr/sektorler/Perakende-T%C3%BCketici/retail-industry-of-turkey-pwc-tampf-report-eng.pdf
  • Seaton, Jonathan S., and Michael Waterson. (2013). Identifying and characterising price leadership in British supermarkets. International Journal of Industrial Organization 31, no. 5: 392-403.
  • Shuhao, Tan. (2005). Land Fragmentation and Rice Production: A Case Study of Small Farms in Jiangxi Province, P. R. China. Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University.
  • Simons, Scott. (1985) Land Fragmentation in Developing Countries: The Optimal Choice and Policy Implications. Edited by International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE). Malaga, 703-716.
  • Sykuta, Michael E. (2013). The Fallacy of “Competition” in Agriculture. Vol. 20, in The Ethics and Economics of Agrifood Competition, by Jr. H. James, 55-73. Springer, Dordrecht.
  • The World Bank. Indicators. Accessed April 24, 2019. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS.
  • Theron, P.M. (2015). Coding and data analysis during qualitative empirical research in Practical Theology. In die Skriflig.
  • Tollens, Eric. (1997). Wholesale Markets in African Cities. Diagnosis, Role, Advantages, and Elements for Further Study and Development. FAO - University of Louvain.
  • TurkStat. 2019. the Turkish Statistical Institute. Consumer Price Index [Dataset] Available at http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1014.
  • Türk Sanayicileri ve İş Adamları Derneği (TÜSİAD). (2016). Yapısal Sorunlar Perspektifinden Gıda Enflasyonu. Ankara. Accessed July 24, 2019. https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/8907-yapisal-sorunlar-perspektifinden-gida-enflasyonu
  • Yan, Yanni. (2005). Foreign Investment and Corporate Governance in China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Yin, Robert K. (2011). Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York: The Guilford Press.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sefa Işık 0000-0002-0156-3855

Fatih Cemil Özbuğday 0000-0001-5841-4343

Publication Date March 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Işık, S., & Özbuğday, F. C. (2021). Understanding Food Prices in Turkey: An In-Depth Interview Approach. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 912-937. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.821208

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