Abstract
This study deals with the utilization of primary and secondary fibers for the office paper production. Pinus brutia (BF) and wheat straws pulps (WF) were used as primary fiber (PF), and mixed office wastes pulps were used as secondary fiber (SF). PFs were obtained from P. brutia chips and wheat straws by using kraft and soda-air cooking methods, respectively. Mixed office wastes were recycled according to INGEDE standards. Enzyme (X), oxygen (O), alkali extraction (E), hypochlorite (H), and formamidine sulphinic acid (F) bleaching stages were applied to PF and SF. The PF and SF were bleached in six stages (XOEHEH) and in three stages (XOF), respectively. Bleached PF and SF were blend in different rates (SF: 70-100%, BF and WF: 0-30%) and office papers were produced. Physical and optical properties of the papers were determined according to relevant standards. The highest physical properties (breaking length: 3.58 km, burst index: 1.51 kPa.m2 g-1) were obtained from 70% SF, 25% WF, and 5% BF blends. Papers produced only with SFs have the highest optical properties (Whiteness: 80.65 ISO%, Brightness: 94.02 ISO%, Yellowness: -20.16 E313). However, in terms of both physical and optical properties, office paper can be produced from six different PF and SF blends according to the relevant standards.
Supporting Institution
Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi
Project Number
2014/3-33 D
Thanks
The Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Research Project Coordination Unit, supported this research under project number 2014/3-33 D.
References
- Bajpai, P., Bajpai, P. K., & Kondo R. (1999) Pulp Bleaching with Xylanases. In: Biotechnology for Environmental Protection in the Pulp and Paper Industry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
- Borchardt, J. (1999) An introduction to Deinking Chemistry. In Doshi, M. R. and Dyer, J. M., (Eds.), Paper Recycling Challenge Vol. 2: Deinking & Bleaching, Doshi & Associates Inc., Appleton WI, 18-30.
- Brothers, K. J., Krantz, P. J., & McClannahan, L. E. (1994) Office paper recycling: A function of container proximity. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(1), 153-160.
- Casey, J. P. (1960) Pulp and Paper (Vol:3). Interscience Publisher Inc., Newyork.
- Cicekler, M., & Tutus, A. (2021) Effects of cellulase enzyme in deinking of Solvent-Based inks from mixed office wastes, Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, 39(2), 152-160.
- Clark, J. A. (1978) Pulp Technology, Mılle Freeman Publications, Inc. California.
- Cleveland, F. C. (1993) Pulping of Secondery Fibre. In Secondery Fibre Recycling, Edited by Spangenberg. Tappi Press, Atlanta, 91-100.
- Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI). Annual statistics reports for Europe. (2021) https://www.cepi.org/policy-area/sustainability-circularity/ Accessed 15.05.2021.
- Dence, C. W., & Reeves, D. W. (1996) Pulp Bleaching-Principles and Practice, Tappi Press, Atlanta, 512 p.
- Eom, T. J., & Ow, S. S. K. (1990) Process for Removing Printing Ink from Wastepaper. German Patent GB 3,934,772.
- Eroglu, H., & Usta, M. (2004) Paper and cardboard production technology textbook. Esen Ofset Printing, Trabzon, Turkey.
- Ferguson, L. D. (1992) Deinking Chemistry: Part 2, Tappi Journal, 75(8), 49-57.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2021) http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO Accessed 15.05.21.
- Kirci, H., Pesman, E., Kalyoncu, E. E. (2004) Sodium Perborate Monohydrate Reinforced Oxygen Delignification Stage of Kraft Pulps. In: Proc. 2nd International Boron Symposium, pp. 339-343, 23-25 Semtember, Eskişehir, Turkey.
- McCool, M. A. (1993) Flotation Deinking. In Secondery Fibre Recycling, Edited by Spankgenberg, R.J. Tappi Pres, Atlanta.
- Morel, P. L. (1989) Secondery Fibre for Newsprint, Proceedings of Tappi Pulping Conference, Tappi Pres, Atlanta, 367-372.
- Olson, C. R., Richmann, S. K., Sutman, F. J., & Letscher, M. B. (1993) Deinking of laser-printed stock using chemical densification and forward cleaning, Tappi Journal, 76(1), 136-144.
- Pesman, E. (2010) Determination of ink removal and bleaching properties of old news and magazine papers, Doctoral dissertation, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
- Scheldorf, J. M., & Strand, B. C. (1996) Simulation of Ink Removal at a Newsprint Deinking Facility, Tappi Journal, 79(12), 135-141.
- Sener, M. E., & Gol, I. 1990. The use of brighteners in textiles, Journal of Textiles and Engineer, 4(22), 211-217.
- Senior, D. J., & Hamilton, J. (1991) Use of xylanase to decrease the formation of aox in kraft pulp bleaching. In: Proceedings Environ. Conf. of the Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association. Quebec, Canada, p. 63.
- Thibault, L., Tolan, J., White, T., Yee, E., April, R., & Sung, W. (1999) Use of an engineered xylanase enzyme to improve ECF bleaching at weyenhaeuser Prince Albert. In: 85th Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada, p. B263.
- Tolan, J. S., & Canovas, R. V. (1992) The use of enzymes to decrease the chlorine requirements in pulp bleaching, Pulp Pap. Can., 93(5), 39.
- Tsatsis, D. E., Papachristos, D. K., Valta, K. A., Vlyssides, A. G., & Economides, D.G. (2017) Enzymatic deinking for recycling of office waste paper, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5(1), 1744-1753.
- Viesturs, U., Leite, M., Eisimonte, M., Eremeeva, T., & Treimanis, A. (1999) Biological deinking technology for the recycling of office waste papers. Bioresource Technology, 67(3), 255-265.
- Welt, T., & Dinus, R. J. (1995) Enzymatic deinking-a review, Prog. Paper Recycl., 4(2), 36-47.
- Woodward, J., Stephan, L. M., Koran, L. J., Wong, K. K. Y., & Saddler, J. N. (1994) Enzymatic separation of high-quality uninked pulp fibers from recycled newspaper, Biotechnology, 12(9), 905.
- Zhan, H., Yue, B., Hu, W., & Huang, W. (2000) Kraft reed pulp TCF bleaching with enzyme treatment, Cellulose Chem. Technol., 33(1–2), 53-60.
Abstract
Ofis kağıdı üretiminde birincil ve ikincil liflerini değerlendirilmesini ele almıştır. Kızılçam (BF) ve buğday sapı (WF) lifleri birincil lif (PF) olarak atık ofis kağıt hamurları ise ikincil lif (SF) olarak kullanılmıştır. Birincil lifler kızılçam odunundan kraft yöntemi ile buğday saplarından ise soda-hava yöntemiyle üretilmiştir. Atık ofis kağıtlarından ikincil lif üretimi Uluslararası Mürekkep Giderme Endüstrisi Birliği (INGEDE) standartlarına göre gerçekleştirilmiştir. PF ve SF ağartmalarında enzim (X), oksijen (O), alkali ekstraksiyonu (E), hipoklorit (H) ve formamidin sülfinik asit (F) ağartma kademeleri kullanılmıştır. Birincil lifler altı kademede (XOEHEH), ikincil lifler ise üç kademede (XOF) ağartılmıştır. Ağartılmış PF ve SF farklı karışım oranlarında (SF: %70-100, PF: %0-30) harmanlanarak ofis kağıtları üretilmiştir. Üretilen ofis kağıtlarının mekanik ve optik özellikleri ilgili standartlara bağlı kalınarak belirlenmiştir. En yüksek mekanik özellikler (kopma uzunluğu: 3.58 km, patlama indisi 1.51 kPa.m2 g-1) %70 ikincil lif ve %30 birincil lif (%25 WF ve %5 BF) karışımlarından üretilen ofis kağıtlarında tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek optik özellikleri (beyazlık: 80.65 ISO%, parlaklık: 94.02 ISO%, sarılık: -20.16 E313) ise sadece SF kullanılarak üretilen ofis kağıtları göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, hem mekanik hem de optik özellikler açısından ofis kağıdı, ilgili standartlara göre altı farklı PF ve SF karışımından üretilebilmektedir.
Project Number
2014/3-33 D
References
- Bajpai, P., Bajpai, P. K., & Kondo R. (1999) Pulp Bleaching with Xylanases. In: Biotechnology for Environmental Protection in the Pulp and Paper Industry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
- Borchardt, J. (1999) An introduction to Deinking Chemistry. In Doshi, M. R. and Dyer, J. M., (Eds.), Paper Recycling Challenge Vol. 2: Deinking & Bleaching, Doshi & Associates Inc., Appleton WI, 18-30.
- Brothers, K. J., Krantz, P. J., & McClannahan, L. E. (1994) Office paper recycling: A function of container proximity. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27(1), 153-160.
- Casey, J. P. (1960) Pulp and Paper (Vol:3). Interscience Publisher Inc., Newyork.
- Cicekler, M., & Tutus, A. (2021) Effects of cellulase enzyme in deinking of Solvent-Based inks from mixed office wastes, Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, 39(2), 152-160.
- Clark, J. A. (1978) Pulp Technology, Mılle Freeman Publications, Inc. California.
- Cleveland, F. C. (1993) Pulping of Secondery Fibre. In Secondery Fibre Recycling, Edited by Spangenberg. Tappi Press, Atlanta, 91-100.
- Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI). Annual statistics reports for Europe. (2021) https://www.cepi.org/policy-area/sustainability-circularity/ Accessed 15.05.2021.
- Dence, C. W., & Reeves, D. W. (1996) Pulp Bleaching-Principles and Practice, Tappi Press, Atlanta, 512 p.
- Eom, T. J., & Ow, S. S. K. (1990) Process for Removing Printing Ink from Wastepaper. German Patent GB 3,934,772.
- Eroglu, H., & Usta, M. (2004) Paper and cardboard production technology textbook. Esen Ofset Printing, Trabzon, Turkey.
- Ferguson, L. D. (1992) Deinking Chemistry: Part 2, Tappi Journal, 75(8), 49-57.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2021) http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO Accessed 15.05.21.
- Kirci, H., Pesman, E., Kalyoncu, E. E. (2004) Sodium Perborate Monohydrate Reinforced Oxygen Delignification Stage of Kraft Pulps. In: Proc. 2nd International Boron Symposium, pp. 339-343, 23-25 Semtember, Eskişehir, Turkey.
- McCool, M. A. (1993) Flotation Deinking. In Secondery Fibre Recycling, Edited by Spankgenberg, R.J. Tappi Pres, Atlanta.
- Morel, P. L. (1989) Secondery Fibre for Newsprint, Proceedings of Tappi Pulping Conference, Tappi Pres, Atlanta, 367-372.
- Olson, C. R., Richmann, S. K., Sutman, F. J., & Letscher, M. B. (1993) Deinking of laser-printed stock using chemical densification and forward cleaning, Tappi Journal, 76(1), 136-144.
- Pesman, E. (2010) Determination of ink removal and bleaching properties of old news and magazine papers, Doctoral dissertation, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
- Scheldorf, J. M., & Strand, B. C. (1996) Simulation of Ink Removal at a Newsprint Deinking Facility, Tappi Journal, 79(12), 135-141.
- Sener, M. E., & Gol, I. 1990. The use of brighteners in textiles, Journal of Textiles and Engineer, 4(22), 211-217.
- Senior, D. J., & Hamilton, J. (1991) Use of xylanase to decrease the formation of aox in kraft pulp bleaching. In: Proceedings Environ. Conf. of the Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association. Quebec, Canada, p. 63.
- Thibault, L., Tolan, J., White, T., Yee, E., April, R., & Sung, W. (1999) Use of an engineered xylanase enzyme to improve ECF bleaching at weyenhaeuser Prince Albert. In: 85th Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada, p. B263.
- Tolan, J. S., & Canovas, R. V. (1992) The use of enzymes to decrease the chlorine requirements in pulp bleaching, Pulp Pap. Can., 93(5), 39.
- Tsatsis, D. E., Papachristos, D. K., Valta, K. A., Vlyssides, A. G., & Economides, D.G. (2017) Enzymatic deinking for recycling of office waste paper, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5(1), 1744-1753.
- Viesturs, U., Leite, M., Eisimonte, M., Eremeeva, T., & Treimanis, A. (1999) Biological deinking technology for the recycling of office waste papers. Bioresource Technology, 67(3), 255-265.
- Welt, T., & Dinus, R. J. (1995) Enzymatic deinking-a review, Prog. Paper Recycl., 4(2), 36-47.
- Woodward, J., Stephan, L. M., Koran, L. J., Wong, K. K. Y., & Saddler, J. N. (1994) Enzymatic separation of high-quality uninked pulp fibers from recycled newspaper, Biotechnology, 12(9), 905.
- Zhan, H., Yue, B., Hu, W., & Huang, W. (2000) Kraft reed pulp TCF bleaching with enzyme treatment, Cellulose Chem. Technol., 33(1–2), 53-60.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Timber, Pulp and Paper |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 2014/3-33 D |
| Publication Date | October 31, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 2 |