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The Effect of Pre-washing Process with NaOH Solution on the Surface Area in Activated Carbon Production

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 74 - 82, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47137/uujes.1313338

Abstract

The alkaline pre-washing process in the production of activated carbon is an important step and a factor that affects the characteristics of activated carbon. Alkaline pre-washing is used to optimize the surface properties of activated carbon, increase its adsorption capacity, and remove unwanted substances.

In this study, hazelnut shells were selected as the raw material for producing activated carbon. ZnCl2 was used for chemical activation, and physical activation was carried out at 650 °C. However, prior to the chemical activation process, a pre-washing process with NaOH solution was applied to remove acidic groups present in the raw material. The structural properties of the activated carbon obtained from samples subjected to the pre-washing process and those without the pre-washing process were determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for surface morphology, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) for pore size analysis, and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) for temperature-dependent mass loss.

The surface area of the activated carbon produced without pre-washing with NaOH solution was found to be 770 m²/g, with a carbon content of 87.10% by weight. After the pre-washing process with NaOH solution and subsequent chemical and physical activation, the surface area of the activated carbon increased to 1935 m²/g, with a carbon content of 95.51% by weight. Therefore, subjecting the raw material to the pre-washing process with NaOH solution not only increased the carbon content but also increased the surface area value by approximately 2.5 times.

References

  • Kosheleva R.I., Mitropoulos A.C. and Kyzas G.Z. Synthesis of activated carbon from food waste. Environ Chem Lett., 2019;17:429–438.
  • Danish M. and Ahmad T. A review on utilization of wood biomass as a sustainable precursor for activated carbon production and application, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018;87: 1–21.
  • Derbyshire, F., Jagtoyen, M., Andrews, R., Rao, A., Martın-Gullon, I. and Grulke, E. Carbon Materials in Environmental Applications. In: L. R. Radovick (Ed.), Chemistry and Physics of Carbon. Vol. 27. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2001. p. 1-66.
  • Long C., Liu P., Li Y., Li A. and Zhang Q. Characterization of hydrophobic hypercrosslinked polymer as an adsorbent for removal of chlorinated volatile organic compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011; 45(10): 4506–4512.
  • Sullivan P., Moate J., Stone B., Atkinson J.D., Hashisho Z. and Rood M.J. Physical and chemical properties of PAN-derived electrospun activated carbon nanofibers and their potential for use as an adsorbent for toxic industrial chemicals, Adsorption, 2012; 18 (3): 265–274.
  • Heidarinejad Z., Dehghani M.H., Heidari M., Javedan G., Ali I. and Mika Sillanpää M. Methods for preparation and activation of activated carbon: a review, Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2020; 18:393–415
  • Bubanale S. and Shivashankar M. History, Method of Production, Structure and Applications of Activated Carbon, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 2017; 6(06): 495-498.
  • Danish M., Rafatullah M., Sulaiman O., Hashim R., Ahmad T. (2011) Chapter 3: Activated Carbons: Preparations and Characterizations. In: Taylor J.C. (Ed.), Advances in Chemistry Research. Vol. 11. New Jersey, United States; 2011. p. 38.
  • Iwanow M., Gärtner T., Sieber V. and König B. Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation modification and characterization, Beilstein J. Org. Chem., 2020; 16: 1188–1202.
  • Fazal-ur-Rehman M. Methodological Trends in Preparation of Activated Carbon from Local Sources and Their Impacts on Production-A Review, Curr Trends chem Eng Process Technol: CTCEPT-101, 2018a; Vol. 2018; Issue 01
  • Fazal-ur-Rehman M. Current scenario and future prospects of activated carbon preparation from agroindustrial wastes: A review, Chemistry International 2018b; 4(2): 109-119
  • Mazlan M.A.F., Uemura Y., Yusup S., Elhassan F., Uddin A., Hiwada A. and Demiya M. Activated carbon from rubber wood sawdust by carbon dioxide activation. Procedia Eng.2016; 148:530–537.
  • Gayathiri M., Pulingam T., Lee K.T. and Sudesh K. Activated carbon from biomass waste precursors: Factors affecting production and adsorption mechanism, Chemosphere 2022; 294: 133764.
  • Ioannidou O. and Zabaniotou A. Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production—a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev., 2007; 11:1966–2005
  • Radenahmad, N., Tasfiah, A., Saghir, M., Taweekun, J., Saifullah, M., Bakar, A., Kalam, A. A review on biomass derived syngas for SOFC based combined heat and power application. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev, 2020; 119
  • Din M.I., Ashraf S. and Intisar A. Comparative study of different activation treatments for the preparation of activated carbon: a mini-review, Science Progress, 2017; 100(3): 299–312
  • Hassan M.F., Sabri M.A. , Fazal H., Hafeez A., Shezad N. and Hussain M. Recent trends in activated carbon fibers production from various precursors and applications—A comparative review, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 2020; 145: 104715.
  • Gündoğdu, A. Production of Activated Carbon from Tea-Industry Waste, its Characterization and Investigation of Adsorptive Properties, PhD Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey, 2010.
  • Sadeek S.A., Mohammed E.A., Shaban M. and Abou Kana M. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performances of activated carbon-doped transition metals during biofuel production from waste cooking oils, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2020; 306:112749
  • Manocha S., Manocha L.M., Joshi P. and Patel B. Activated carbon from biomass, AIP Conf. Proc., 2013; 1538(1): 120.
  • J. Li, Michalkiewicz B., Min J., Ma C., Chen X., Gong J., Mijowska E. and Tang T. Selective preparation of biomass-derived porous carbon with controllable pore sizes toward highly efficient CO2 capture. Chem. Eng. J., 2019; 360: 250.
  • Luo L., Chen T., Li Z., Zhang Z. Zhao W. and Fan M. Heteroatom self-doped activated biocarbons from fir bark and their excellent performance for carbon dioxide adsorption, J. CO2 Util., 2018; 25: 89.
  • Lillo-Rodenas M.A., Lozano-Castello D., Cazorla-Amoros D. and Linares Solano D.A. Preparation of activated carbons from Spanish anthracite: II. Activation by NaOH, Carbon, 2001; 39: 751-759.
  • Lillo-Rodenas M.A., Cazoria-Amoros D. and Linares-Solano A., Understanding Chemical Reactions between Carbons and NaOH and KOH: An Insight into the Chemical Activation Mechanism, Carbon 2003; 41: 267-275.
  • Park G.G., Yang T.H., Yoon Y.G., Lee W.Y. and Kim C.S. Pore size effect of the DMFC catalyst supported on porous materials, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2003; 28: 645-650.
  • Lillo-Rodenas M.A., Juan-Juan J., Cazoria-Amoros D. and Linares-Solano A. About reactions occurring during chemical activation with hydroxides, Carbon 2004; 42: 1371-1375.
  • Perrin A., Celzard A., Albiniak A., Kaczmarczyk J., Mareche J.F. and Furdin G. NaOH activation of anthracites: effect of temperature on pore textures and methane storage ability, Carbon 2004; 42: 2855-2866.
  • Mitani S., Lee S.I., Yoon S.H., Korai Y. and Mochida I. Activation of raw pitch coke with alkali hydroxide to prepare high performance carbon for electric double layer capacitor, J. Power Sources, 2004; 133: 298-301.
  • Bleda-Martinez M.J., Macia-Agullo J.A., Lozano-Castello D., Morallon E., Cazorla-Amoros D. and Linares-Solano A. Role of surface chemistry on electric double layer capacitance of carbon materials, Carbon, 2005; 43: 2677-2684.
  • Perrin A., Celzard A., Albiniak A., Jasienko-Halat M., Mareche J.F. and Furdin G. NaOH activation of anthracites: effect of hydroxide content on pore textures and methane storage ability, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2005; 43: 2677-2686.
  • Livani M. J., Ghorbani M. ve Mehdipour H. Preparation of an activated carbon from hazelnut shells and its hybrids with magnetic NiFe2O4 nanoparticles, New Carbon Materials, 2018; 33(6): 578-586
  • Şencan A. , Karaboyacı M. ve Kılıç M. Determination of lead(II) sorption capacity of hazelnut shell and activated carbon obtained from hazelnut shell activated with ZnCl2, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2015; 22:3238–3248
  • Zhu M. ve ark. Hazelnut shell activated carbon: a potential adsorbent material for the decontamination of uranium(VI) from aqueous solutions, J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 2016; 10:1147–1154
  • Ozpinar P. ve ark. Activated carbons prepared from hazelnut shell waste by phosphoric acid activation for supercapacitor electrode applications and comprehensive electrochemical analysis, Renewable Energy, 2022; 189: 535e548
  • Altintig E., Sarıcı B. ve Karataş S. Prepared activated carbon from hazelnut shell where coated nanocomposite with Ag+ used for antibacterial and adsorption properties, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023; 30:13671–13687
  • Tseng R.L Mesopore control of high surface area NaOH-activated carbon Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2006; 303: 494–502
  • Naji S.Z. and Tye C.T. A review of the synthesis of activated carbon for biodiesel production: Precursor, preparation, and modification, Energy Conversion and Management: X, 2022; 13: 100152.
Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 74 - 82, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47137/uujes.1313338

Abstract

References

  • Kosheleva R.I., Mitropoulos A.C. and Kyzas G.Z. Synthesis of activated carbon from food waste. Environ Chem Lett., 2019;17:429–438.
  • Danish M. and Ahmad T. A review on utilization of wood biomass as a sustainable precursor for activated carbon production and application, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018;87: 1–21.
  • Derbyshire, F., Jagtoyen, M., Andrews, R., Rao, A., Martın-Gullon, I. and Grulke, E. Carbon Materials in Environmental Applications. In: L. R. Radovick (Ed.), Chemistry and Physics of Carbon. Vol. 27. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2001. p. 1-66.
  • Long C., Liu P., Li Y., Li A. and Zhang Q. Characterization of hydrophobic hypercrosslinked polymer as an adsorbent for removal of chlorinated volatile organic compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011; 45(10): 4506–4512.
  • Sullivan P., Moate J., Stone B., Atkinson J.D., Hashisho Z. and Rood M.J. Physical and chemical properties of PAN-derived electrospun activated carbon nanofibers and their potential for use as an adsorbent for toxic industrial chemicals, Adsorption, 2012; 18 (3): 265–274.
  • Heidarinejad Z., Dehghani M.H., Heidari M., Javedan G., Ali I. and Mika Sillanpää M. Methods for preparation and activation of activated carbon: a review, Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2020; 18:393–415
  • Bubanale S. and Shivashankar M. History, Method of Production, Structure and Applications of Activated Carbon, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 2017; 6(06): 495-498.
  • Danish M., Rafatullah M., Sulaiman O., Hashim R., Ahmad T. (2011) Chapter 3: Activated Carbons: Preparations and Characterizations. In: Taylor J.C. (Ed.), Advances in Chemistry Research. Vol. 11. New Jersey, United States; 2011. p. 38.
  • Iwanow M., Gärtner T., Sieber V. and König B. Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation modification and characterization, Beilstein J. Org. Chem., 2020; 16: 1188–1202.
  • Fazal-ur-Rehman M. Methodological Trends in Preparation of Activated Carbon from Local Sources and Their Impacts on Production-A Review, Curr Trends chem Eng Process Technol: CTCEPT-101, 2018a; Vol. 2018; Issue 01
  • Fazal-ur-Rehman M. Current scenario and future prospects of activated carbon preparation from agroindustrial wastes: A review, Chemistry International 2018b; 4(2): 109-119
  • Mazlan M.A.F., Uemura Y., Yusup S., Elhassan F., Uddin A., Hiwada A. and Demiya M. Activated carbon from rubber wood sawdust by carbon dioxide activation. Procedia Eng.2016; 148:530–537.
  • Gayathiri M., Pulingam T., Lee K.T. and Sudesh K. Activated carbon from biomass waste precursors: Factors affecting production and adsorption mechanism, Chemosphere 2022; 294: 133764.
  • Ioannidou O. and Zabaniotou A. Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production—a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev., 2007; 11:1966–2005
  • Radenahmad, N., Tasfiah, A., Saghir, M., Taweekun, J., Saifullah, M., Bakar, A., Kalam, A. A review on biomass derived syngas for SOFC based combined heat and power application. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev, 2020; 119
  • Din M.I., Ashraf S. and Intisar A. Comparative study of different activation treatments for the preparation of activated carbon: a mini-review, Science Progress, 2017; 100(3): 299–312
  • Hassan M.F., Sabri M.A. , Fazal H., Hafeez A., Shezad N. and Hussain M. Recent trends in activated carbon fibers production from various precursors and applications—A comparative review, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 2020; 145: 104715.
  • Gündoğdu, A. Production of Activated Carbon from Tea-Industry Waste, its Characterization and Investigation of Adsorptive Properties, PhD Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey, 2010.
  • Sadeek S.A., Mohammed E.A., Shaban M. and Abou Kana M. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performances of activated carbon-doped transition metals during biofuel production from waste cooking oils, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2020; 306:112749
  • Manocha S., Manocha L.M., Joshi P. and Patel B. Activated carbon from biomass, AIP Conf. Proc., 2013; 1538(1): 120.
  • J. Li, Michalkiewicz B., Min J., Ma C., Chen X., Gong J., Mijowska E. and Tang T. Selective preparation of biomass-derived porous carbon with controllable pore sizes toward highly efficient CO2 capture. Chem. Eng. J., 2019; 360: 250.
  • Luo L., Chen T., Li Z., Zhang Z. Zhao W. and Fan M. Heteroatom self-doped activated biocarbons from fir bark and their excellent performance for carbon dioxide adsorption, J. CO2 Util., 2018; 25: 89.
  • Lillo-Rodenas M.A., Lozano-Castello D., Cazorla-Amoros D. and Linares Solano D.A. Preparation of activated carbons from Spanish anthracite: II. Activation by NaOH, Carbon, 2001; 39: 751-759.
  • Lillo-Rodenas M.A., Cazoria-Amoros D. and Linares-Solano A., Understanding Chemical Reactions between Carbons and NaOH and KOH: An Insight into the Chemical Activation Mechanism, Carbon 2003; 41: 267-275.
  • Park G.G., Yang T.H., Yoon Y.G., Lee W.Y. and Kim C.S. Pore size effect of the DMFC catalyst supported on porous materials, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2003; 28: 645-650.
  • Lillo-Rodenas M.A., Juan-Juan J., Cazoria-Amoros D. and Linares-Solano A. About reactions occurring during chemical activation with hydroxides, Carbon 2004; 42: 1371-1375.
  • Perrin A., Celzard A., Albiniak A., Kaczmarczyk J., Mareche J.F. and Furdin G. NaOH activation of anthracites: effect of temperature on pore textures and methane storage ability, Carbon 2004; 42: 2855-2866.
  • Mitani S., Lee S.I., Yoon S.H., Korai Y. and Mochida I. Activation of raw pitch coke with alkali hydroxide to prepare high performance carbon for electric double layer capacitor, J. Power Sources, 2004; 133: 298-301.
  • Bleda-Martinez M.J., Macia-Agullo J.A., Lozano-Castello D., Morallon E., Cazorla-Amoros D. and Linares-Solano A. Role of surface chemistry on electric double layer capacitance of carbon materials, Carbon, 2005; 43: 2677-2684.
  • Perrin A., Celzard A., Albiniak A., Jasienko-Halat M., Mareche J.F. and Furdin G. NaOH activation of anthracites: effect of hydroxide content on pore textures and methane storage ability, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 2005; 43: 2677-2686.
  • Livani M. J., Ghorbani M. ve Mehdipour H. Preparation of an activated carbon from hazelnut shells and its hybrids with magnetic NiFe2O4 nanoparticles, New Carbon Materials, 2018; 33(6): 578-586
  • Şencan A. , Karaboyacı M. ve Kılıç M. Determination of lead(II) sorption capacity of hazelnut shell and activated carbon obtained from hazelnut shell activated with ZnCl2, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2015; 22:3238–3248
  • Zhu M. ve ark. Hazelnut shell activated carbon: a potential adsorbent material for the decontamination of uranium(VI) from aqueous solutions, J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 2016; 10:1147–1154
  • Ozpinar P. ve ark. Activated carbons prepared from hazelnut shell waste by phosphoric acid activation for supercapacitor electrode applications and comprehensive electrochemical analysis, Renewable Energy, 2022; 189: 535e548
  • Altintig E., Sarıcı B. ve Karataş S. Prepared activated carbon from hazelnut shell where coated nanocomposite with Ag+ used for antibacterial and adsorption properties, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2023; 30:13671–13687
  • Tseng R.L Mesopore control of high surface area NaOH-activated carbon Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2006; 303: 494–502
  • Naji S.Z. and Tye C.T. A review of the synthesis of activated carbon for biodiesel production: Precursor, preparation, and modification, Energy Conversion and Management: X, 2022; 13: 100152.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Material Characterization
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gülser Karakoç 0009-0002-3572-153X

Feyyaz Keskin 0000-0002-2813-994X

Çiğdem Elif Demirci 0000-0002-3081-0691

Selçuk Aktürk 0000-0001-9146-5142

Publication Date December 29, 2023
Submission Date June 13, 2023
Acceptance Date July 5, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karakoç, G., Keskin, F., Demirci, Ç. E., Aktürk, S. (2023). The Effect of Pre-washing Process with NaOH Solution on the Surface Area in Activated Carbon Production. Usak University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 6(2), 74-82. https://doi.org/10.47137/uujes.1313338
AMA Karakoç G, Keskin F, Demirci ÇE, Aktürk S. The Effect of Pre-washing Process with NaOH Solution on the Surface Area in Activated Carbon Production. UUJES. December 2023;6(2):74-82. doi:10.47137/uujes.1313338
Chicago Karakoç, Gülser, Feyyaz Keskin, Çiğdem Elif Demirci, and Selçuk Aktürk. “The Effect of Pre-Washing Process With NaOH Solution on the Surface Area in Activated Carbon Production”. Usak University Journal of Engineering Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 2023): 74-82. https://doi.org/10.47137/uujes.1313338.
EndNote Karakoç G, Keskin F, Demirci ÇE, Aktürk S (December 1, 2023) The Effect of Pre-washing Process with NaOH Solution on the Surface Area in Activated Carbon Production. Usak University Journal of Engineering Sciences 6 2 74–82.
IEEE G. Karakoç, F. Keskin, Ç. E. Demirci, and S. Aktürk, “The Effect of Pre-washing Process with NaOH Solution on the Surface Area in Activated Carbon Production”, UUJES, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 74–82, 2023, doi: 10.47137/uujes.1313338.
ISNAD Karakoç, Gülser et al. “The Effect of Pre-Washing Process With NaOH Solution on the Surface Area in Activated Carbon Production”. Usak University Journal of Engineering Sciences 6/2 (December 2023), 74-82. https://doi.org/10.47137/uujes.1313338.
JAMA Karakoç G, Keskin F, Demirci ÇE, Aktürk S. The Effect of Pre-washing Process with NaOH Solution on the Surface Area in Activated Carbon Production. UUJES. 2023;6:74–82.
MLA Karakoç, Gülser et al. “The Effect of Pre-Washing Process With NaOH Solution on the Surface Area in Activated Carbon Production”. Usak University Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 6, no. 2, 2023, pp. 74-82, doi:10.47137/uujes.1313338.
Vancouver Karakoç G, Keskin F, Demirci ÇE, Aktürk S. The Effect of Pre-washing Process with NaOH Solution on the Surface Area in Activated Carbon Production. UUJES. 2023;6(2):74-82.

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