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The effect of cumin essential oil on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and in vitro digestibility of vetch-oat silages

Year 2021, Volume: 58 Issue: 2, 217 - 228, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.694965

Abstract

Objective: This study has been conducted in order to determine the effect of cumin essential oil on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability, in vitro metabolic energy contents and relative feed value of vetch-oat silages.
Material and Methods: Vetch and oat were harvested in May and were wilted for approximately 3 hours. Cumin essential oil was added to silages at CMN2:200 mg/kg, CMN3:300 mg/kg and CMN5:500 mg/kg levels, while no addition was made to the control (CON) group. Vetch-oat mixture was placed in plastic bags, and these bags were vacuumed and were stored at 8±2 °C, at laboratory conditions. In the following 70 days after the ensilage, three packages from each group were opened, and silages were analysed in terms of physical, chemical and microbiological analysis. Aerobic stability test was conducted for five days to silages, which were opened at the end of the ensilage period. Moreover, enzyme soluble organic matter (ESOM) amount, metabolic energy (ME) contents, and relative feed value (RFV) were determined.
Results: The addition of essential oil prevented crude protein (CP) degradation, and found out to be higher in experimental groups in comparison to the control group (CMN2: %10.04, CMN3: %10.25, CMN5: % 10.25) (P<0.05). The ammonia nitrogen levels (NH3-N) have also decreased depending upon the increase in the amount of the added essential oil (P<0.05). It was also found out that neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose contents were low in CMN3 and CMN5 groups (P<0.05). It was also determined that with the addition of essential oil, the amount of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) increased (P<0.05), and the amount of yeast and mould decreased both at anaerobic and aerobic periods.
Conclusion: Cumin essential oil increased the fermentation qualities of vetch-oat silages. Moreover, it affected the relative feed value positively.

References

  • Anonymous, 1986. The analysis of agricultural material. Reference book, London, pp. 427-428.
  • Anonymous, 1991. Animal feeds-determination of metabolizable energy (chemical method). Turkish Standards Institute (TSE). Publ. No. 9610, pp.1-3.
  • Anonymous, 2014. Microbiology-food and animal feeds-horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms. Colony count at 30 °C by the spreading plate technique. TS EN ISO 4833.
  • Ashbell G, Weinberg ZG, Azrieli A, Henand Y, Horev B. A. 1991. A Simple system study the aerobic deterioration of silages. Canadian Agricultural Engineering 33:391-393. Bulgurlu Ş, Ergül M. 1978. Yemlerin fiziksel kimyasal ve biyolojik analiz metotları. E.Ü. basımevi, Yayın No. 127, İzmir.
  • Butt MS, Tahir-Nadeem M, Khan MK, Shabir R, Butt MS. 2008. Oat: Unique among the cereals. European Journal of Nutrition 47:68-79.
  • Barker SB, Summerson WH. 1941.The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological material. Journal of Biological Chemistry 138:535-554.
  • Ceylan E, Özbek H, Alaoğlu Z. 2003. Cuminum cyminum (Kimyon) meyvesi uçucu yağının median lethal doz düzeyi ve sağlıklı ve diyabetli farelerde hipoglisemik etkisinin araştırılması. Van Tıp Dergisi 10 (2): 29-35. Chaves AV, Baah J, Wang Y, McAllister TA, Benchaar C. 2012. Effects of cinnamon leaf, oregano and sweet orange essential oils on fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage. Journal of Science Food Agriculture 92:906-915.
  • Close W, Menke KH.1986. Selected topics in animal nutrition university. p.170+85 Hohenheim.
  • De Boever JL, Cottyn BG, Buysse FX, Wainman FV, Vanacker J M.1986. The use of an enzymatic technique to predict digestibility, metabolizable and net energy of compound feedstuffs for ruminants. Animal Feed Science Technology14:203-214.
  • Efe E, Bek Y, Şahin M. 2000. SPSS’te çözümleri ile istatistik yöntemler II. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Yayın No:73, Ders Kitabı Yayın No:9. Ergül M. 2002. Yemler bilgisi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın no:487.
  • Filya I. 2000. New developments in silage quality improvement. International Animal Nutrition Congress, 4-6 September Isparta p.243-250.
  • Jeroch H, Drochner W, Simon O. 1999. Nutrition on farm livestock. Verlag Eugen Ulmer Stuttgart, 525 p.
  • Kheravii SK, Swick RA, Choct M, Wu S-B.2018. Effect of oat hulls as a free choice feeding on broiler performance, short chain fatty acids and microflora under a mild necrotic enteritis challenge. Animal nutrition 4:65-72.
  • Kılıç A.1986. Silo Yemi. Bilgehan Basımevi Bornova İzmir. 68-72.
  • Kirchgessner M, Kellner RJ. 1981. Estimation of the energetic feed value of green and forage feed through the cellulas method. Landwirtschschaftliche Forschung 34:276-281.
  • Kirchgessner M, Kellner RJ, Roth FX, Ranfft K. 1977. For estimating the feed value using crude fiber and the cell wall fractions of the detergent analysis. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung 30:245-250.
  • Konca Y, Alçiçek A, Yaylak E. 2005. Süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde yapılan silo yemlerinde silaj kalitesinin saptanması. Hayvansal Üretim 46(2): 6-13.
  • Kung LJr, Tung RS, Maciorowski K. 1991. Effect of microbial inoculant (Ecosyl-TM) and/ or a glcopeptide antibiotic on fermantation and aerobic stability of wilted alfalfa silage. Animal Feed Science Technology 35:37-48.
  • Kurtoğlu V. 2011. Silage and silage additives. Aybil Press. Konya-Turkey p.356.
  • Macleod MG, Valentine J, Cowan A, Wade YA, Mcneill L, Bernard K. 2008. Naked oats: metabolisable energy yield from a range of varieties in broilers, cockerels and turkeys. British Poultry Science 49 (3): 368-377.
  • Mahouachi M, Haddad L, Kayouli C, Théwis A, Beckers Y. 2003. Effects of the nature of nitrogen supplementation on voluntary intake, rumen parameters and ruminal degradation of dry matter in sheep fed oat silage-based diets. Small Ruminant Research 48:181-187.
  • Naumann C, Bassler R. 1993. Method book. B III. The chemical analysis of feeds. VDLUFA-Verlag, Darmstadt.
  • Playne MJ, McDonald P. 1966. The buffering constituent of herbage and silage. Journal of Science Food Agriculture17:264-268.
  • Sancaktaroğlu S, Bayram E. 2011. Farklı kökenli istanbul kekiği (Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum L.) populasyonlarında verim ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi üzerine araştırmalar. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 48 (3): 265-276.
  • Saraçoğlu İA. 2003. Bitkilerdeki sağlık mucizesi. 2. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Schipper H, Frey KJ, Hammond EG. 1991. Changes in fatty acid composition associated with recurrent selection for groat-oil content in oat. Euphytica 56: 81-88.
  • Seale DR, Pahlow G, Spoelstra SF, Lindgren S, Dellaglio F, Lowe JF. 1990. Methods for the microbiological analysis of silage. Proceeding of the Eurobac Conference Uppsala p.147.
  • Soycan-Önenç S, Fisun K, Coşkuntuna L, Özdüven ML, Gümüş T. 2015. The effect of oregano and cinnamon essential oils on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of field pea silages. Asian-Australas J Animal Science 28(9):1281-87.
  • Soycan-Önenç S, Coşkuntuna L, Koç F, Özdüven ML, Gümüş T. 2017. Effects of essential oils of oregano and cinnamon on fermentation quality and ın vitro metabolic energy of field pea silages. Animal Production 58(2):39-44.
  • Soycan-Önenç S, Korkmaz-Turgud F. 2019. Effect of oregano, cumin and cinnamon essential oils on fermentation quality in alfalfa silages. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 56(3):367-373.
  • SPSS. 2009. PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0. Chicago, SPSS Inc.
  • Taş N. 2010. Sulu şartlarda yazlık ve güzlük ekilen fiğ+buğday karışımlarında en uygun karışım oranı ve biçim zamanının belirlenmesi II. ot kalitesi. Anadolu J AARI 20(2):59-69. TUİK 2018. Türkiye istatistik kurumu.http://www.tuik.gov.tr (erişim:06-Aralık 2018).
  • Turan A, Soycan Önenç S. 2018. Effect of cumin essential oil usage on fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa silage. Asian Australas. Asian-Australas J Animal Science 31(8):1252-1258.
  • Van Dyke NJ, Anderson PM. 2000. Interpreting a forage analysis. Alabama Cooperative Extension. Circular ANR-890.
  • Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. 1991. Method for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nostarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Scienc 74:3583-3597.
  • Van Soest PJ. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant (2nd Ed.).p. 528. Cornell University Press. p.528. Ithaca, N. Y.
  • Wilkinson J M, Davies D R. 2013. The aerobic stability of silage:Key findings and recent developments. Grass and Forage Science.68:1-19.
  • Woolford M K, Cook J E. 1978. A note on the effects on the aerobic deterioration of maize silage of the manipulation of the microflora by means of antibiotics. Animal Feed Science and Technology 3:89–94.
  • Yavuz M. 2005. Bazı ruminant yemlerinin nispi yem değeri ve in vitro sindirim değerlerinin belirlenmesi. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 22 (1): 97-101.

Kimyon uçucu yağının fiğ-yulaf silajlarının fermantasyon kalitesi, aerobik stabilitesi ve in vitro sindirilebilirlik üzerine etkisi

Year 2021, Volume: 58 Issue: 2, 217 - 228, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.694965

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırma kimyon uçucu yağının, fiğ-yulaf silajlarının fermantasyon kalitesi, aerobik stabilitesi, in vitro metabolik enerji içerikleri ve nispi yem değeri üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacı ile düzenlenmiştir.
Materyal ve Yöntem: Fiğ- yulaf, mayıs ayında çiçeklenme başlangıcında hasad edilmiş ve yaklaşık 3 saat süreyle soldurulmuştur. Kimyon uçucu yağı silajlara Km2:200 mg/kg, Km3:300 mg/kg ve Km5:500 mg/kg düzeyinde katılmıştır. Kontrol (Kont) grubuna hiçbir katkı maddesi ilavesi yapılmamıştır. Fiğ-yulaf, plastik torbalarda silolanmıştır. Paketler laboratuvar koşullarında 8±2 °C’de depolanmışlardır. Silolamadan sonraki 70. günde her bir gruptan 3 paket açılarak silajlarda fiziksel, kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik analizler yapılmıştır. Silolama döneminin sonunda açılan silajlara 5 gün süre ile aerobik stabilite testi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca, enzimde çözünen organik madde miktarı, metabolik enerji içerikleri ve nispi yem değeri belirlenmiştir.
Araştırma Bulguları: Uçucu yağ ilavesi ham proteinin (HP) parçalanmasını önlemiş, kontrole göre (Kont:% 9.73) muamele gruplarında (Km2:%10.04, Km3:%10.25, Km5: %10.25) yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur (P<0.05). Amonyak azotu düzeyleri de (NH3-N) uçucu yağın ilave edilen miktarındaki artışa bağlı olarak düşmüştür (P<0.05). Fiğ-yulaf silajlarının nötr deterjanda çözünmeyen lif (NDF), asit deterjanda çözünmeyen lif (ADF) ve selüloz içeriklerinin, Km3 ve Km5 düzeylerinde düşük olduğu bulunmuştur (P<0.05). Lactic acid bakterileri (LAB) sayıları uçucu yağ ilavesiyle artmış (P<0.05), maya ve küf sayıları ise hem anaerobik hem de aerobik dönemde düşmüştür.
Sonuç: Kimyon uçucu yağı fiğ-yulaf silajlarının fermantasyon özelliklerini artırmıştır. Ayrıca nispi yem değerini olumlu yönde etkilemiştir.

References

  • Anonymous, 1986. The analysis of agricultural material. Reference book, London, pp. 427-428.
  • Anonymous, 1991. Animal feeds-determination of metabolizable energy (chemical method). Turkish Standards Institute (TSE). Publ. No. 9610, pp.1-3.
  • Anonymous, 2014. Microbiology-food and animal feeds-horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms. Colony count at 30 °C by the spreading plate technique. TS EN ISO 4833.
  • Ashbell G, Weinberg ZG, Azrieli A, Henand Y, Horev B. A. 1991. A Simple system study the aerobic deterioration of silages. Canadian Agricultural Engineering 33:391-393. Bulgurlu Ş, Ergül M. 1978. Yemlerin fiziksel kimyasal ve biyolojik analiz metotları. E.Ü. basımevi, Yayın No. 127, İzmir.
  • Butt MS, Tahir-Nadeem M, Khan MK, Shabir R, Butt MS. 2008. Oat: Unique among the cereals. European Journal of Nutrition 47:68-79.
  • Barker SB, Summerson WH. 1941.The colorimetric determination of lactic acid in biological material. Journal of Biological Chemistry 138:535-554.
  • Ceylan E, Özbek H, Alaoğlu Z. 2003. Cuminum cyminum (Kimyon) meyvesi uçucu yağının median lethal doz düzeyi ve sağlıklı ve diyabetli farelerde hipoglisemik etkisinin araştırılması. Van Tıp Dergisi 10 (2): 29-35. Chaves AV, Baah J, Wang Y, McAllister TA, Benchaar C. 2012. Effects of cinnamon leaf, oregano and sweet orange essential oils on fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage. Journal of Science Food Agriculture 92:906-915.
  • Close W, Menke KH.1986. Selected topics in animal nutrition university. p.170+85 Hohenheim.
  • De Boever JL, Cottyn BG, Buysse FX, Wainman FV, Vanacker J M.1986. The use of an enzymatic technique to predict digestibility, metabolizable and net energy of compound feedstuffs for ruminants. Animal Feed Science Technology14:203-214.
  • Efe E, Bek Y, Şahin M. 2000. SPSS’te çözümleri ile istatistik yöntemler II. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Yayın No:73, Ders Kitabı Yayın No:9. Ergül M. 2002. Yemler bilgisi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın no:487.
  • Filya I. 2000. New developments in silage quality improvement. International Animal Nutrition Congress, 4-6 September Isparta p.243-250.
  • Jeroch H, Drochner W, Simon O. 1999. Nutrition on farm livestock. Verlag Eugen Ulmer Stuttgart, 525 p.
  • Kheravii SK, Swick RA, Choct M, Wu S-B.2018. Effect of oat hulls as a free choice feeding on broiler performance, short chain fatty acids and microflora under a mild necrotic enteritis challenge. Animal nutrition 4:65-72.
  • Kılıç A.1986. Silo Yemi. Bilgehan Basımevi Bornova İzmir. 68-72.
  • Kirchgessner M, Kellner RJ. 1981. Estimation of the energetic feed value of green and forage feed through the cellulas method. Landwirtschschaftliche Forschung 34:276-281.
  • Kirchgessner M, Kellner RJ, Roth FX, Ranfft K. 1977. For estimating the feed value using crude fiber and the cell wall fractions of the detergent analysis. Landwirtschaftliche Forschung 30:245-250.
  • Konca Y, Alçiçek A, Yaylak E. 2005. Süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde yapılan silo yemlerinde silaj kalitesinin saptanması. Hayvansal Üretim 46(2): 6-13.
  • Kung LJr, Tung RS, Maciorowski K. 1991. Effect of microbial inoculant (Ecosyl-TM) and/ or a glcopeptide antibiotic on fermantation and aerobic stability of wilted alfalfa silage. Animal Feed Science Technology 35:37-48.
  • Kurtoğlu V. 2011. Silage and silage additives. Aybil Press. Konya-Turkey p.356.
  • Macleod MG, Valentine J, Cowan A, Wade YA, Mcneill L, Bernard K. 2008. Naked oats: metabolisable energy yield from a range of varieties in broilers, cockerels and turkeys. British Poultry Science 49 (3): 368-377.
  • Mahouachi M, Haddad L, Kayouli C, Théwis A, Beckers Y. 2003. Effects of the nature of nitrogen supplementation on voluntary intake, rumen parameters and ruminal degradation of dry matter in sheep fed oat silage-based diets. Small Ruminant Research 48:181-187.
  • Naumann C, Bassler R. 1993. Method book. B III. The chemical analysis of feeds. VDLUFA-Verlag, Darmstadt.
  • Playne MJ, McDonald P. 1966. The buffering constituent of herbage and silage. Journal of Science Food Agriculture17:264-268.
  • Sancaktaroğlu S, Bayram E. 2011. Farklı kökenli istanbul kekiği (Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum L.) populasyonlarında verim ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi üzerine araştırmalar. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 48 (3): 265-276.
  • Saraçoğlu İA. 2003. Bitkilerdeki sağlık mucizesi. 2. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Schipper H, Frey KJ, Hammond EG. 1991. Changes in fatty acid composition associated with recurrent selection for groat-oil content in oat. Euphytica 56: 81-88.
  • Seale DR, Pahlow G, Spoelstra SF, Lindgren S, Dellaglio F, Lowe JF. 1990. Methods for the microbiological analysis of silage. Proceeding of the Eurobac Conference Uppsala p.147.
  • Soycan-Önenç S, Fisun K, Coşkuntuna L, Özdüven ML, Gümüş T. 2015. The effect of oregano and cinnamon essential oils on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of field pea silages. Asian-Australas J Animal Science 28(9):1281-87.
  • Soycan-Önenç S, Coşkuntuna L, Koç F, Özdüven ML, Gümüş T. 2017. Effects of essential oils of oregano and cinnamon on fermentation quality and ın vitro metabolic energy of field pea silages. Animal Production 58(2):39-44.
  • Soycan-Önenç S, Korkmaz-Turgud F. 2019. Effect of oregano, cumin and cinnamon essential oils on fermentation quality in alfalfa silages. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 56(3):367-373.
  • SPSS. 2009. PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0. Chicago, SPSS Inc.
  • Taş N. 2010. Sulu şartlarda yazlık ve güzlük ekilen fiğ+buğday karışımlarında en uygun karışım oranı ve biçim zamanının belirlenmesi II. ot kalitesi. Anadolu J AARI 20(2):59-69. TUİK 2018. Türkiye istatistik kurumu.http://www.tuik.gov.tr (erişim:06-Aralık 2018).
  • Turan A, Soycan Önenç S. 2018. Effect of cumin essential oil usage on fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa silage. Asian Australas. Asian-Australas J Animal Science 31(8):1252-1258.
  • Van Dyke NJ, Anderson PM. 2000. Interpreting a forage analysis. Alabama Cooperative Extension. Circular ANR-890.
  • Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. 1991. Method for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and nostarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Scienc 74:3583-3597.
  • Van Soest PJ. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant (2nd Ed.).p. 528. Cornell University Press. p.528. Ithaca, N. Y.
  • Wilkinson J M, Davies D R. 2013. The aerobic stability of silage:Key findings and recent developments. Grass and Forage Science.68:1-19.
  • Woolford M K, Cook J E. 1978. A note on the effects on the aerobic deterioration of maize silage of the manipulation of the microflora by means of antibiotics. Animal Feed Science and Technology 3:89–94.
  • Yavuz M. 2005. Bazı ruminant yemlerinin nispi yem değeri ve in vitro sindirim değerlerinin belirlenmesi. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 22 (1): 97-101.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yiğit Akıncı This is me 0000-0002-1496-1238

Sibel Soycan Önenç 0000-0001-9452-4435

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Submission Date February 26, 2020
Acceptance Date July 21, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 58 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akıncı, Y., & Soycan Önenç, S. (2021). The effect of cumin essential oil on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and in vitro digestibility of vetch-oat silages. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 58(2), 217-228. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.694965

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