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The Effect on Antioxidant Defense System of Chondroitin-4-Sulphate in Human Erythrocytes Subject to High Glucose Levels: In The Laboratory Conditions

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 98 - 114, 28.12.2018

Seda Balkan

Öz

The purpose of this research was to evaluation the effects on antioxidant defense system of chondroitin-4-sulphate (C4S) in high glucose treated human erythrocytes. 10-20 ml venous blood samples from ten healthy volunteers ages 20-40, nonsmoker, were accumulated in ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) vials for the preparation of red blood cell (RBC) suspensions.  Blood for in vitro treatments was divided into six groups. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were calculated to determine the effects on antioxidant defense system in all groups. As a result of the statistical evaluations, the significant increases (p<0.001) in GSH-Px and AChE enzyme activities were observed in the groups in which C4S applied compared to the groups in which glucose alone applied. At the same time, significant decrease (p<0.001) in MDA levels was obtained in the groups in which C4S applied compared to the groups in which glucose alone applied. These acquired findings have shown that in the erythrocytes to which high amount of glucose has been treated; C4S may have a positive impact upon antioxidant defense systems. As the results of this study, C4S can be said to be benefited as an antioxidant.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Human erythrocytes Antioxidant defense Chondroitin-4-sulphate Glucose Antioxidant enzymes

Kaynakça

  • 1. Viskupicova, J., Blaskovic, D., Galiniak, S., Soszynski, M., Bartosz, G., Horakova, L., Sadowska-Bartosz, I., Effect of high glucose concentrations on human erythrocytes in vitro. Redox Biology, 5, 381-387, 2015.
  • 2. Sompong, W., Cheng, H., Adisakwattana, S., Protective effects of ferulic acid on high glucose-induced protein glycation, lipid peroxidation, and membrane ıon pump activity in human eryhrocytes. Plos one, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.012495, 2015.
  • 3. Memişoğulları, R., Taysı, S., Bakan, E., Capoglu, I., Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in type II diabetes mellitus, Cell Biochemistry and Function, 21, 291-296, 2003.
  • 4. Memişoğulları, R., Diyabette serbest radikallerin rolü ve antioksidanların etkisi, Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 3, 30-39, 2005.
  • 5. Okoko, T., Ere, D., Antioxidant activities of Solenostemon monostachyus leaf extract using in vitro methods, Scientific Research and Essays, 7, 621-626, 2012.
  • 6. Cheesman, K.H., Slater, T.F., An introduction to free radical biochemistry, Br. Med. Bull., 49, 481-493, 1993.
  • 7. Campo, G.M., Avenoso, A., Campo, S., Ferlazzo, A.M., Micali, C., Zanghí, L., Calatroni, A., Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin-4-sulphate treatment reduces damage in carbon tetrachloride-induced acute rat liver injury, Life Sciences, 74, 1289-305, 2004.
  • 8. Campo, G.M., Avenoso, A., Campo, S., Nastasi, G., Traina, P., D’Ascola, A., Rugolo, C.A., Calatroni, A., The antioxidant activity of chondroitin-4-sulphate, in carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatitis in ice, involves NF-ҡB and caspase activation, British Journal of Pharmacology, 155, 945-956, 2008.
  • 9. Balkan, S., Aktaç, T., Protective effects of α-lipoic acid and chondroitin-4-sulfate against benomyl-induced toxicity in rats, Toxicology and Enviromental Chemistry, DOİ: 10.1080/02772248.2014.897707, 2014.
  • 10. Volpi, N., Chondroitin sulfate: structure, role and pharmacological activity, Adv. Pharmcol. Elsevier, 53, ISBN: 9780080471952, 2006.
  • 11. Marar, T., Amelioration of glucose induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes by vitamin E. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 193, 149–153, 2011.
  • 12. Jain, S.K., Lim, G., Pyrıdoxine and pyridoxamine inhibits superoxide radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation, protein glycosylation, and (Na+ + K+) ATP ase activity reduction in high glucose-treated human erythrocytes, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 30, 232-237, 2001.
  • 13. Verma, R.J., Trivedi M.H., Ahmedabad C.N.J., Amelioration by black tea extract of sodium fluoride induced hemoylysis of human red blood cell corpuscles, Research report Fluoride, 39 (4), 261-265, 2006.
  • 14. Ferreira, A.L.A., Machado, P.E.A., Matsubara, L.S., Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and glutathione levels in human erythrocytes exposed to colloidal iron hydroxide in vitro, Braz J Med Biol Res., 32, 689-694, 1999.
  • 15. Drabkin, D.L., The crystallographic and optical properties of the hemoglobin of man in comparison with those of other species, J. Biol. Chem., 163, 703, 1946.
  • 16. Beutler, E., Duron, O., Kelly, B.M., Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 61, 882-888, 1963.
  • 17. Sun, Y., Oberley. L.W., Li, Y., A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase, Clinical Chemistry, 34, 497-500, 1988.
  • 18. Aebi, H., Catalase in vitro, Methods Enzymology, 105, 121-127, 1984.
  • 19. Paglia, D.E., Valentine, W.N., Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 70, 158-169, 1976.
  • 20. Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., Andres, V., Featherstone, R.M., A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity, Biochemical Pharmacology, 7, 88-9, 1961.
  • 21. Dodge, J.T., Mitchell, C., Hanahan, D.J., The preparation and chemical characterization of hemoglobin-free ghosts of human erythrocytes, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 100, 119-130, 1963.
  • 22. Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., Yagi, K., Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction, Anal Biochem.,95, 351-8, 1979.
  • 23. Yang, H.L., Chen, S.C., Chang, N.W., Chang, J.M., Lee, M.L., Tsai, P.C., Fu, H.H., Kao, W.W., Chiang, H.C., Wang, H.H., Hseu, Y.C., Protection from oxidative damage using Bidenspilosa extracts in normal human erythrocytes, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44, 1513-1521, 2006.
  • 24. Jain, S.K., Hyperglycemia can cause membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic fragility in human red blood cells, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 15, 21340-21345, 1989.
  • 25. Zohra, M., Fawzia, A., Hemolytic activity of different herbal extracts used in Algeria, International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research, 5, 495-500, 2014.
  • 26. Tupe, R.S., Sankhe, N.M., Shaikh, S.A., Phatak, D.V., Parikh, J.U., Khaire, A.A., Kemse, N.G., Aqueous extract of some indigenous medicinal plants inhibits glycation at multiple stages and protects erythrocytes from oxidative damage an in vitro study, J. Food Sci. Technol., 52, 1911-1923, 2015.
  • 27. Yang, W., Fu, J., Yu, M., Huang, Q., Wang, D., Xu, J., Deng, Q,, Yao, P., Huang, F. , Liu, L., Effects of flaxseed oil on anti-oxidative system and membrane deformation of human peripheral blood erythrocytes in high glucose level, Lipid in Health and Disease, 11, 88, 2012.
  • 28. May, J.M., Qu, Z.C., Whitesell, R.R., Cobb, C., Ascorbate recycling in human erythrocytes: role of GSH in reducing dehydroascorbate, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 20, 543-551, 1996.
  • 29. Yılmaz, O., Özkan, Y., Yıldırım, M., Özkurt, A., Ersan, Y., Effects of alpha lipoic acid, ascorbic acids-6-palmitate, and fish oil on the glutathione, malonaldehyde, and fatty acids leves in erythrocytes of streptozotoci ninduced diabetic malerats, Cell Biochem., 86, 530-539, 2002.
  • 30. Moustafa, Y.M., Moustafa, R.M., Belacy, A., Abou-El-Ela, S.H., Ali, F.M., Effects of acute exposureto the radiofrequencyfields of cellula rphones on plasma lipid peroxide and antioxidase activities in huma nerythrocytes, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 26, 605-608, 2001.
  • 31. Taleb-Senouci, D., Ghomar,i H., Krouf, D., Bouderbala, S., Prost, J., Lacaillle-Dubois, M.A., Bouchenak, M., Antioxidan teffect of Ajuga iva extract in streptozotocin-induced diabeticrats, Phytomedicine, 16, 623-631, 2009.
  • 32. De Bona, K., Belle L.P., Bittencourt, P.E.R., Bonfanti, G., Cargnelluti, L.O., Pimentel, V,C., Ruviaro, A.R., Schetinger, M.R.C., Emanuelli, T., Moretto, M.B., Erythrocytic enzymes and antioxidant status in people with type 2 diabetes: Benificial effect of Syzygium cumini leaf extract in vitro, Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 94, 84-90, 2011.
  • 33. Matkovics, B., Varga, S.I., Szabo, L., Witas, H., The effect of diabetes on the activities of the peroxide metabolism enzymes. Horm. Metab. Res., 14, 77-79, 1982.
  • 34. Kedrioza-Kornatowska, K.Z., Luciak, M., Blaszczyk, J., Pawlak, W., Lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes of patientswithnon-insulindependentdiabeteswithorwithoutdiabeticnephropath, Nephrol Dial Transplant., 13, 389-392, 1998.
  • 35. Aebi, H., Catalase. Inmethods of enzymaticanalysis, Bergmeyer HU (ed) Verlag Chemie: Weinheim, 673-678, 1974.
  • 36. Yadav, P., Sarkar, S., Bhatnagar, D., Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes and tissues in aged diabetic rats, Indian J. Exp. Biol., 35, 389-392, 1997.
  • 37. Kesavulu, M.M., Rao, B.K., Giri, R., Vijya, J.S., Subramanyam, A.C.H., Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme status in type 2 diabetics with coronary hearth disease, Diabetes Res. Clin. Prac., 53, 33-39, 2001.
  • 38. Mikashinovich, Z.I., Belousova, E.S., Biochemicalchanges in erythrocytes as amolecular marker of celldamageduringlog-termsimvastatintreatment, Cell Technologies in Biology and Medicine, 2, 600-603, 2016.
  • 39. Salguerio, C.F., Leal, C.Q., Bianchini, M.C., Prado, I.O. Mendez, S.L., Puntel, R.L., Folmer , V., Soares, F.A., Avila, D.S., Puntel, G.O., The influence of Bauhinia forficata Link subsp. pruinosa tea on lipid peroxidation and non-protein SH groups in human erythrocytes exposed to high glocose concentrations, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 148, 81-87, 2013.
  • 40. Halifeoğlu, İ., Karataş, F., Çolak, R., Canatan, H., Telo, S., Tip 2 diyabetik hastalarda tedavi öncesi ve tedavi sonrası oksidan ve antioksidan durum, Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 10, 117-122. 2005.

Laboratuvar Koşullarında Yüksek Glukoza Maruz Kalmış İnsan Eritrositlerinde Kondroitin-4-Sülfatın Antioksidan Savunma Sistemi Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 98 - 114, 28.12.2018

Seda Balkan

Öz

Bu çalışmada, yüksek glukoza maruz kalmış insan eritrositlerinde  kondroitin-4-sülfatın (C4S) antioksidan savunma sistemine olan etkisi araştırılmıştır. Eritrosit süspansiyonu hazırlamak için, sigara içmeyen, 20-40 yaş aralığında sağlıklı gönüllülerden 10-20 ml venöz kanı etilendiamin tetraasetik asitli (EDTA) tüplere toplanmıştır. İn vitro uygulamalar için kanlar 6 gruba ayrılmıştır. Tüm gruplarda antioksidan savunma sistemi üzerine olan etkilerin belirlenmesi için süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT), glutatyon peroksidaz (GSH-Px), asetilkolinesteraz (AChE) enzim aktiviteleri, glutatyon (GSH) ve MDA düzeyleri ölçülmüştür. İstatistiksel değerlendirmeler sonucunda, C4S uygulanan gruplar ile sadece glukoz uygulanan gruplar karşılaştırıldığında GSH-Px ve AChE enzim aktivitelerinde önemli ölçüde artış (p<0,001), MDA düzeylerinde de önemli ölçüde azalış olduğu (p<0,001) tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bu bulgular, yüksek glukoz içeren eritrositlerde C4S'nin uygulanabileceğini ve C4S'nin antioksidan savunma sistemleri üzerine olumlu etkileri olabileceğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak C4S'nin etkili bir antioksidan olduğu söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnsan eritrositleri Antioksidan savunma Kondroitin-4-sülfat Glukoz Antioksidan enzimler

Kaynakça

  • 1. Viskupicova, J., Blaskovic, D., Galiniak, S., Soszynski, M., Bartosz, G., Horakova, L., Sadowska-Bartosz, I., Effect of high glucose concentrations on human erythrocytes in vitro. Redox Biology, 5, 381-387, 2015.
  • 2. Sompong, W., Cheng, H., Adisakwattana, S., Protective effects of ferulic acid on high glucose-induced protein glycation, lipid peroxidation, and membrane ıon pump activity in human eryhrocytes. Plos one, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.012495, 2015.
  • 3. Memişoğulları, R., Taysı, S., Bakan, E., Capoglu, I., Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in type II diabetes mellitus, Cell Biochemistry and Function, 21, 291-296, 2003.
  • 4. Memişoğulları, R., Diyabette serbest radikallerin rolü ve antioksidanların etkisi, Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 3, 30-39, 2005.
  • 5. Okoko, T., Ere, D., Antioxidant activities of Solenostemon monostachyus leaf extract using in vitro methods, Scientific Research and Essays, 7, 621-626, 2012.
  • 6. Cheesman, K.H., Slater, T.F., An introduction to free radical biochemistry, Br. Med. Bull., 49, 481-493, 1993.
  • 7. Campo, G.M., Avenoso, A., Campo, S., Ferlazzo, A.M., Micali, C., Zanghí, L., Calatroni, A., Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin-4-sulphate treatment reduces damage in carbon tetrachloride-induced acute rat liver injury, Life Sciences, 74, 1289-305, 2004.
  • 8. Campo, G.M., Avenoso, A., Campo, S., Nastasi, G., Traina, P., D’Ascola, A., Rugolo, C.A., Calatroni, A., The antioxidant activity of chondroitin-4-sulphate, in carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatitis in ice, involves NF-ҡB and caspase activation, British Journal of Pharmacology, 155, 945-956, 2008.
  • 9. Balkan, S., Aktaç, T., Protective effects of α-lipoic acid and chondroitin-4-sulfate against benomyl-induced toxicity in rats, Toxicology and Enviromental Chemistry, DOİ: 10.1080/02772248.2014.897707, 2014.
  • 10. Volpi, N., Chondroitin sulfate: structure, role and pharmacological activity, Adv. Pharmcol. Elsevier, 53, ISBN: 9780080471952, 2006.
  • 11. Marar, T., Amelioration of glucose induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes by vitamin E. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 193, 149–153, 2011.
  • 12. Jain, S.K., Lim, G., Pyrıdoxine and pyridoxamine inhibits superoxide radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation, protein glycosylation, and (Na+ + K+) ATP ase activity reduction in high glucose-treated human erythrocytes, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 30, 232-237, 2001.
  • 13. Verma, R.J., Trivedi M.H., Ahmedabad C.N.J., Amelioration by black tea extract of sodium fluoride induced hemoylysis of human red blood cell corpuscles, Research report Fluoride, 39 (4), 261-265, 2006.
  • 14. Ferreira, A.L.A., Machado, P.E.A., Matsubara, L.S., Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and glutathione levels in human erythrocytes exposed to colloidal iron hydroxide in vitro, Braz J Med Biol Res., 32, 689-694, 1999.
  • 15. Drabkin, D.L., The crystallographic and optical properties of the hemoglobin of man in comparison with those of other species, J. Biol. Chem., 163, 703, 1946.
  • 16. Beutler, E., Duron, O., Kelly, B.M., Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 61, 882-888, 1963.
  • 17. Sun, Y., Oberley. L.W., Li, Y., A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase, Clinical Chemistry, 34, 497-500, 1988.
  • 18. Aebi, H., Catalase in vitro, Methods Enzymology, 105, 121-127, 1984.
  • 19. Paglia, D.E., Valentine, W.N., Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 70, 158-169, 1976.
  • 20. Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., Andres, V., Featherstone, R.M., A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity, Biochemical Pharmacology, 7, 88-9, 1961.
  • 21. Dodge, J.T., Mitchell, C., Hanahan, D.J., The preparation and chemical characterization of hemoglobin-free ghosts of human erythrocytes, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 100, 119-130, 1963.
  • 22. Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., Yagi, K., Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction, Anal Biochem.,95, 351-8, 1979.
  • 23. Yang, H.L., Chen, S.C., Chang, N.W., Chang, J.M., Lee, M.L., Tsai, P.C., Fu, H.H., Kao, W.W., Chiang, H.C., Wang, H.H., Hseu, Y.C., Protection from oxidative damage using Bidenspilosa extracts in normal human erythrocytes, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44, 1513-1521, 2006.
  • 24. Jain, S.K., Hyperglycemia can cause membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic fragility in human red blood cells, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 15, 21340-21345, 1989.
  • 25. Zohra, M., Fawzia, A., Hemolytic activity of different herbal extracts used in Algeria, International Journal of Pharma Sciences and Research, 5, 495-500, 2014.
  • 26. Tupe, R.S., Sankhe, N.M., Shaikh, S.A., Phatak, D.V., Parikh, J.U., Khaire, A.A., Kemse, N.G., Aqueous extract of some indigenous medicinal plants inhibits glycation at multiple stages and protects erythrocytes from oxidative damage an in vitro study, J. Food Sci. Technol., 52, 1911-1923, 2015.
  • 27. Yang, W., Fu, J., Yu, M., Huang, Q., Wang, D., Xu, J., Deng, Q,, Yao, P., Huang, F. , Liu, L., Effects of flaxseed oil on anti-oxidative system and membrane deformation of human peripheral blood erythrocytes in high glucose level, Lipid in Health and Disease, 11, 88, 2012.
  • 28. May, J.M., Qu, Z.C., Whitesell, R.R., Cobb, C., Ascorbate recycling in human erythrocytes: role of GSH in reducing dehydroascorbate, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 20, 543-551, 1996.
  • 29. Yılmaz, O., Özkan, Y., Yıldırım, M., Özkurt, A., Ersan, Y., Effects of alpha lipoic acid, ascorbic acids-6-palmitate, and fish oil on the glutathione, malonaldehyde, and fatty acids leves in erythrocytes of streptozotoci ninduced diabetic malerats, Cell Biochem., 86, 530-539, 2002.
  • 30. Moustafa, Y.M., Moustafa, R.M., Belacy, A., Abou-El-Ela, S.H., Ali, F.M., Effects of acute exposureto the radiofrequencyfields of cellula rphones on plasma lipid peroxide and antioxidase activities in huma nerythrocytes, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 26, 605-608, 2001.
  • 31. Taleb-Senouci, D., Ghomar,i H., Krouf, D., Bouderbala, S., Prost, J., Lacaillle-Dubois, M.A., Bouchenak, M., Antioxidan teffect of Ajuga iva extract in streptozotocin-induced diabeticrats, Phytomedicine, 16, 623-631, 2009.
  • 32. De Bona, K., Belle L.P., Bittencourt, P.E.R., Bonfanti, G., Cargnelluti, L.O., Pimentel, V,C., Ruviaro, A.R., Schetinger, M.R.C., Emanuelli, T., Moretto, M.B., Erythrocytic enzymes and antioxidant status in people with type 2 diabetes: Benificial effect of Syzygium cumini leaf extract in vitro, Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 94, 84-90, 2011.
  • 33. Matkovics, B., Varga, S.I., Szabo, L., Witas, H., The effect of diabetes on the activities of the peroxide metabolism enzymes. Horm. Metab. Res., 14, 77-79, 1982.
  • 34. Kedrioza-Kornatowska, K.Z., Luciak, M., Blaszczyk, J., Pawlak, W., Lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes of patientswithnon-insulindependentdiabeteswithorwithoutdiabeticnephropath, Nephrol Dial Transplant., 13, 389-392, 1998.
  • 35. Aebi, H., Catalase. Inmethods of enzymaticanalysis, Bergmeyer HU (ed) Verlag Chemie: Weinheim, 673-678, 1974.
  • 36. Yadav, P., Sarkar, S., Bhatnagar, D., Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes and tissues in aged diabetic rats, Indian J. Exp. Biol., 35, 389-392, 1997.
  • 37. Kesavulu, M.M., Rao, B.K., Giri, R., Vijya, J.S., Subramanyam, A.C.H., Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme status in type 2 diabetics with coronary hearth disease, Diabetes Res. Clin. Prac., 53, 33-39, 2001.
  • 38. Mikashinovich, Z.I., Belousova, E.S., Biochemicalchanges in erythrocytes as amolecular marker of celldamageduringlog-termsimvastatintreatment, Cell Technologies in Biology and Medicine, 2, 600-603, 2016.
  • 39. Salguerio, C.F., Leal, C.Q., Bianchini, M.C., Prado, I.O. Mendez, S.L., Puntel, R.L., Folmer , V., Soares, F.A., Avila, D.S., Puntel, G.O., The influence of Bauhinia forficata Link subsp. pruinosa tea on lipid peroxidation and non-protein SH groups in human erythrocytes exposed to high glocose concentrations, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 148, 81-87, 2013.
  • 40. Halifeoğlu, İ., Karataş, F., Çolak, R., Canatan, H., Telo, S., Tip 2 diyabetik hastalarda tedavi öncesi ve tedavi sonrası oksidan ve antioksidan durum, Fırat Tıp Dergisi, 10, 117-122. 2005.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Biyoloji
Yazarlar

Seda Balkan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Temmuz 2018
Kabul Tarihi 1 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Balkan, S. (2018). The Effect on Antioxidant Defense System of Chondroitin-4-Sulphate in Human Erythrocytes Subject to High Glucose Levels: In The Laboratory Conditions. Adıyaman University Journal of Science, 8(2), 98-114.
AMA Balkan S. The Effect on Antioxidant Defense System of Chondroitin-4-Sulphate in Human Erythrocytes Subject to High Glucose Levels: In The Laboratory Conditions. ADYU J SCI. Aralık 2018;8(2):98-114.
Chicago Balkan, Seda. “The Effect on Antioxidant Defense System of Chondroitin-4-Sulphate in Human Erythrocytes Subject to High Glucose Levels: In The Laboratory Conditions”. Adıyaman University Journal of Science 8, sy. 2 (Aralık 2018): 98-114.
EndNote Balkan S (01 Aralık 2018) The Effect on Antioxidant Defense System of Chondroitin-4-Sulphate in Human Erythrocytes Subject to High Glucose Levels: In The Laboratory Conditions. Adıyaman University Journal of Science 8 2 98–114.
IEEE S. Balkan, “The Effect on Antioxidant Defense System of Chondroitin-4-Sulphate in Human Erythrocytes Subject to High Glucose Levels: In The Laboratory Conditions”, ADYU J SCI, c. 8, sy. 2, ss. 98–114, 2018.
ISNAD Balkan, Seda. “The Effect on Antioxidant Defense System of Chondroitin-4-Sulphate in Human Erythrocytes Subject to High Glucose Levels: In The Laboratory Conditions”. Adıyaman University Journal of Science 8/2 (Aralık 2018), 98-114.
JAMA Balkan S. The Effect on Antioxidant Defense System of Chondroitin-4-Sulphate in Human Erythrocytes Subject to High Glucose Levels: In The Laboratory Conditions. ADYU J SCI. 2018;8:98–114.
MLA Balkan, Seda. “The Effect on Antioxidant Defense System of Chondroitin-4-Sulphate in Human Erythrocytes Subject to High Glucose Levels: In The Laboratory Conditions”. Adıyaman University Journal of Science, c. 8, sy. 2, 2018, ss. 98-114.
Vancouver Balkan S. The Effect on Antioxidant Defense System of Chondroitin-4-Sulphate in Human Erythrocytes Subject to High Glucose Levels: In The Laboratory Conditions. ADYU J SCI. 2018;8(2):98-114.
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