Araştırma Makalesi
Suggestion for Identification and Classification of Economic Activity Branch: Knowledge Intensive Business Service Activities (KIBS)
Öz
The classification of an economic activity is directly related to how well it is defined and how well its
characteristics are expressed. The first classification of economic activity was made by triple sector
classification in the 1940s. According to this classification, agriculture has been determined as primary activity,
industry as secondary activity, and service sector as tertiary activity. However today, with the advancement of
technology and knowledge, many business activities have emerged or divided into new business divisions. The
most affected sector from this change has been service sector. In the world, especially in the last 30 years, there has been a structural transformation from industry towards service sector. This transformation has led to an
increase in interest and demand for the service sector, and has caused business divisions within the service
sector itself. As a result, many service sectors have emerged as a sub-activity. Looking at the recent studies, it is
seen that service sub-sectors have been classified under different names and different contents. The fact that
OECD and World Bank’s division of the service sector into three subclasses as producers, consumers and public
services, as well as a low intensive knowledge and intensive knowledge classification have brought about many
debates. The aim of this study is to define and classify the sub-sectors that represent knowledge intensive business
service activities (KIBS) within the service sector. In accordance with this purpose, studies on knowledge
intensive business services, reports and sectors representing knowledge intensive services are analyzed by using
content analysis. Within this context, firstly, what is included or not included in the KIBS activities will be put
forward and a proposal for identification of the branch of activity will be introduced. Secondly, based on this
definition, considering the sub-sectors within KIBS, KIBS activities are categorized. According to the content
analysis, a total of 10 activities are defined within KIBS. Developing a proposal for defining and classifying
KIBS activities, this study reveals the changing content of branches of economic activity and provides an
important basis for the data classes.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) Economic Activity Branch Economic Geography Content Analysis Classification and Identification
Kaynakça
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- Asheim;, B., ve Coenen, L. (2005). Knowledge bases and regional innovation systems: Comparing Nordic clusters. Research Policy, 34(8), 1173-1190. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.03.013
- Asheim;, B., ve Gertler, M. S. (2005). Regional innovation systems and the geographical foundations of innovation. In J. Fagerberg, D. C. Mowery, ve R. R. Nelson (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Innovation (pp. 291-317). London: Oxford University Press.
- Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu (AET). (1957). Roma Antlaşması. Roma
- Baláž, V. (2004). Knowledge-intensive business services in transition economies. The Service Industries Journal, 24(4), 83- 100. doi:10.1080/0264206042000275208
- Berry, L. L. (1980). Services marketing is different. Business, 30, 24-29.
- Bettencourt, L. A., Ostrom, A. L., Brown, S. W., ve Roundtree, R. I. (2002). Client Co-Production in Knowledge-Intensive Business Services. California Management Review, 44(4), 100-128. doi:10.2307/41166145
- Bilderbeek, R., ve Hertog, P. D. (1998). Technology-based knowledge-intensive business services in the Netherlands: their significance as a driving force behind knowledge-driven innovation. Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, 67(2), 126-138.
- Brenner, T., Capasso, M., Duschl, M., Frenken, K. ve Treibich, T., (2018) Causal relations between knowledge-intensive business services and regional employment growth, Regional Studies, 52:2, 172-183, DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2016.1265104
- Bryson;, J. (2009). Business Services A2 - Thrift, Rob Kitchin Nigel International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 368-374). Oxford: Elsevier.
- Bryson;, J., ve Daniels, P. W. (2007). Worlds of services from local service economies to offshoring or global sourcing. In J. R. Bryson ve P. W. Daniels (Eds.), The Handbook of Service Industries (pp. 1-16): Edward Elgar.
- Castells, M. (1989). The informational city: Information technology, economic restructuring, and the urban-regional process. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
- Clark, C. (1940). The conditions of economic progress: Macmillan and co., limited.
- Coffey;, W. (2000). The Geographıes Of Producer Servıces. Urban Geography, 21(2), 170-183. doi:10.2747/0272- 3638.21.2.170
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., ve Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). NY: Routledge. New York
- Consoli, D. ve Elche-Hortelano, D. (2010). Variety in the knowledge base of Knowledge Intensive Business Services. Research Policy, 39(10), 1303-1310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.08.005
- Cooke, P., ve Leydesdorff, L. (2006). Regional Development in the Knowledge-Based Economy: The Construction of Advantage. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 31(1), 5-15. doi:10.1007/s10961-005-5009-3
- Corrocher, N., Cusmano, L., ve Morrison, A. (2009). Modes of innovation in knowledge intensive business services evidence from Lombardy. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 19, 173-196.
- Czarnitzki, D., ve Spielkamp, A. (2000). Business services in Germany: bridges for innovation. Mannheim: ZEW.
- Czarnitzki, D., ve Spielkamp, A. (2003). Business services in Germany: bridges for innovation. The Service Industries Journal, 23(2), 1-30. doi:10.1080/02642060412331300862
- Deardorff, A. (2001). International Provision of Trade Services, Trade, and Fragmentation. Review of International Economics, 9(2).
- Doloreux, D., Freel, M., ve Shearmur, R. (2010). Knowledge-Intensive Business Services Geography and Innovation - Geography and Innovation Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing.
- Feldman, M. P., ve Kogler, D. F. (2010). Chapter 8 - Stylized Facts in the Geography of Innovation. In B. H. Hall ve N. Rosenberg (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation (Vol. 1, pp. 381-410): North-Holland.
- Fisher, A. G. B. (1939). Production, Primary, Secodary And Tertiary. Economic Record, 15(1), 24-38. doi:10.1111/j.1475- 4932.1939.tb01015.x
- Freel, M. (2006). Patterns of Technological Innovation in Knowledge‐Intensive Business Services. Industry and Innovation, 13(3), 335-358. doi:10.1080/13662710600859157
- Gadrey, J. (2002). The misuse of productivity concepts in services: Lessons from a comparison between France and the United States. In J. Gadrey ve F. Gallouj (Eds.), Productivity, Innovation, and Knowledge in Services: New Economic and Socio-economic Approaches (pp. 26 –53). Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar.
- Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates: Anchor Books.
- Grönroos, C. (2007). Service Management And Marketing (3 ed.). New Jersey: Wiley-Academy.
- Hayter, R., ve Patchell, J. (2011). Economic Geography: An Institutional Approach. Canada: Oxford University Press.
- Hertog, P. D. (2000). Knowledge-Intensive Business Services as co-producers of innovation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 04(04), 491-528. doi:doi:10.1142/S136391960000024X
- Hill, P. (1977). On Goods and Services. Review of Income and Wealth, 23(4), 315-338.
- Hill, P. (1999). Tangibles, intangibles and services: a new taxonomy for the classification of output. Canadian Journal of Economics, 32(2), 426-447.
- Hipp, C. (1999). Knowledge-intensive business services in the new mode of knowledge production. AI & SOCIETY, 13(1), 88-106. doi:10.1007/bf01205260
- Hipp, C., Gallego, J., ve Rubalcaba, L. (2015). Shaping innovation in European knowledge-intensive business services. Service Business, 9(1), 41-55. doi:10.1007/s11628-013-0217-7
- I. André, P. A. F., J. Ferrão. (2002). Portugal: Knowledge-intensive services and modernization. In P. Wood (Ed.), Consultancy and innovation: The business service revolution in Europe (pp. 283-315). London: Routledge.
- Illeris, S. (2007). The Nature of Services. In J. R. Bryson ve P. W. Daniels (Eds.), The Handbook of Service Industries (pp. 19- 33): Edward Elgar Publishing, Incorporated.
- J-Figueiredo, R., Neto, J. V., Quelhas, O. L. G., ve Ferreira, J. J. d. M. (2017). Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS): bibliometric analysis and their different behaviors in the scientific literature: Topic 16 – Innovation and services. RAI Revista de Administração e Inovação, 14(3), 216-225. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rai.2017.05.004
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Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 239 - 258, 31.10.2018
Öz
Bir ekonomik faaliyetin sınıflandırılması, o faaliyetin ne kadar iyi tanımlandığı ve özelliklerinin ne kadar iyi
ortaya konulabildiği ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. Ekonomik faaliyet kolları ile ilgili ilk sınıflandırma 1940’lı yıllarda
üçlü sektör ayrımı ile yapılmıştır. Bu sınıflandırmaya göre birincil faaliyet olarak tarım, ikincil faaliyet olarak
sanayi ve üçüncül faaliyet olarak hizmet sektörü belirlenmiştir. Fakat günümüzde, teknoloji ve bilginin gelişmesi
ile birçok iş kolu ortaya çıkmış ya da kendi içinde yeni iş bölümlerine ayrılmışlardır. Bu değişimden en büyük payı
da hizmet sektörü almıştır. Dünyada, özellikle son 30 yılda, sanayiden hizmet sektörüne doğru yapısal bir dönüşüm
yaşanmıştır. Bu dönüşüm, hizmet sektörüne olan ilginin ve talebin artmasına neden olduğu gibi, hizmet sektörünün
kendi içinde bölünmesine de sebep olmuştur. Bunun sonucunda hizmet sektörünün birçok alt faaliyet kolu ortaya
çıkmıştır. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalara bakıldığında, hizmet alt sektörlerinin farklı isimlerde ve farklı
içeriklerde sınıflandırıldığı görülmektedir. OECD ve Dünya Bankası’nın hizmet sektörünü üretici, tüketici ve kamu
hizmetleri olmak üzere üç alt sınıfa ayırması ve buna ilaveten az bilgi ve bilgi yoğun olarak bir ayrıma gitmesi
birçok tartışmayı da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, hizmet sektörü içinde bilgi yoğun iş hizmet
faaliyetlerini (BYİH) temsil eden alt sektörleri tanımlamak ve sınıflamaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmada,
bilgi yoğun iş hizmetleri üzerine yapılmış çalışmalar, hazırlanmış raporlar ve bilgi yoğun hizmetleri temsil eden
sektörler içerik analizi kullanılarak irdelenmektedir. Bu kapsamda öncelikli olarak BYİH faaliyetlerinin neleri
içerdiği veya içermediği ortaya konulmakta ve faaliyet alanını tanımlama önerisi getirilmektedir. Ardından bu
tanımlama temel alınarak, BYİH içindeki sektörler ele alınarak BYİH faaliyetleri sınıflandırılmaktadır. Yapılan
içerik analizine göre, BYİH sektörleri içinde toplamda 10 adet bilgi yoğun hizmet faaliyeti tanımlanmaktadır.
BYİH faaliyetlerini tanımlama ve sınıflandırma önerisi geliştiren bu çalışma, ekonomik faaliyet kollarının değişen
içeriğini ortaya koymakta ve veri sınıfları için de önemli bir altlık sağlamaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bilgi Yoğun İş Hizmetleri (BYİH) Ekonomik Faaliyet Kolu Ekonomik Coğrafya İçerik Analizi Sınıflandırma ve Tanımlama
Kaynakça
- Asheim, B., Coenen, L., Moodysson, J., ve Vang, J. (2007). Constructing knowledge-based regional advantage: implications for regional innovation policy. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 7(2-5), 140-155. doi:10.1504/ijeim.2007.012879
- Asheim;, B., ve Coenen, L. (2005). Knowledge bases and regional innovation systems: Comparing Nordic clusters. Research Policy, 34(8), 1173-1190. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.03.013
- Asheim;, B., ve Gertler, M. S. (2005). Regional innovation systems and the geographical foundations of innovation. In J. Fagerberg, D. C. Mowery, ve R. R. Nelson (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Innovation (pp. 291-317). London: Oxford University Press.
- Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu (AET). (1957). Roma Antlaşması. Roma
- Baláž, V. (2004). Knowledge-intensive business services in transition economies. The Service Industries Journal, 24(4), 83- 100. doi:10.1080/0264206042000275208
- Berry, L. L. (1980). Services marketing is different. Business, 30, 24-29.
- Bettencourt, L. A., Ostrom, A. L., Brown, S. W., ve Roundtree, R. I. (2002). Client Co-Production in Knowledge-Intensive Business Services. California Management Review, 44(4), 100-128. doi:10.2307/41166145
- Bilderbeek, R., ve Hertog, P. D. (1998). Technology-based knowledge-intensive business services in the Netherlands: their significance as a driving force behind knowledge-driven innovation. Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, 67(2), 126-138.
- Brenner, T., Capasso, M., Duschl, M., Frenken, K. ve Treibich, T., (2018) Causal relations between knowledge-intensive business services and regional employment growth, Regional Studies, 52:2, 172-183, DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2016.1265104
- Bryson;, J. (2009). Business Services A2 - Thrift, Rob Kitchin Nigel International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 368-374). Oxford: Elsevier.
- Bryson;, J., ve Daniels, P. W. (2007). Worlds of services from local service economies to offshoring or global sourcing. In J. R. Bryson ve P. W. Daniels (Eds.), The Handbook of Service Industries (pp. 1-16): Edward Elgar.
- Castells, M. (1989). The informational city: Information technology, economic restructuring, and the urban-regional process. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
- Clark, C. (1940). The conditions of economic progress: Macmillan and co., limited.
- Coffey;, W. (2000). The Geographıes Of Producer Servıces. Urban Geography, 21(2), 170-183. doi:10.2747/0272- 3638.21.2.170
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., ve Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). NY: Routledge. New York
- Consoli, D. ve Elche-Hortelano, D. (2010). Variety in the knowledge base of Knowledge Intensive Business Services. Research Policy, 39(10), 1303-1310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.08.005
- Cooke, P., ve Leydesdorff, L. (2006). Regional Development in the Knowledge-Based Economy: The Construction of Advantage. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 31(1), 5-15. doi:10.1007/s10961-005-5009-3
- Corrocher, N., Cusmano, L., ve Morrison, A. (2009). Modes of innovation in knowledge intensive business services evidence from Lombardy. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 19, 173-196.
- Czarnitzki, D., ve Spielkamp, A. (2000). Business services in Germany: bridges for innovation. Mannheim: ZEW.
- Czarnitzki, D., ve Spielkamp, A. (2003). Business services in Germany: bridges for innovation. The Service Industries Journal, 23(2), 1-30. doi:10.1080/02642060412331300862
- Deardorff, A. (2001). International Provision of Trade Services, Trade, and Fragmentation. Review of International Economics, 9(2).
- Doloreux, D., Freel, M., ve Shearmur, R. (2010). Knowledge-Intensive Business Services Geography and Innovation - Geography and Innovation Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing.
- Feldman, M. P., ve Kogler, D. F. (2010). Chapter 8 - Stylized Facts in the Geography of Innovation. In B. H. Hall ve N. Rosenberg (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation (Vol. 1, pp. 381-410): North-Holland.
- Fisher, A. G. B. (1939). Production, Primary, Secodary And Tertiary. Economic Record, 15(1), 24-38. doi:10.1111/j.1475- 4932.1939.tb01015.x
- Freel, M. (2006). Patterns of Technological Innovation in Knowledge‐Intensive Business Services. Industry and Innovation, 13(3), 335-358. doi:10.1080/13662710600859157
- Gadrey, J. (2002). The misuse of productivity concepts in services: Lessons from a comparison between France and the United States. In J. Gadrey ve F. Gallouj (Eds.), Productivity, Innovation, and Knowledge in Services: New Economic and Socio-economic Approaches (pp. 26 –53). Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar.
- Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates: Anchor Books.
- Grönroos, C. (2007). Service Management And Marketing (3 ed.). New Jersey: Wiley-Academy.
- Hayter, R., ve Patchell, J. (2011). Economic Geography: An Institutional Approach. Canada: Oxford University Press.
- Hertog, P. D. (2000). Knowledge-Intensive Business Services as co-producers of innovation. International Journal of Innovation Management, 04(04), 491-528. doi:doi:10.1142/S136391960000024X
- Hill, P. (1977). On Goods and Services. Review of Income and Wealth, 23(4), 315-338.
- Hill, P. (1999). Tangibles, intangibles and services: a new taxonomy for the classification of output. Canadian Journal of Economics, 32(2), 426-447.
- Hipp, C. (1999). Knowledge-intensive business services in the new mode of knowledge production. AI & SOCIETY, 13(1), 88-106. doi:10.1007/bf01205260
- Hipp, C., Gallego, J., ve Rubalcaba, L. (2015). Shaping innovation in European knowledge-intensive business services. Service Business, 9(1), 41-55. doi:10.1007/s11628-013-0217-7
- I. André, P. A. F., J. Ferrão. (2002). Portugal: Knowledge-intensive services and modernization. In P. Wood (Ed.), Consultancy and innovation: The business service revolution in Europe (pp. 283-315). London: Routledge.
- Illeris, S. (2007). The Nature of Services. In J. R. Bryson ve P. W. Daniels (Eds.), The Handbook of Service Industries (pp. 19- 33): Edward Elgar Publishing, Incorporated.
- J-Figueiredo, R., Neto, J. V., Quelhas, O. L. G., ve Ferreira, J. J. d. M. (2017). Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS): bibliometric analysis and their different behaviors in the scientific literature: Topic 16 – Innovation and services. RAI Revista de Administração e Inovação, 14(3), 216-225. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rai.2017.05.004
- Kimble, C. (2013). Knowledge management, codification and tacit knowledge. Retrieved from https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00826911
- Koch, A., ve Strotmann, H. (2008). Absorptive Capacity And Innovation In The Knowledge Intensive Business Service Sector. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 17(6), 511-531. doi:10.1080/10438590701222987
- Kotler, P. (1999). Principles of Marketing. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
- Kozar, J. M. (2012). Knowledge intensive business services and metropolitan economic growth: An examination of the computer service industry. (Ph.D. Dissertations & Theses), The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States.
- MacKinnon, D., ve Cumbers, A. (2007). An Introduction to Economic Geography: Globalization, Uneven Development and Place: Prentice Hall.
- Manniche, J. (2012). Combinatorial Knowledge Dynamics: On the Usefulness of the Differentiated Knowledge Bases Model. European Planning Studies, 20(11), 1823-1841. doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.723423
- Martin, R., ve Moodysson, J. (2011). Comparing knowledge bases: on the organisation and geography of knowledge flows in the regional innovation system of Scania, southern Sweden. Retrieved from https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2011_002
- Matthias, G., ve Christiane, H. (2014). Using Trademarks to Measure Innovation in Knowledge-Intensive Business Services. Technology Innovation Management Review, 4(5).
- Melvin, J. (1995). History and Measurement in the Service Sector: A Review. Review of Income and Wealth, 41(4).
- Miles, I. (2008). Patterns of innovation in service industries. IBM Syst. J., 47(1), 115-128. doi:10.1147/sj.471.0115
- Miles;, I., Kastrinos, N., Bilderbeek, R., Hertog, P. d., Flanagan, K., Huntink, W., ve Bouman, M. (1995). Knowledge-intensive business services: users, carriers and sources of innovation. Retrieved from Brussels Belgium:
- Moodysson, J., Coenen, L., ve Asheim, B. (2008). Explaining spatial patterns of innovation: analytical and synthetic modes of knowledge creation in the Medicon Valley life-science cluster. Environment and Planning A, 40(5), 1040-1056.
- Muller, E., ve Doloreux, D. (2007). The key dimensions of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) analysis: a decade of evolution. Retrieved from Karlsruhe:
- Muller, E., ve Zenker, A. (2001). Business services as actors of knowledge transformation: the role of KIBS in regional and national innovation systems. Research Policy, 30(9), 1501-1516. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)001640
- Muñiz, I., ve Garcia-López, M.-À. (2010). The Polycentric Knowledge Economy in Barcelona. Urban Geography, 31(6), 774- 799. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.31.6.774
- OECD, ve Eurostat. (2016). High-tech industry and knowledge-intensive services. Retrieved from Luxembourg:
- Pardos, E., Gómez-Loscos, A., ve Rubiera-Morollón, F. (2007). ‘Do versus Buy’ Decisions in the Demand for Knowledge Intensive Business Services. The Service Industries Journal, 27(3), 233-249. doi:10.1080/02642060701206991
- Pina, K., ve Tether, B. S. (2016). Towards understanding variety in knowledge intensive business services by distinguishing their knowledge bases. Research Policy, 45(2), 401-413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.10.005
- Poh-Kam, W., ve Zi-Lin, H. (2002). The Impacts of Knowledge Interaction with Manufacturing Clients on KIBS Firms Innovation Behaviour (Vol. 2002). Helsinki, Finland: UNU-WIDER. Porat, M. U., ve Rubin, M. R. (1977). The Information Economy. Office of Telecommunications Special Publication, 9, 12- 77.
- Riddle, D. I. (1986). Service-led growth : the role of the service sector in world development / Dorothy I. Riddle. New York: Praeger.
- Schnabl, E., Zenker, A. (2013). Statistical classification of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) with NACE Rev. 2. Volume 25 of EvoREG research note, EvoREG. Fraunhofer ISI
- Seema, J. (2014). State of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) in India. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 11(4), 271-281. doi:doi:10.1108/WJSTSD-07-2014-0019
- Serrano, V. (2014). Knowledge-Intensive Business Services in Los Angeles: Patterns, Interpretation, Consequences. (Master Master Thesis), University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved from http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8gx34682
- Sert, G., Kurtoğlu, M., Akıncı, A., Seferoğlu, S.S. (2012). Akademik Bilişim’12 - XIV. Akademik Bilişim Konferansı Bildiri Kitabı. 1 - 3 Şubat 2012 Uşak Üniversitesi: Uşak
- Shearmur, R., ve Doloreux, D. (2008). Urban Hierarchy or Local Buzz? High-Order Producer Service and (or) KnowledgeIntensive Business Service Location in Canada, 1991-2001. The Professional Geographer, 60(3), 333-355.
- Shearmur, R., (2012). The Geography of Intrametropolitan KIBS Innovation: Distinguishing Agglomeration Economies from Innovation Dynamics. Urban Studies Vol 49, Issue 11, ss. 2331 - 2356
- Shi, X., Wu, Y., ve Zhao, D. (2014). Knowledge intensive business services and their impact on innovation in China. Service Business, 8(4), 479-498. doi:10.1007/s11628-013-0202-1
- Simmie, J., ve Strambach, S. (2006). The contribution of KIBS to innovation in cities: an evolutionary and institutional perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(5), 26-40. doi:doi:10.1108/13673270610691152
- Strambach, S. (2008). Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) as drivers of multilevel knowledge dynamics. International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 10(2-3-4), 152-174.
- Stutz, F. P., ve Warf, B. (2012). The World Economy: Geography, Business, Development: Prentice Hall. Tavşancıl, E., ve Aslan, E. (2001). İçerik analizi ve uygulama örnekleri. Epsilon Yayınları: İstanbul.
- Tether, B. S., Li, Q. C., ve Mina, A. (2012). Knowledge-bases, places, spatial configurations and the performance of knowledge-intensive professional service firms. Journal of Economic Geography, 12(5), 969-1001. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbs015
- Toivonen, M. (2004). Foresight in services: possibilities and special challenges. The Service Industries Journal, 24(1), 79-98. doi:10.1080/02642060412331301142
- Vargo, S. L. ve Lusch, R. F. (2004). Evolving to a New Dominant Logic for Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 1-17. doi:10.1509/jmkg.68.1.1.24036
- Wang, J., Zhang, X. ve Yeh, AGO., (2016). Spatial proximity and location dynamics of knowledge-intensive business service in the Pearl River Delta, China. Habitat International, 2016, v. 53, s. 390-402. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.041
- Wolak, R., Kalafatisand, S., ve Harris, P. (1998). An investigation into four characteristics of services. Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, 3, 22-41.
- Wood;, P. (2002). Introduction: Knowledge-intensive services, consultancy and innovation. In P. Wood (Ed.), Consultancy and Innovation: The Business Service Revolution in Europe. London: Routledge.
- Wood;, P. (2006). Urban Development and Knowledge-Intensive Business Services: Too Many Unanswered Questions? Growth and Change, 37(3), 335-361. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2257.2006.00327.
- Wood, P. (2009). Knowledge Intensive Business Services A2 - Thrift, Rob KitchinNigel International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 37-44). Oxford: Elsevier.
- Yeh, A. G. O., ve Yang, F. (2013). Spatial Development of Producer Services in the Chinese Urban System. Environment and Planning A, 45(1), 159. doi:10.1068/a45106
- Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık: Ankara
- Zeithaml, V. A., ve Bitner, M. J. (1996). Services Marketing. Singapore: McGraw Hill.
- Ženka, J., Novotný, J., Slach, O., ve Ivan, I. (2017). Spatial Distribution of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services in a Small Post-Communist Economy. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 8(2), 385-406. doi:10.1007/s13132-015-0260-9
- Zieba, M. (2013). Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) and their Role in the Knowledge-Based Economy. Working Paper. Faculty of Management and Economics. Gdansk University of Technology. Poland.
Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Beşeri Coğrafya |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Ekim 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2 |
