Öz
Distal flap necrosis is seen more often in random pattern flaps and is an important complication that shortens the flap length. There has been much research many drugs and molecules in an effort to prevent this complication. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of necrostatin-1 and enoxaparin molecules in preventing distal flap necrosis and increasing flap viability in a random pattern flap model created in rats. A total of 32 Wistar albino female rats, each weighing 300-350 gr were separated into 4 groups. All the animals underwent an operation to create a 3×9 cm caudal-based Mcfarlane flap. The treatments defined for each group were applied. Full layer tisssue samples 1×1 cm2 were taken from all the flaps and stored until histopathological and immunohistochemical examination, the parameters of inflammation, capillary proliferation, necrosis, fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis were compared histopathologically. In the necrostatin-1 group, the inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis scores were observed to be lower and the capillary proliferation and fibroblast proliferation scores were higher. In the enoxaparin group, the fibroblast proliferation and capillary proliferation scores were higher. The receptor interacting protein kinase-1 immunohistochemical staining results showed statistically significantly less staining in the necrostatin-1 group compared to the other groups. The results of this study suggest that necrostatin molecule has important therapeutic potential in increasing flap viability in the random pattern flap model, considering the percentage of flap necrosis, and the immunohistochemical and histopathological data. The flap necrosis percentage and histochemical parameters of the enoxaparin molecule demonstrate that the effects on flap viability are limited.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Aral M, Tuncer S, Şencan A, Elmas Ç, Ayhan S. 2015. The effect of thrombolytic, anticoagulant, and vasodilator agents on the survival of random pattern skin flap. J Reconstruct Microsurg, 2015: 487-492.
- Azboy I, Demirtas A, Bulut M, Alabalik U, Ucar Y, Alemdar C. 2014. Effects of enoxaparin and rivaroxaban on tissue survival in skin degloving injury: an experimental study. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turcica, 48(2): 212-216.
- Cao L, Mu W. 2021. Necrostatin-1 and necroptosis inhibition: Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Res, 163, 105297.
- Chavez-Valdez R, Martin LJ, Northington FJ. 2012. Programmed necrosis: a prominent mechanism of cell death following neonatal brain injury. Neurol Res Inter, 2012.
- Christofferson DE, Yuan J. 2010. Necroptosis as an alternative form of programmed cell death. Current Opinion Cell Biol, 22(2): 263-268.
- Chung TL, Holton III, Luther H, Silverman RP. 2006. The effect of fondaparinux versus enoxaparin in the survival of a congested skin flap in a rabbit model. Annals Plastic Surg, 56(3): 312-315.
- Degterev A, Huang Z, Boyce M, Li Y, Jagtap P, Mizushima N, Yuan J. 2005. Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury. Nature Chem Biol, 1(2): 112-119.
- Fatemi MJ, Forootan KS, Jalali SZS, Mousavi SJ, Pedram MS. 2012. The effect of enoxaparin and clopidogrel on survival of random skin flap in rat animal model. World J Plastic Surg, 1(2): 64.
- Gottlieb L, Krieger LM. 1994. The reconstructive ladder to the reconstructive elevator. LWW, 93: 1503.
- Iba T, Aihara K, Watanabe S, Yanagawa Y, Yamada A, Koichiro N, Ohsaka A. 2013. Factor X a inhibitor attenuates leukocyte adhesion and thrombus formation in an experimental mouse model of the metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Therapeuts, 31(5): 280-284.
- Iba T, Miyasho T. 2008. Danaparoid sodium attenuates the increase in inflammatory cytokines and preserves organ function in endotoxemic rats. Critical Care, 12(4): 1-7.
- Iba T, Okamoto K, Ohike T, Tajirika T, Aihara K, Watanabe S, Kayhanian H. 2012. Enoxaparin and fondaparinux attenuates endothelial damage in endotoxemic rats. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 72(1): 177-182.
- Janis JE. 2014. Essentials of plastic surgery. Thieme Medical Publishers Inc, St Louis, USA, 2nd ed., pp: 254.
- Koudstaal S, Oerlemans MI, Van der Spoel TI, Janssen AW, Hoefer IE, Doevendans PA, Chamuleau SA. 2015. Necrostatin‐1 alleviates reperfusion injury following acute myocardial infarction in pigs. European J Clin Invest, 45(2): 150-159.
- Liu H, Zhang MZ, Liu YF, Dong XH, Hao Y, Wang YB. 2019. Necroptosis was found in a rat ischemia/reperfusion injury flap model. Chinese Med J, 132(01): 42-50.
- Liu H, Zhang M, Dong X, Liu, Y, Hao Y, Wang Y. 2019. Necrostatin-1 protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting receptor-interacting protein 1 in a rat flap model. J Plastic Reconstruct Aesthetic Surg, 72(2): 194-202.
- McGregor IA, Morgan G. 1973. Axial and random pattern flaps. British J Plastic Surg, 26(3): 202-213.
- Miyawaki T, Jackson IT, Elmazar H, Bier UC, Barakat K, Andrus L, Williams F. 2002. The effect of low-molecular-weight heparin in the survival of a rabbit congested skin flap. Plastic Reconstruct Surg, 109(6): 1994-1999.
- Taylor GI, Corlett RJ, Caddy CM, Zelt RG. 1992. An anatomic review of the delay phenomenon: II. Clinical applications. Plastic Reconstruct Surg, 89(3): 408-416.
- Wen S, Ling Y, Yang W, Shen J, Li C, Deng W, Liu K. 2017. Necroptosis is a key mediator of enterocytes loss in intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion injury. J Cellular Molec Med, 21(3): 432-443.
- Xie T, Peng W, Liu Y, Yan C, Maki J, Degterev A, Shi Y. 2013. Structural basis of RIP1 inhibition by necrostatins. Struct, 21(3): 493-499.
Öz
Distal flap necrosis is seen more often in random pattern flaps and is an important complication that shortens the flap length. There has been much research many drugs and molecules in an effort to prevent this complication. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of necrostatin-1 and enoxaparin molecules in preventing distal flap necrosis and increasing flap viability in a random pattern flap model created in rats. A total of 32 Wistar albino female rats, each weighing 300-350 gr were separated into 4 groups. All the animals underwent an operation to create a 3×9 cm caudal-based Mcfarlane flap. The treatments defined for each group were applied. Full layer tisssue samples 1×1 cm2 were taken from all the flaps and stored until histopathological and immunohistochemical examination, the parameters of inflammation, capillary proliferation, necrosis, fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis were compared histopathologically. In the necrostatin-1 group, the inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis scores were observed to be lower and the capillary proliferation and fibroblast proliferation scores were higher. In the enoxaparin group, the fibroblast proliferation and capillary proliferation scores were higher. The receptor interacting protein kinase-1 immunohistochemical staining results showed statistically significantly less staining in the necrostatin-1 group compared to the other groups. The results of this study suggest that necrostatin molecule has important therapeutic potential in increasing flap viability in the random pattern flap model, considering the percentage of flap necrosis, and the immunohistochemical and histopathological data. The flap necrosis percentage and histochemical parameters of the enoxaparin molecule demonstrate that the effects on flap viability are limited.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Aral M, Tuncer S, Şencan A, Elmas Ç, Ayhan S. 2015. The effect of thrombolytic, anticoagulant, and vasodilator agents on the survival of random pattern skin flap. J Reconstruct Microsurg, 2015: 487-492.
- Azboy I, Demirtas A, Bulut M, Alabalik U, Ucar Y, Alemdar C. 2014. Effects of enoxaparin and rivaroxaban on tissue survival in skin degloving injury: an experimental study. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turcica, 48(2): 212-216.
- Cao L, Mu W. 2021. Necrostatin-1 and necroptosis inhibition: Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Res, 163, 105297.
- Chavez-Valdez R, Martin LJ, Northington FJ. 2012. Programmed necrosis: a prominent mechanism of cell death following neonatal brain injury. Neurol Res Inter, 2012.
- Christofferson DE, Yuan J. 2010. Necroptosis as an alternative form of programmed cell death. Current Opinion Cell Biol, 22(2): 263-268.
- Chung TL, Holton III, Luther H, Silverman RP. 2006. The effect of fondaparinux versus enoxaparin in the survival of a congested skin flap in a rabbit model. Annals Plastic Surg, 56(3): 312-315.
- Degterev A, Huang Z, Boyce M, Li Y, Jagtap P, Mizushima N, Yuan J. 2005. Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury. Nature Chem Biol, 1(2): 112-119.
- Fatemi MJ, Forootan KS, Jalali SZS, Mousavi SJ, Pedram MS. 2012. The effect of enoxaparin and clopidogrel on survival of random skin flap in rat animal model. World J Plastic Surg, 1(2): 64.
- Gottlieb L, Krieger LM. 1994. The reconstructive ladder to the reconstructive elevator. LWW, 93: 1503.
- Iba T, Aihara K, Watanabe S, Yanagawa Y, Yamada A, Koichiro N, Ohsaka A. 2013. Factor X a inhibitor attenuates leukocyte adhesion and thrombus formation in an experimental mouse model of the metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Therapeuts, 31(5): 280-284.
- Iba T, Miyasho T. 2008. Danaparoid sodium attenuates the increase in inflammatory cytokines and preserves organ function in endotoxemic rats. Critical Care, 12(4): 1-7.
- Iba T, Okamoto K, Ohike T, Tajirika T, Aihara K, Watanabe S, Kayhanian H. 2012. Enoxaparin and fondaparinux attenuates endothelial damage in endotoxemic rats. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 72(1): 177-182.
- Janis JE. 2014. Essentials of plastic surgery. Thieme Medical Publishers Inc, St Louis, USA, 2nd ed., pp: 254.
- Koudstaal S, Oerlemans MI, Van der Spoel TI, Janssen AW, Hoefer IE, Doevendans PA, Chamuleau SA. 2015. Necrostatin‐1 alleviates reperfusion injury following acute myocardial infarction in pigs. European J Clin Invest, 45(2): 150-159.
- Liu H, Zhang MZ, Liu YF, Dong XH, Hao Y, Wang YB. 2019. Necroptosis was found in a rat ischemia/reperfusion injury flap model. Chinese Med J, 132(01): 42-50.
- Liu H, Zhang M, Dong X, Liu, Y, Hao Y, Wang Y. 2019. Necrostatin-1 protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting receptor-interacting protein 1 in a rat flap model. J Plastic Reconstruct Aesthetic Surg, 72(2): 194-202.
- McGregor IA, Morgan G. 1973. Axial and random pattern flaps. British J Plastic Surg, 26(3): 202-213.
- Miyawaki T, Jackson IT, Elmazar H, Bier UC, Barakat K, Andrus L, Williams F. 2002. The effect of low-molecular-weight heparin in the survival of a rabbit congested skin flap. Plastic Reconstruct Surg, 109(6): 1994-1999.
- Taylor GI, Corlett RJ, Caddy CM, Zelt RG. 1992. An anatomic review of the delay phenomenon: II. Clinical applications. Plastic Reconstruct Surg, 89(3): 408-416.
- Wen S, Ling Y, Yang W, Shen J, Li C, Deng W, Liu K. 2017. Necroptosis is a key mediator of enterocytes loss in intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion injury. J Cellular Molec Med, 21(3): 432-443.
- Xie T, Peng W, Liu Y, Yan C, Maki J, Degterev A, Shi Y. 2013. Structural basis of RIP1 inhibition by necrostatins. Struct, 21(3): 493-499.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Cerrahi (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 15 Şubat 2024 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Mart 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 9 Ocak 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 12 Şubat 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2 |
