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The Existence, Fate and Removal of Coronaviruses in Wastewaters: A Review on COVID-19

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 23, 330 - 340, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.867432

Öz

The coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes respiratory disease, was first detected on December 12, 2019, during the epidemic caused by the city of Wuhan, China, and spread to the world. Studies conducted by healthcare professionals on COVID-19 have focused on preventing the direct spread of the virus and treating infected patients. However, in some studies, viruses were detected in human feces, wastewater samples, and possible cases of contamination through wastewater were reported. In this context, it should not be ignored that treated or raw wastewater containing viruses, sewage sludge, reuse of water and discharge to receiving water environments may cause secondary contamination. Therefore, it is important to apply an effective disinfection to prevent the spread of the virus through the discharge waters and recycled wastewater of wastewater treatment plants. To prevent the virus from spreading to the environment, virus removal methods from wastewater should be applied. Therefore, this research offered details about the current situation by taking into account the availability and treatment of the virus in wastewater. 

Kaynakça

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  • Arbely, E., Granot, Z., Kass, I., Orly, J., Arkin, I. T. (2006). A trimerizing GxxxG Motif is uniquely inserted in the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus spike protein transmembrane domain. Biochemistry, 45(38), 11349–11356.
  • Bağcı, A., Özmen, Toğay, U., Temiz, S. 82008). Çiğ Tüketilen Sebzelere Uygulanan Yüzey Dekontaminasyon Yöntemleri. Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi, Erzurum-Türkiye, 173-176, 21-23 Mayıs.
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  • Bhatt, A., Arora, P., Prajapati, S. K. (2020). Occurrence, fates and potential treatment approaches for removal of viruses from wastewater: A review with emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(5), 104429, October.
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  • Bibby, K., Peccia, J. (2013). Identification of Viral Pathogen Diversity in Sewage Sludge by Metagenome Analysis. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(4), 1945–1951.
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Atıksularda Koronavirüslerin Varlığı, Akıbeti Ve Giderimi: COVID-19 Üzerine Bir Derleme

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 23, 330 - 340, 30.04.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.867432

Öz

Solunum hastalığına neden olan koronavirüs COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) ilk olarak 12 Aralık 2019’da Çin’in Wuhan şehrinde neden olduğu salgın hastalık sırasında tespit edilmiştir ve dünyaya yayılmıştır. Sağlık uzmanları tarafından COVID-19 üzerine yapılan araştırmalar, virüsün doğrudan yayılmasını önlemeye ve enfekte hastaları tedavi etmeye odaklanmıştır.Fakat, bazı çalışmalarda insanların dışkısında ve atıksu örneklerinde virüs tespit edilmiş ve atıksu yoluyla olası bulaşma vakaları bildirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, virüs içeren arıtılmış veya ham atıksular, arıtma çamurları, suyun tekrar kullanımı ve alıcı su ortamlarına deşarj edilmesi ikincil bulaşmaya neden olabileceği göz ardı edilmemelidir. Atıksu arıtma tesislerinin deşarj suları ve geri kazanılmış atıksular yoluyla virüsün yayılmasını engellemek için etkili bir dezenfeksiyon uygulanması bu nedenle önem arz etmektedir. Virüsün çevreye yayılmasını önlemek için atıksudan virüs giderme yöntemleri uygulanmalıdır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada, COVID-19 virüsü hakkında genel bilgiler verildikten sonra, virüsün atıksularda bulunabilirliği ve arıtımına yönelik yöntemler ele alınarak güncel durum hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ağdıç, O., Kayacan, S., Dertli, E., Arıcı, M., (2020). Gıda Güvenliği Açısından COVID-19 Etmeni SARS-CoV-2’nin Değerlendirilmesi ve Korunma Yöntemleri. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (18), 927–933.
  • Ahmed, W., Angel, N., Edson, J., Bibby, K., Bivins, A., O'Brien, J.W., Choi, P.M., Kitajima, M., Simpson, S.L., Li, J., Tscharke, B., Verhagen, R., Smith, W.J.M., Zaugg, J., Dierens, L., Hugenholtz, P., Thomas, K.V., Mueller, J.F. (2020). First confirmed detection of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: A proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community. Science of The Total Environment, 728(August).
  • Ak, Ö. (2020). Küresel Kabus, Bilim Teknik Dergisi, Mart sayısı.
  • Aka Biyoteknoloji. Koronavirüsün yapısı. https://akabiotech.com/sars-cov-2-yapisi-ve-enfeksiyon mekanizmasi-hakkinda/. (Erişim tarihi: 20.09. 2020).
  • Alpaslan Kocamemi, B., Kurt, H., Sait, A., Sarac, F., Saatci, A. M., Pakdemirli, B. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Istanbul Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludges. medRxiv.org - the preprint server for Health Sciences, January.
  • Amoah, I. D., Kumari, S., Bux, F. (2020). Coronaviruses in wastewater processes: Source, fate and potential risks. Environment International, 143(May).
  • Arbely, E., Granot, Z., Kass, I., Orly, J., Arkin, I. T. (2006). A trimerizing GxxxG Motif is uniquely inserted in the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus spike protein transmembrane domain. Biochemistry, 45(38), 11349–11356.
  • Bağcı, A., Özmen, Toğay, U., Temiz, S. 82008). Çiğ Tüketilen Sebzelere Uygulanan Yüzey Dekontaminasyon Yöntemleri. Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi, Erzurum-Türkiye, 173-176, 21-23 Mayıs.
  • Balboa, S., Mauricio-Iglesias, M., Rodriguez, S., Martínez-Lamas, L., Vasallo, F.J., Regueiro, B., Lema, J.M. (2020). The fate of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants points out the sludge line as a suitable spot for incidence monitoring. medRxiv.org-the preprint server for Health Sciences, January.
  • Bhatt, A., Arora, P., Prajapati, S. K. (2020). Occurrence, fates and potential treatment approaches for removal of viruses from wastewater: A review with emphasis on SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(5), 104429, October.
  • Bibby, K., Fischer, R. J., Casson, L. W., Stachler, E., Haas, C. N., Munster, V. J. (2015). Persistence of Ebola Virus in Sterilized Wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2(9), 245–249.
  • Bibby, K., Peccia, J. (2013). Identification of Viral Pathogen Diversity in Sewage Sludge by Metagenome Analysis. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(4), 1945–1951.
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  • McLennan, S. D., Peterson, L. A., Rose, J. B. (2009). Comparison of Point-of-Use Technologies for Emergency Disinfection of Sewage-Contaminated Drinking Water. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 75(22), 7283 LP – 7286.
  • Neuman, B. W., Buchmeier, M. J. (2016). Supramolecular Architecture of the Coronavirus Particle. Advances in Virus Research, 96, 1–27.
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  • Noble, R. T., Fuhrman, J. A. (1997). Virus decay and its causes in coastal waters, Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 63(1), 77–83.
  • Nordgren, J., Matussek, A., Mattsson, A., Svensson, L., Lindgren, P.-E., (2009). Prevalence of norovirus and factors influencing virus concentrations during one year in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. Water Research, 43(4), 1117–1122.
  • Or, I.B., Yaniv, K., Shagan, M., Ozer, E., Erster, O., Mendelson, E., Mannasse, B., Shirazi, R., Kramarsky-Winter, E., Nir, O., Abu-Ali, H. (2020). Regressing SARS-CoV-2 sewage measurements onto COVID-19 burden in the population: a proof-of-concept for quantitative environmental surveillance. medRxiv.org-the preprint server for Health Sciences, January.
  • Peccia, J., Zulli, A., Brackney, D.E., Grubaugh, N.D., Kaplan, E.H., Casanovas-Massana, A., Ko, A.I., Malik, A.A., Wang, D., Wang, M., Weinberger, D.M., J. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in primary municipal sewage sludge as a leading indicator of COVID-19 outbreak Dynamics. medRxiv.org-the preprint server for Health Sciences, January.
  • Perez-Rey, C. B. R., Chaez, H. (1995). Ozone inactivation of biologically-risky wastewaters. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 17(5), 499–509. Petrosillo, N., Viceconte, G., Ergonul, O., Ippolito, G., Petersen, E. (2020). COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related?. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(6), 729-734.
  • Pingulkar, K., Kamat, A., Bongirwar, D. (2001). Microbiological quality of fresh leafy vegetables, salad components and ready-to-eat salads: an evidence of inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in tomatoes. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 52(1), 15–23, January.
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  • Randazzo, W., Truchado, P., Cuevas-Ferrando, E., Simón, P., Allende, A., Sánchez, G. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater anticipated COVID-19 occurrence in a low prevalence area. Water Research, 181, 115942, August.
  • Rimoldi, S.G., Stefani, F., Gigantiello, A., Polesello, S., Comandatore, F., Mileto, D., Maresca, M., Longobardi, C., Mancon, A., Romeri, F., Pagani, C. (2020). Presence and vitality of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewaters and rivers. medRxiv.org-the preprint server for Health Sciences, January.
  • Shereen, M. A., Khan, S., Kazmi, A., Bashir, N., Siddique, R., (2020). COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research, 24, 91–98.
  • Sidhu, J. P. S., Sena, K., Hodgers, L., Palmer, A., Toze, S. (2018). Comparative enteric viruses and coliphage removal during wastewater treatment processes in a sub-tropical environment. Science of The Total Environment, 616–617, 669–677.
  • Simhon, A., Pileggi, V., Flemming, C. A., Bicudo, J. R., Lai, G., Manoharan, M. (2019). Enteric viruses in municipal wastewater effluent before and after disinfection with chlorine and ultraviolet light. Journal of Water Health, 17(5), 670–682.
  • Sinton, L. W., Hall, C. H., Lynch, P. A., Davies-Colley, R. J. (2002). Sunlight Inactivation of Fecal Indicator Bacteria and Bacteriophages from Waste Stabilization Pond Effluent in Fresh and Saline Waters. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(3), 1122 – 1131.
  • Smith, E. C., Denison, M. R. (2013). Coronaviruses as DNA Wannabes: A New Model for the Regulation of RNA Virus Replication Fidelity. PLOS Pathoglogy, 9(12), December, e1003760.
  • Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Su Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü (TOBSYGM). (2020). Kovid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Virüsünün Bulaşma Riskinin Kullanılmış Suların Yeniden Kullanılması Perspektifinden Değerlendirilmesi Raporu. Ankara. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SYGM/Belgeler/covid%20-19%20arde%20duyuru/KS_Covid_19_Raporu.pdf
  • Verbyla, M. E., Mihelcic, J. R. (2015). A review of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems. Water Research, 71, 107–124.
  • Wang, X.W., Li, J., Guo, T., Zhen, B., Kong, Q., Yi, B., Li, Z., Song, N., Jin, M., Xiao, W., Zhu, X. (2005). Concentration and detection of SARS coronavirus in sewage from Xiao Tang Shan Hospital and the 309th Hospital. Journal of Virology Methods, 128(1), 156–161.
  • Wang, X.W.1, Li, J.S., Guo, T.K., Zhen, B., Kong, Q.X., Yi, B., Li, Z., Song, N., Jin, M., Wu, X.M., Xiao, W.J., Zhu, X.M., Gu, C.Q., Yin, J., Wei, W., Yao, W., Liu, C., Li, J.F., Ou, G.R., Wang, M.N., Fang ,T.Y., Wang, G.J., Qiu, Y.H., Wu, H.H., Chao, F.H., Li, J.W. (2005). Excretion and detection of SARS coronavirus and its nucleic acid from digestive system. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 11(28), 4390–4395.
  • Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Y. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061–1069.
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  • Wigginton, K. R., Pecson, B. M., Sigstam, T., Bosshard, F., Kohn, T. (2012). Virus Inactivation Mechanisms: Impact of Disinfectants on Virus Function and Structural Integrity. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(21), 12069–12078.
  • Wu, F., Xiao, A., Zhang, J., Gu, X., Lee, W.L., Kauffman, K., Hanage, W., Matus, M., Ghaeli, N., Endo, N., Duvalet, C., Moniz, K., Erickson, T., Chai, P. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 titers inwastewater are higher than expected fromclinically confirmed cases. Applied and Environmental Science, 5(4), 1-9.
  • Wong, M. V. M., Hashsham, S. A., Gulari, E., Rouillard, J.-M., Aw, T. G., Rose, J. B. (2013). Detection and characterization of human pathogenic viruses circulating in community wastewater using multi target microarrays and polymerase chain reaction. Journal Water Health, 11(4), 659–670.
  • Wurtzer, S., Marechal, V., Mouchel, J.-M., Moulin, L. (2020). Time course quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Parisian wastewaters correlates with COVID-19 confirmed cases. medRxiv.org - the preprint server for Health Sciences, January.
  • Xagoraraki, I., Brien, E. O. (2020.) Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for Early Detection of Viral Outbreaks, in Women in Water Quality: Investigations by Prominent Female Engineers. Springer International Publishing, 75–97.
  • Xu, D., Zhang, Z., Jin, L., Chu, F., Mao, Y., Wang, H., Liu, M., Wang, M., Zhang, L., Gao, G.F., Wang, F.S. (2005). Persistent shedding of viable SARS-CoV in urine and stool of SARS patients during the convalescent phase. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 24(3), 165–171.
  • Ye, Y., Ellenberg, R. M., Graham, K. E., Wigginton, K. R. (2016). Survivability, Partitioning, and Recovery of Enveloped Viruses in Untreated Municipal Wastewater. Environmental Science Technology, 50(10), 5077–5085.
  • Young, S., Torrey, J., Bachmann, V., Kohn, T. (2020). Relationship Between Inactivation and Genome Damage of Human Enteroviruses Upon Treatment by UV254, Free Chlorine, and Ozone. Food and Environmental Virology, 12(1), 20–27.
  • Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Zhu, S., Shu, C., Wang, D., Song, J., Song, Y., Zhen, W., Zijian, F., Wu, I.D. Amoah, Y. (2020). Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a Stool Specimen of a Laboratory-Confirmed Case of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). China CDC Weekly, 2(8), 123–124.
  • Zhang, D., Ling, H., Huang, X., Li, J. (2020). Potential spreading risks and disinfection challenges of medical wastewater by the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral RNA in septic tanks of fangcang hospital. Science of the Total Environment, (741), November.
Toplam 82 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Şeyma Akkurt 0000-0002-0135-1975

Merve Oğuz 0000-0002-8388-1477

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 23

Kaynak Göster

APA Akkurt, Ş., & Oğuz, M. (2021). Atıksularda Koronavirüslerin Varlığı, Akıbeti Ve Giderimi: COVID-19 Üzerine Bir Derleme. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(23), 330-340. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.867432