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Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 118 - 132, 30.06.2023

Can Burak Özkal Lokman Hakan Tecer

https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1235618
Cited By: 1

Öz

Air pollution in urban areas increases as a result of emitted air from different sources within the mixing layer of troposphere. Odor pollution is amongst the primary reasons behind environmental nuisance and occurrence of citizen complaints. Frequent exposure to odorous compounds and/or odor nuisance are increasingly associated with air pollution problems. Besides, there is no universally accepted environmental odor management method reported so far. Level of air pollutants emission, distance of emission sources to residential areas, to-pography, geographical and meteorological conditions have influence on imposed level of air pollution and odor pollution in cities.

This study is built on the citizen odor complaint data (based on frequency, intensity, duration, odor tone and location (namely the FIDOL factors) collected in Çorlu/Tekirdağ through the GIS integrated public participated platform, namely the Çorlu KODER mobile application. The annual odor complaint data was briefly introduced and given an evaluation with the mo-bile app users demographic information. The obtained data between August 28-November 2 of 2021, was subjected to interpretative evaluation and statistical analysis with BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylene benzene and xylen) concentrations, inorganic air pollution concentrations and meteorological factors. In light of the obtained results, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and toluene concentration were found to play a significant role on the number of citizen odor complaints. The EU reported limit value, lower rating threshold and upper rating threshold for BTEX pollutants have been exceeded several times.

The average Toluene/benzene ratios obtained during the study show that; non-traffic sources contribute significantly to VOC emissions. Air pollutants transportation mechanism from neighbouring OIZ settlements become a prominent justification and support the hypothesis that residential areas of Corlu are under the effect of industrial air pollution and odor pollution con-stituents. There is low level of negative correlation between the benzene measured in Çorlu and WS (r=-0.63). Below 2.4 m/s, the average number of odor complaints (ANOC) tend to increase, while above this level odor complaints are diminished). The ANOC remained around 4 for[C] < 4 ug/m3 and reached to 18 for [C]BTEXtotal > 8 ug/m3. Above [C]Toluen=3 ug/m3 conditions, Daily ANOC increase from 7 to 19. Over [C]Toluen= 4 ug/m3 conditions, it reached up to 23. Increses in the number of daily ANOC by temperature is distinct over 21 C0 and reaches to 35.

The GIS integrated citizen complaint collection platforms are critical for real-time data collection of environmental complaints with high spatiotemporal accuracy. Citizen odor complaint surveys are useful monitoring tools and obtained data sets can be used to identify sensitive areas where and when specific actions should be taken and air pollutants measuement studies be performed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Odor polution air pollution BTEX VOC odor complaint citizen survey mobile app smart city GIS

Destekleyen Kurum

Municipality of Corlu

Proje Numarası

project collaboration between Tekirdag Namık Kemal University - Corlu Faculty of Engineering and Municipality of Corlu based on the municipality parliament act no: 2019/127

Teşekkür

. As the authors of the study, we would like to acknowledge and appreciate the efforts of TNKU Computer Engineering department research assistant Burak SEVİNÇ and students Hasan ÖZER and Muhammed AKYÜZLÜ on the software development. Also, authors would like to thank to Ministry of Environment, Urban Planning and Climate Change, Directorate of Marmara Clean Air Central and directorate of Tekirdag meteorology station for their support and approval on providing air pollutant measurement data and meteorological data.

Kaynakça

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  • B. Can-Terzi, M. Ficici, L. H. Tecer, and S. C. Sofuoglu, “Fine and coarse particulate matter, trace element content, and associated health risks considering respiratory deposition for Ergene Basin, Thrace,” Science of The Total Environment,” Vol. 754, Article 142026, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • E. Ünver, E. Bolat, S. Altın, A. Çoban, M. Aktaş, M. Fıçıcı, A. Saral, and L. H. Tecer, “The effect of air pollution on respiratory system disease admissions and health expenditures,” Eurasian Journal of Medical Investigation, Vol. 3(2), Article 56609, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • G. Varol Saraçoğlu, and Ç. Çağlayan, “The struggle for clean air in Turkey and in the World,” Toplum ve Hekim, Vol. 32, 219–227, 2017. [Turkish]
  • R. Hu, G. Liu, H. Zhang, H. Xue, X. Wang, P. K. S. Lam, “Odor pollution due to industrial emission of volatile organic compounds: A case study in Hefei, China,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 246, Article 119075, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • Ütebay, P. Çelik, and A. Çay, “Textile wastes: Status and perspectives, waste in textile and leather sectors,” Intech Open, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • G. Brown, “Engaging the wisdom of crowds and public judgement for land use planning using public participation geographic information systems,” Australian Planner, Vol. 52, pp. 199–209, 2015. [CrossRef]
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  • N. Castell, F. R. Dauge, P. Schneider, M. Vogt, U. Lerner, B. Fishbain, D. Broday, and A. Bartonova, “Can commercial low-cost sensor platforms contribute to air quality monitoring and exposure estimates?,” Environment International, Vol. 99, pp. 293–302, 2017. [CrossRef]
  • S. Munir, M. Mayfield, D. Coca, S. A. Jubb, and O. Osammor, “Analysing the performance of low-cost air quality sensors, their drivers, relative benefits and calibration in cities—a case study in Sheffield,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 191, Article 94, 2019. [CrossRef]
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  • S. R. Shams, A. Jahani, S. Kalantary, M. Moeinaddini, and N. Khorasani, “Artificial intelligence accuracy assessment in NO2 concentration forecasting of metropolises air,” Scientific Reports, Vol. 11, pp. 1–9, 2019. [CrossRef]
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  • E. Gallego, F. J. Roca, J. F. Perales, and G. Sánchez, P. “Esplugas, Characterization and determination of the odorous charge in the indoor air of a waste treatment facility through the evaluation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using TD-GC/MS,” Waste Management, Vol. 32, pp. 2469–2481, 2012. [CrossRef]
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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 118 - 132, 30.06.2023

Can Burak Özkal Lokman Hakan Tecer

https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1235618
Cited By: 1

Öz

Proje Numarası

project collaboration between Tekirdag Namık Kemal University - Corlu Faculty of Engineering and Municipality of Corlu based on the municipality parliament act no: 2019/127

Kaynakça

  • G. Varol, B. Tokuç, S. Ozkaya, and Ç. Çağlayan, “Air quality and preventable deaths in Tekirdağ, Turkey,” Air Qual Atmos Health, Vol. 14, pp. 843–853, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • B. Can-Terzi, M. Ficici, L. H. Tecer, and S. C. Sofuoglu, “Fine and coarse particulate matter, trace element content, and associated health risks considering respiratory deposition for Ergene Basin, Thrace,” Science of The Total Environment,” Vol. 754, Article 142026, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • E. Ünver, E. Bolat, S. Altın, A. Çoban, M. Aktaş, M. Fıçıcı, A. Saral, and L. H. Tecer, “The effect of air pollution on respiratory system disease admissions and health expenditures,” Eurasian Journal of Medical Investigation, Vol. 3(2), Article 56609, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • G. Varol Saraçoğlu, and Ç. Çağlayan, “The struggle for clean air in Turkey and in the World,” Toplum ve Hekim, Vol. 32, 219–227, 2017. [Turkish]
  • R. Hu, G. Liu, H. Zhang, H. Xue, X. Wang, P. K. S. Lam, “Odor pollution due to industrial emission of volatile organic compounds: A case study in Hefei, China,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 246, Article 119075, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • Ütebay, P. Çelik, and A. Çay, “Textile wastes: Status and perspectives, waste in textile and leather sectors,” Intech Open, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • G. Brown, “Engaging the wisdom of crowds and public judgement for land use planning using public participation geographic information systems,” Australian Planner, Vol. 52, pp. 199–209, 2015. [CrossRef]
  • N. Liu, X. Liu, R. Jayaratne, and L. Morawska, “A study on extending the use of air quality monitor data via deep learning techniques,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 274, Article 122956, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • N. Castell, F. R. Dauge, P. Schneider, M. Vogt, U. Lerner, B. Fishbain, D. Broday, and A. Bartonova, “Can commercial low-cost sensor platforms contribute to air quality monitoring and exposure estimates?,” Environment International, Vol. 99, pp. 293–302, 2017. [CrossRef]
  • S. Munir, M. Mayfield, D. Coca, S. A. Jubb, and O. Osammor, “Analysing the performance of low-cost air quality sensors, their drivers, relative benefits and calibration in cities—a case study in Sheffield,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 191, Article 94, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • R. E. Hester, R. M. Harrison, and R. G. Derwent, Sources, distributions, and fates of VOCs in the atmosphere, In “Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere,” pp. 1–16, 1995. [CrossRef]
  • R. Arias, L. Capelli, and C. Díaz, “A new methodology based on citizen science to improve environmental odour management, Chemical Engineering Transactions, Vol. 68, pp. 7–12, 2018.
  • C. M. Mcginley, T.D. Mahin, L. Street, and M. Pirnie, “Elements of successful odor / Odour laws,” WEF Odor / VOC 2000 Specialty Conference Cincinnati, OH. 16-19, April, 2000. [CrossRef]
  • Department of Enviromental Protection, Goverment of Western Australia, “Odour methodology guideline,” Goverment of Western Australia, 2002.
  • P. Wagner, and K. Schäfer, “Influence of mixing layer height on air pollutant concentrations in an urban street canyon,” Urban Climate, Vol.22, pp. 64–79, 2017. [CrossRef]
  • C. Jia, J. Holt, H. Nicholson, J. E. Browder, X. Fu, X. Yu, and R. Adkins, “Identification of origins and influencing factors of environmental odor episodes using trajectory and proximity analyses,” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 295, Article 113084, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • H. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Hu, Q. Ying, and X. M. Hu, “Relationships between meteorological parameters and criteria air pollutants in three megacities in China,” Environmental Research, Vol. 140, pp. 242254, 2015. [CrossRef]
  • H. K. Elminir, “Dependence of urban air pollutants on meteorology,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 350, pp. 225–237, 2005. [CrossRef]
  • G. Tang, J. Zhang, X. Zhu, T. Song, C. Münkel, B. Hu, K. Schäfer, Z. Liu, J. Zhang, L. Wang, J. Xin, P. Suppan, and Y. Wang, “Mixing layer height and its implications for air pollution over Beijing, China,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, pp. 2459–2475, 2016. [CrossRef]
  • B. Han, Y. Liu, J. Wu, and Y. Feng, “Characterization of industrial odor sources in Binhai New Area of Tianjin, China,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 25, pp. 14006–14017, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • H. Maleki, A. Sorooshian, G. Goudarzi, Z. Baboli, Y. Tahmasebi Birgani, and M. Rahmati, “Air pollution prediction by using an artificial neural network model,” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, Vol. 21, pp. 1341–1352, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • U. Pak, J. Ma, U. Ryu, K. Ryom, U. Juhyok, K. Pak, and C. Pak, “Deep learning-based PM2.5 prediction considering the spatiotemporal correlations: A case study of Beijing, China,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 699, Article 133561, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • S. R. Shams, A. Jahani, S. Kalantary, M. Moeinaddini, and N. Khorasani, “Artificial intelligence accuracy assessment in NO2 concentration forecasting of metropolises air,” Scientific Reports, Vol. 11, pp. 1–9, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • D. P. Komilis, R. K. Ham, and J. K. Park,” Emission of volatile organic compounds during composting of municipal solid wastes,” Water Research, Vol. 38, pp. 1707–1714, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • R. R. Hoque, P. S. Khillare, T. Agarwal, V. Shridhar, and S. Balachandran, “Spatial and temporal variation of BTEX in the urban atmosphere of Delhi, India,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 392, pp. 30–40, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • F. Dinçer, Ö. Ercan, and Ö. Ceylan. “Çerkezköy organize sanayi bölgesinde pasif örnekleme metodu ile BTEX (Benzen, Toluen, Etil benzen ve Ksilen) seviyelerinin belirlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi,” VII. Ulusal Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolü Sempozyumu, Hava Kirlenmesi Araştırmaları ve Denetimi Türk Milli Komitesi Akdeniz Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü 1-3 Kasım 2017-Antalya. [Turkish]
  • A. K. Roy Choudhury, Environmental impacts of the textile industry and its assessment through life cycle assessment, In: “Roadmap to Sustainable Textiles and Clothing,” Springer, pp. 1–39, 2014. [CrossRef]
  • L. H. Tecer, Ş. Tağıl, and M. Fıçıcı, “Is Corlu (Tekirdag, Turkey) affected by air pollution?” European Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 1(1), pp. 1–8, 2018.
  • E. Gallego, F. J. Roca, J. F. Perales, and G. Sánchez, P. “Esplugas, Characterization and determination of the odorous charge in the indoor air of a waste treatment facility through the evaluation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using TD-GC/MS,” Waste Management, Vol. 32, pp. 2469–2481, 2012. [CrossRef]
  • R. M. Fisher, R. J. Barczak, J. P. Alvarez Gaitan, N. Le-Minh, and R. M. Stuetz, “Odorous volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from ageing anaerobically stabilised biosolids,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 75, pp. 1617–1624, 2017. [CrossRef]
  • Scottish Environment Protection Agency, “Integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC), H4(1) odour part 1 draft for consultation,” Scottish Environment Protection Agency, 2002.
  • D. Cipriano, and L. Capelli, “Evolution of electronic noses from research objects to engineered environmental odour monitoring systems: A review of standardization approaches,” Biosensors (Basel), Vol. 9, Article 75. [CrossRef]
  • T. Zarra, V. Belgiorno, and V. Naddeo, “Environmental odour nuisance assessment in urbanized area: Analysis and comparison of different and ıntegrated approaches,” Atmosphere (Basel), Vol. 12, Article 690, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • C. B. Özkal, L. H. Tecer, B. Sevinç, M. Akyüzlü, and H. Özer, Citizen participation in reporting environmental nuisance, In Ö. Demirel, and E. Düzgüneş, “Introducing the Environmental report tracking and management system (ERTMS),” In 2nd International CITY and ECOLOGY Congress within the Framework of Sustainable Urban Development, pp. 83–94, 2021.
  • S. Sironi, L. Capelli, P. Céntola, R. del Rosso, and S. Pierucci, “Odour impact assessment by means of dynamic olfactometry, dispersion modelling and social participation,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 44, pp. 354–360, 2010. [CrossRef]
  • C. Conti, M. Guarino, and J. Bacenetti, “Measurements techniques and models to assess odor annoyance: A review,” Environment International, Vol. 134, Article 105261, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • M. Piringer, W. Knauder, K. Baumann-Stanzer, I. Anders, K. Andre, and G. Schauberger, “Odour impact assessment in a changing climate,” Atmosphere (Basel), Vol. 12, pp. 1–12, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • L. Capelli, S. Sironi, R. Del Rosso, and J.-M. Guillot, “Measuring odours in the environment vs. dispersion modelling: A review,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 79, pp. 731–743, 2013. [CrossRef]
  • L. Capelli, S. Sironi, R. Del Rosso, P. Céntola, and M. Il Grande, “A comparative and critical evaluation of odour assessment methods on a landfill site,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 42, pp. 7050–7058, 2008. [CrossRef]
  • M. Wojnarowska, G. Plichta, A. Sagan, J. Plichta, J. Stobiecka, and M. Sołtysik, “Odour nuisance and urban residents’ quality of life: A case study in Kraków’s in Plaszow district,” Urban Climate, Vol. 34, Article 100704, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • L. Weitensfelder, H. Moshammer, D. Öttl, and I. Payer, “Exposure-complaint relationships of various environmental odor sources in Styria, Austria,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 26, pp. 9806–9815, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • M. Castelli, F. M. Clemente, A. Popovič, S. Silva, and L. Vanneschi, “A machine learning approach to predict air quality in California,” Complexity, Article 8049504, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • Thrace Development Agency, “Thrace region plans,” https://www.trakyaka.org.tr/en/35343/Thrace-Region-Region-Plans, 2019
  • A. Vardar, R. Okursoy, and Y. Tekin, “Local wind characteristics for east thrace, Turkey, energy sources, part B: Economics,” Planning and Policy, Vol. 7, pp. 1–9, 2012. [CrossRef]
  • T. Zarra, M. G. Galang, F. Ballesteros, V. Belgiorno, and V. Naddeo, “Environmental odour management by artificial neural network – A review,” Environment International, Vol. 133, Article 105189, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • L. L. Harlow, “What is multivariate thinking, the essence of multivariate thinking,” Lawrence Erlbaums, pp. 3–27, 2005. [CrossRef]
  • O. Demir, “Çok değişkenli analizler ile Tokat ili hava kirliliğinin tahmininde erken uyarı sisteminin geliştirilmesi,” [Yüksek Lisans Tezi], 2012. [Turkish]
  • C. B. Özkal, “Analysis of annual citizen odor observation records and its relationship with meteorological factors: Çorlu / Tekirdağ case study,” Atmospheric Pollution Research, Vol. 14(5), Article 101734, 2023. [CrossRef]
  • J. Badach, P. Kolasińska, M. Paciorek, W. Wojnowski, T. Dymerski, J. Gębicki, M. Dymnicka, and J. Namieśnik, “A case study of odour nuisance evaluation in the context of integrated urban planning,” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 213, pp. 417–424, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • Z. Sakawi, S. A. Sharifah, O. Jaafar, and M. Mahmud, “Community perception of odor pollution from the landfill,” Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Vol. 3, pp. 142–145, 2011.
  • EU-Commission, “Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe,” Official Journal of the European Communities, Vol. 15, pp. 169–212, 2008.
  • E. S. Uzunpınar, S. Aslan Kılavuz, İ. İmamoğlu, E. Sert, S. Yurdakul, and S. Gürdal Tuncel. “Source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in Ankara atmosphere,” Çevre Bilim ve Teknoloji, pp. 89105, 2015. [Turkish]
  • P. F. Nelson, and S. M. Quigley, “The m, p-xylenes: ethylbenzene ratio. A technique for estimating hydrocarbon age in ambient atmospheres,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 17, pp. 659–662, 1983. [CrossRef]
  • A. Monod, B. C. Sive, P. Avino, T. Chen, D. R. Blake, and F. S. Rowland, “Monoaromatic compounds in ambient air of various cities: a focus on correlations between the xylenes and ethylbenzene,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 35, pp. 135–149, 2001. [CrossRef]
  • Çorlu Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası, “Sanayi̇ni̇n başkenti̇ Çorlu ekonomik rapor 2018-19,” 2018. [Turkish]
  • Y. Tahiroğlu, “Tekstil sektörü ram bacası uçucu organik bileşiklerinin kaynak ve kontrol yöntemlerinin araştırılması,” [Yüksek Lisans Tezi], Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2019. [Turkish]
  • M. Vidovic, “Meteorological conditions affecting the dispersion of landfill odor complaints, [Master Thesis], Faculty of The College of Engineering and Computer Science, pp. 14–15, 2017.
  • C. Chemel, C. Riesenmey, M. Batton-Hubert, and H. Vaillant, “Odour-impact assessment around a landfill site from weather-type classification, complaint inventory and numerical simulation,” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 93, pp. 85–94, 2012. [CrossRef]
  • C. B. Özkal, and Ö. Arslan, “Developing a GMDH-type neural network model for spatial prediction of NOx: A case study of Çerkezköy, Tekirdağ,” Environmental Research and Technology, Vol. 5, pp. 5671, 2022. [CrossRef]
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Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çevre Bilimleri, Çevre Mühendisliği, Halk Sağlığı, Çevre Sağlığı
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Can Burak Özkal 0000-0001-9576-2582

Lokman Hakan Tecer 0000-0003-2761-999X

Proje Numarası project collaboration between Tekirdag Namık Kemal University - Corlu Faculty of Engineering and Municipality of Corlu based on the municipality parliament act no: 2019/127
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Ocak 2023
Kabul Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Özkal, C. B., & Tecer, L. H. (2023). Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study. Environmental Research and Technology, 6(2), 118-132. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1235618
AMA Özkal CB, Tecer LH. Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study. ERT. Haziran 2023;6(2):118-132. doi:10.35208/ert.1235618
Chicago Özkal, Can Burak, ve Lokman Hakan Tecer. “Interpretation of Odor Complaint Records With BTEX Pollutants and Meteorological Factors: Çorlu Case Study”. Environmental Research and Technology 6, sy. 2 (Haziran 2023): 118-32. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1235618.
EndNote Özkal CB, Tecer LH (01 Haziran 2023) Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study. Environmental Research and Technology 6 2 118–132.
IEEE C. B. Özkal ve L. H. Tecer, “Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study”, ERT, c. 6, sy. 2, ss. 118–132, 2023, doi: 10.35208/ert.1235618.
ISNAD Özkal, Can Burak - Tecer, Lokman Hakan. “Interpretation of Odor Complaint Records With BTEX Pollutants and Meteorological Factors: Çorlu Case Study”. Environmental Research and Technology 6/2 (Haziran 2023), 118-132. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1235618.
JAMA Özkal CB, Tecer LH. Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study. ERT. 2023;6:118–132.
MLA Özkal, Can Burak ve Lokman Hakan Tecer. “Interpretation of Odor Complaint Records With BTEX Pollutants and Meteorological Factors: Çorlu Case Study”. Environmental Research and Technology, c. 6, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 118-32, doi:10.35208/ert.1235618.
Vancouver Özkal CB, Tecer LH. Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study. ERT. 2023;6(2):118-32.

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