Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Microplastic Pollution in Different Ecosystems: Occurrence, Toxicity and Risks

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 1815 - 1842, 12.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1008138

Öz

Microplastics, plastic fragments under 5 mm in length, are now in the public domain as a growing issue of global concern because of their potential impacts on the environment. Their fragmentation characteristics and tendency to sorb or release persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are determined by the polymer type. The high surface-to-volume ratio of microplastics favors their interaction with organic pollutants present in the surrounding area, particularly in the aqueous area. The inconsistent findings regarding the toxic effects of microplastics point to the need for further studies to interpret risks originating from microplastics. For this reason, standard sampling methodologies and easy, reliable analytical techniques are needed to determine the fate of microplastics in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Furthermore, in the context of public health, it is crucial to identify the routes of human exposure, the potential toxicological consequences, and concerns. Therefore, this review assesses the microplastic contamination in the air, water and soil environment. Also, studies conducted in Turkey on microplastic pollution are given.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Yurtsever M. Glitters as a source of primary microplastics: An approach to environmental responsibility and ethics, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 2019a; 32(3): 459–478.
  • [2] Plastics Europe, Plastics-the facts 2019; https://www.plasticseurope.org/en/resources/market-data. (Erişim tarihi 20.12.2020).
  • [3] PAGEV, Türkiye Plastik Sektörü İzleme Raporu 2018.
  • [4] Bouwmeester H, Hollman PCH, Peters RJB. Potential health impact of environmentally released micro- and nanoplastics in the human food production chain: Experiences from nanotoxicology, Environmental Science & Technology 2015; 49(15): 8932–8947.
  • [5] Chubarenko I, Efimova I, Bagaeva M, Bagaev A, Isachenko I. On mechanical fragmentation of single-use plastics in the sea swash zone with different types of bottom sediments: Insights from laboratory experiments, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2020; 150(September 2019): 110726.
  • [6] Biber NFA, Foggo A, Thompson RC. Characterising the deterioration of different plastics in air and seawater, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2019; 141(June 2018): 595–602.
  • [7] Arthur C, Baker J, Bamford H. Proceedings of the international research workshop on the occurrence, effects, and fate of microplastic marine debris, In National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2019.
  • [8] Lusher AL, Tirelli V, O’Connor I, Officer R. Microplastics in arctic polar waters: the first reported values of particles in surface and sub-surface samples, Scientific Reports 2015; 5(1): 14947.
  • [9] Wang J, Zheng L, Li J. A critical review on the sources and instruments of marine microplastics and prospects on the relevant management in China, Waste Management & Research 2018; 36(10): 898–911.
  • [10] Boucher J, Friot D. Primary microplastics in the oceans: A Global Evaluation of Sources 2017.
  • [11] Lambert S, Sinclair C, Boxall A. Occurrence, degradation, and effect of polymer-based materials in the environment, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2014; In D. M. Whitacre (Ed.): Volume 227.
  • [12] Alomar C, Estarellas F, Deudero S. Microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea: Deposition in coastal shallow sediments, spatial variation and preferential grain size, Marine Environmental Research 2016; 11: 1–10.
  • [13] Presence of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Food, with Particular Focus on Seafood, EFSA Journal, 2016; 14(6).
  • [14] Naik R A, Rowles L S, Hossain A I, Yen M, Aldossary R M, Apul O G, … Saleh N B. Microplastic particle versus fiber generation during photo-transformation in simulated seawater, Science of The Total Environment 2020; 736: 139690.
  • [15] Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway T S. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2011; 62(12): 2588–2597.
  • [16] Akdogan Z, Guven B. Microplastics in the environment: a critical review of current understanding and identification of future research needs, Environmental Pollution 2019; 254: 113011.
  • [17] Woodall L C, Sanchez-Vidal A, Canals M, Paterson G L J, Coppock R, Sleight V, … Thompson R C. The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris, Royal Society Open Science 2014; 1(4): 140317.
  • [18] Suaria G, Aliani S. Floating debris in the Mediterranean Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2014; 86(1–2): 494–504.
  • [19] Fossi M C, Panti C, Guerranti C, Coppola D, Giannetti M, Marsili L, Minutoli R. Are baleen whales exposed to the threat of microplastics? A case study of the Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), Marine Pollution Bulletin 2012; 64(11): 2374–2379.
  • [20] Horton A A, Walton A, Spurgeon D J, Lahive E, Svendsen C. Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities, Science of the Total Environment 2017; 586: 127–141.
  • [21] Rainieri S, Barranco A. Microplastics, a food safety issue ?, Trends in Food Science & Technology 2019; 84(June 2017): 55–57.
  • [22] Kukulka T, Proskurowski G, Morét-Ferguson S, Meyer D W, Law K L. The effect of wind mixing on the vertical distribution of buoyant plastic debris, Geophysical Research Letters 2012; 39: L07601.
  • [23] Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson R C, Thiel M. Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for ıdentification and quantification, Environmental Science & Technology 2012; 46(6): 3060–3075.
  • [24] Prata J C. Airborne microplastics: Consequences to human Health ?, Environmental Pollution 2018; 234: 115–126.
  • [25] Choi J S, Jung Y J, Hong N H, Hong S H, Park J W. Toxicological effects of ırregularly shaped and spherical microplastics in a marine teleost, the Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), Marine Pollution Bulletin 2018; 129(1): 231–240.
  • [26] Wu B, Wu X, Liu S, Wang Z, Chen L. Size-dependent effects of polystyrene microplastics on cytotoxicity and efflux pump inhibition in human caco-2 cells, Chemosphere 2019; 221: 333–341.
  • [27] Kosuth M, Mason S A, Wattenberg E V. Anthropogenic contamination of tap water, beer, and sea salt, PLOS ONE 2018; 13(4): e0194970.
  • [28] Mason S A, Welch V G, Neratko J. Synthetic polymer contamination in bottled water, Frontiers in Chemistry 2018; 6 (September).
  • [29] Duis K, Coors A. Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: Sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects, Environmental Sciences Europe 2016; 28(1): 1–25.
  • [30] Farrell P, Nelson K. Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.), Environmental Pollution 2013; 177: 1–3.
  • [31] Gutow L, Eckerlebe A, Giménez L, Saborowski R. Experimental evaluation of seaweeds as a vector for microplastics into marine food webs, Environmental Science & Technology 2016; 50(2): 915–923.
  • [32] Watts A J R, Lewis C, Goodhead R M, Beckett S J, Moger J, Tyler C R, Galloway T S. Uptake and retention of microplastics by the shore crab carcinus maenas. Environmental Science & Technology 2014; 48(15): 8823–8830.
  • [33] Nelms S E, Galloway T S, Godley B J, Jarvis D S, Lindeque P K. Investigating microplastic trophic transfer in marine top predators, Environmental Pollution 2018; 238: 999–1007.
  • [34] Santana M F M, Moreira F T, Turra A. Trophic transference of microplastics under a low exposure scenario: Insights on the likelihood of particle cascading along marine food-webs, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2017; 121(1–2): 154–159.
  • [35] Grigorakis S, Mason S A, Drouillard K G. Determination of the gut retention of plastic microbeads and microfibers in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Chemosphere 2017; 169: 233–238.
  • [36] Lu Y, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Jiang W, Zhao Y, Geng J, … Ren H. uptake and accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and toxic effects in liver, Environmental Science & Technology 2016; 50(7): 4054–4060.
  • [37] Zhang C, Chen X, Wang J, Tan L. Toxic effects of microplastic on marine microalgae skeletonema costatum: Interactions between microplastic and algae, Environmental Pollution 2017; 220: 1282–1288.
  • [38] Bakir A, O’Connor I A, Rowland S J, Hendriks A J, Thompson R C. Relative importance of microplastics as a pathway for the transfer of hydrophobic organic chemicals to marine life, Environmental Pollution 2016; 219: 56–65.
  • [39] Lohmann R. Microplastics are not important for the cycling and bioaccumulation of organic pollutants in the oceans-but should microplastics be considered POPs themselves, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 2017; 13(3): 460–465.
  • [40] Browne, Mark A, Underwood A J, Chapman M G, Williams R, Thompson R C, van Franeker J A. Linking effects of anthropogenic debris to ecological impacts, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2015; 282(1807): 20142929.
  • [41] Browne Mark A, Dissanayake A, Galloway T S, Lowe D M, Thompson R C. Ingested microscopic plastic translocates to the circulatory system of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.), Environmental Science & Technology 2008; 42(13): 5026–5031.
  • [42] Van Cauwenberghe L, Janssen C R. Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption, Environmental Pollution 2014; 193: 65–70.
  • [43] Andrady A L, & Neal M A. Applications and societal benefits of plastics, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2009; 364(1526): 1977–1984.
  • [44] Sajiki J, Yonekubo J. Leaching of bisphenol A (BPA) to seawater from polycarbonate plastic and its degradation by reactive oxygen species, Chemosphere 2003; 51(1): 55–62.
  • [45] Lithner D, Damberg J, Dave G, Larsson A. Leachates from plastic consumer products – Screening for Toxicity with Daphnia magna, Chemosphere 2009; 74(9), 1195–1200.
  • [46] Ventrice P, Ventrice D, Russo E, De Sarro G. Phthalates: European regulation, chemistry, pharmacokinetic and related toxicity. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2013; 36(1): 88–96.
  • [47] Xie M Y, Ni H, Zhao D S, Wen L Y, Li K S, Yang H H, … Su H. Exposure to bisphenol A and the development of asthma: A systematic review of cohort studies, Reproductive Toxicology 2016; 65: 224–229.
  • [48] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/12/20191225M1-10.htm (Erişim Tarihi 04.10.2021).
  • [49] Granby K, Rainieri S, Rasmussen R R, Kotterman M J J, Sloth J J, Cederberg T L, … Larsen B K. The influence of microplastics and halogenated contaminants in feed on toxicokinetics and gene expression in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Environmental Research 2018; 164(February): 430–443.
  • [50] Hirai H, Takada H, Ogata Y, Yamashita R, Mizukawa K, Saha M, … Ward M W. Organic micropollutants in marine plastics debris from the open ocean and remote and urban beaches, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2011; 62(8): 1683–1692.
  • [51] Mato Y, Isobe T, Takada H, Kanehiro H, Ohtake C, Kaminuma T. Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment, Environmental Science & Technology 2001; 35(2): 318–324.
  • [52] Lee H, Shim W J, Kwon J H. Sorption capacity of plastic debris for hydrophobic organic chemicals, Science of the Total Environment 2014; 470–471: 1545–1552.
  • [53] Velzeboer I, Kwadijk C J A F, Koelmans A A. Strong sorption of PCBs to nanoplastics, microplastics, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes, Environmental Science & Technology 2014; 48(9): 4869–4876.
  • [54] Rainieri S, Conlledo N, Larsen B K, Granby K, Barranco A. Combined effects of microplastics and chemical contaminants on the organ toxicity of zebrafish (Danio rerio), Environmental Research 2018; 162(January): 135–143.
  • [55] Kadızade G. Mikroplastikler üzerine ağir metal adsorpsiyonu araştırılması. Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 2019, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Türkiye.
  • [56] Turner A, Holmes L A. Adsorption of trace metals by microplastic pellets in fresh water. Environmental Chemistry 2015; 12(5): 600.
  • [57] Oberbeckmann S, Löder M G J, Labrenz M. Marine microplastic-associated biofilms – A review, Environmental Chemistry 2015; 12(5): 551.
  • [58] McCormick, A, Hoellein T J, Mason S A, Schluep J, Kelly J J. Microplastic is an abundant and distinct microbial habitat in an urban river, Environmental Science & Technology 2014; 48(20): 11863–11871.
  • [59] Magana-Arachchi D N, Wanigatunge R P. Ubiquitous waterborne pathogens, In Waterborne Pathogens 2020; 15–42.
  • [60] Shen W, Sun J, Yao F, Lin K, Yuan Y, Chen Y, … Jiao X. Microbiome in ıntestinal lavage fluid may be a better ındicator in evaluating the risk of developing colorectal cancer compared with fecal samples, Translational Oncology 2020; 13(5): 100772.
  • [61] Backert S, Tegtmeyer N, Cróinín T O, Boehm M, Heimesaat M M. Human campylobacteriosis. In Campylobacter; (Klein, G., Ed.); Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2017; 1–25.
  • [62] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/campylobacter (Erişim Tarihi 11.10.2021).
  • [63] Eyles J E, Bramwell V W, Williamson E D, Alpar H O. Microsphere translocation and immunopotentiation in systemic tissues following ıntranasal administration, Vaccine 2001; 19(32): 4732–4742.
  • [64] Batel A, Linti F, Scherer M, Erdinger L, Braunbeck T. Transfer of benzo[a]pyrene from microplastics to Artemia nauplii and further to zebrafish via a trophic food web experiment: CYP1A induction and visual tracking of persistent organic pollutants, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2016; 35(7): 1656–1666.
  • [65] Barnes D K A, Galgani F, Thompson R C, Barlaz M. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2009; 364(1526): 1985–1998.
  • [66] Yurtsever M. Tiny, shiny, and colorful microplastics: Are regular glitters a significant source of microplastics ?, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2019b; 146(July): 678–682.
  • [67] Blackledge R D, Jones E L. All that glitters is gold !, In Forensic Analysis on the Cutting Edge 2007; 41: 1–32.
  • [68] Glitter: A Celebration of Sparkle, 2018. Adams Media, Simon and Schuster.
  • [69] Genç A N, Vural N, Balas L. Modeling transport of microplastics in enclosed coastal waters: A Case study in the Fethiye Inner Bay, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2020; 150 (November 2019): 110747.
  • [70] Free C M, Jensen O P, Mason S A, Eriksen M, Williamson N J, Boldgiv B. High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2014; 85(1): 156–163.
  • [71] Abbasi S, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Turner A, Kelly F J, Dominguez A O, Jaafarzadeh N. Distribution and potential health impacts of microplastics and microrubbers in air and street dusts from Asaluyeh County, Iran, Environmental Pollution 2019; 244: 153–164.
  • [72] Browne Mark A, Crump P, Niven S J, Teuten E, Tonkin A, Galloway T, Thompson R. Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: Sources and sinks, Environmental Science & Technology 2011; 45(21): 9175–9179.
  • [73] Gasperi J, Wright S L, Dris R, Collard F, Mandin C, Guerrouache M, … Tassin B. Microplastics in air: Are we breathing it in ?, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 2018; 1: 1–5.
  • [74] Başaran T. Tekstil endüstrisi atıksuyunda ve iç ortam havasında mikroplastiklerin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 2019. Sakarya Üniversitesi, Türkiye.
  • [75] Hours M, Fevotte J, Lafont S, Bergeret A. Cancer mortality in a synthetic spinning plant in Besancon, France. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007; 64(9): 575–581.
  • [76] Dris R, Gasperi J, Mirande C, Mandin C, Guerrouache M, Langlois V, Tassin B. A first overview of textile fibers, ıncluding microplastics, in ındoor and outdoor environments, Environmental Pollution 2017; 221: 453–458.
  • [77] Dris R, Gasperi J, Saad M, Mirande C, Tassin B. Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: a source of microplastics in the environment, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2016; 104(1–2): 290–293.
  • [78] Wright SL, Kelly FJ. Plastic and human health: A Micro issue ?, Environmental Science & Technology 201; 51(12): 6634–6647.
  • [79] Erdoğan Ş. Microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems: A case study from Turkey, Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2020; 37(3): 213-221.
  • [80] Doğruyol P, Şener M, Balkaya N. Determination of microplastics and large plastics in the sediments of the Golden Horn Estuary (Halic), Istanbul, Turkey, Desalınatıon And Water Treatment 2019; 172(October 2018): 344–350.
  • [81] Şener M, Doğruyol P, Balkaya N. Microplastic pollution in the Black Sea Coast of the Anatolian Side of Istanbul, Turkey, Desalination and Water Treatment 2019; 172 (October 2018): 351–358.
  • [82] Aytan U, Valente A, Şentürk Y, Usta R, Şahin F B E, Mazlum R E, Ağırbaş E. First Evaluation of Neustonic Microplastics in Black Sea Waters. Marine Environmental Research 2016; 119: 22-30.
  • [83] Tunçer S, Artüz O B, Demirkol M, Artüz M L. First report of occurrence, distribution, and composition of microplastics in surface waters of the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2018; 135(June): 283–289.
  • [84] Yabanlı M, Yozukmaz A, Şener İ, Ölmez Ö T. Microplastic pollution at the ıntersection of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas: A study of the Datça Peninsula (Turkey), Marine Pollution Bulletin 2019; 145(May): 47–55.
  • [85] Gündoğdu S, Çevik C. Micro- and mesoplastics in northeast levantine coast of Turkey: The preliminary results from surface samples, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2017; 118: 341-347.
  • [86] Çatalbaş F. Tuz gölü tuzlarinda mikroplasti̇k varliğinin i̇ncelenmesi̇. Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 2017, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Türkiye.
  • [87] Yurtsever M. Abiyotik bir su ürünü olan sofra tuzunda mikroplastik kirliliği tehlikesi, Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2018; 35 (3): 243-249.
  • [88] Gündoğdu S. Contamination of table salts from Turkey with microplastics, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2018; 35 (5): 1006-1014.
  • [89] Gündoğdu S, Çevik C, Ataş N T. Stuffed with microplastics: microplastic occurrence in traditional stuffed mussels sold in the Turkish Market, Food Bioscience 2020; 37: 100715.
  • [90] Bakkaloğlu E. Atıksu arıtma tesislerinde mikroplastiklerin akıbeti ve taşınımı, Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 2019, Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, Türkiye.
  • [91] Zhu, L, Wang H, Chen B, Sun X, Qu K, Xia B. Microplastic Ingestion in Deep-Sea Fish from the South China Sea, Sci. Total Environ 2019; 677: 493–501.
  • [92] Liebezeit G, Liebezeit E. Synthetic Particles as Contaminants in German Beers, Food Addit. Contam. 2014; 31: 1574–1578.
  • [93] Schymanski D, Goldbeck C, Humpf H U, Fürst P. Analysis of Microplastics in Water by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy: Release of Plastic Particles from Different Packaging into Mineral Water, Water Res. 2018; 129: 154–162.
  • [94] Van Cauwenberghe L, Claessens M, Vandegehuchte M B, Janssen C R. Microplastics Are Taken up by Mussels (Mytilus edulis) and Lugworms (Arenicola marina) Living in Natural Habitats, Environ. Pollut. 2015; 199: 10–17.
  • [95] Liebezeit G, Liebezeit E. Origin of Synthetic Particles in Honeys, Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2015; 65: 143–147.
  • [96] Mühlschlegel P, Hauk A, Walter U, Sieber R. Lack of Evidence for Microplastic Contamination in Honey, Food Addit. Contam. 2017; 34: 1982–1989.
  • [97] Li J, Qu X, Su L, Zhang W, Yang D, Kolandhasamy P, Li D, Shi H. Microplastics in Mussels along the Coastal Waters of China, Environ. Pollut. 2016; 214: 177–184.
  • [98] Renzi M, Blaskovic A. Litter & Microplastics Features in Table Salts from Marine Origin: Italian versus Croatian Brand, Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2018; 135: 62–68.
  • [99] Pivokonsky M, Cermakova L, Novotna K, Peer P, Cajthaml T, Janda V. Occurrence of Microplastics in Raw and Treated Drinking Water, Sci. Total Environ. 2018; 643: 1644–1651.
  • [100] Liebezeit G, Liebezeit E. Non-Pollen Particulates in Honey and Sugar, Food Addit. Contam. 2013; 30: 2136–2140.
  • [101] Pironti C, Ricciardi M, Motta O, Miele Y., Proto A, Montano L. Microplastics in the Environment: Intake through the Food Web, Human Exposure and Toxicological Effects, Toxics 2021; 9 (9): 224.

Farklı Ekosistemlerde Mikroplastik Kirlilik: Oluşum, Toksisite ve Riskler

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 1815 - 1842, 12.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1008138

Öz

Mikroplastikler olarak adlandırılan plastik fragmentleri oluşturdukları çevresel riskler nedeniyle son yıllarda oldukça dikkat çeken bir konudur. Mikroplastikler boyutlarına kıyasla oldukça geniş bir yüzey alanına sahip oldukları için bulundukları çevredeki organik kirleticilerin ve patojen mikroorganizmaların tutunabileceği yapılardır. Söz konusu plastik fragmentlerin bozulma, yayılma ve toksik karakteristikleri hakkına bilinenler sınırlıdır. Bu sebeple mikroplastik kaynaklı risklerin saptanması oldukça güçtür. Plastik fragmentlerin sucul ve karasal sistemlerdeki dinamiklerinin ve canlılar üzerindeki etkilerinin saptanabilmesi, detaylı örnekleme yöntemlerinin ve hızlı, ucuz, güvenilir analitik tekniklerin kullanıldığı rutin analizlerin geliştirilmesine bağlıdır. Mikroplastiklerin toplum sağlığı ve sucul, karasal ekosistemler üzerindeki muhtemel olumsuz etkilerine karşı yürütülecek mücadele, söz konusu çevresel kirleticilerin temel kontaminasyon yollarının tespit edilmesi ve anlaşılması sonrasında anlam kazanacaktır. Bu derlemede havadaki, sudaki ve karasal alanlardaki mikroplastik kontaminasyonu değerlendirilerek Türkiye’de mikroplastik kirliliği hakkında yapılan çalışmalar incelenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Yurtsever M. Glitters as a source of primary microplastics: An approach to environmental responsibility and ethics, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 2019a; 32(3): 459–478.
  • [2] Plastics Europe, Plastics-the facts 2019; https://www.plasticseurope.org/en/resources/market-data. (Erişim tarihi 20.12.2020).
  • [3] PAGEV, Türkiye Plastik Sektörü İzleme Raporu 2018.
  • [4] Bouwmeester H, Hollman PCH, Peters RJB. Potential health impact of environmentally released micro- and nanoplastics in the human food production chain: Experiences from nanotoxicology, Environmental Science & Technology 2015; 49(15): 8932–8947.
  • [5] Chubarenko I, Efimova I, Bagaeva M, Bagaev A, Isachenko I. On mechanical fragmentation of single-use plastics in the sea swash zone with different types of bottom sediments: Insights from laboratory experiments, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2020; 150(September 2019): 110726.
  • [6] Biber NFA, Foggo A, Thompson RC. Characterising the deterioration of different plastics in air and seawater, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2019; 141(June 2018): 595–602.
  • [7] Arthur C, Baker J, Bamford H. Proceedings of the international research workshop on the occurrence, effects, and fate of microplastic marine debris, In National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2019.
  • [8] Lusher AL, Tirelli V, O’Connor I, Officer R. Microplastics in arctic polar waters: the first reported values of particles in surface and sub-surface samples, Scientific Reports 2015; 5(1): 14947.
  • [9] Wang J, Zheng L, Li J. A critical review on the sources and instruments of marine microplastics and prospects on the relevant management in China, Waste Management & Research 2018; 36(10): 898–911.
  • [10] Boucher J, Friot D. Primary microplastics in the oceans: A Global Evaluation of Sources 2017.
  • [11] Lambert S, Sinclair C, Boxall A. Occurrence, degradation, and effect of polymer-based materials in the environment, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2014; In D. M. Whitacre (Ed.): Volume 227.
  • [12] Alomar C, Estarellas F, Deudero S. Microplastics in the Mediterranean Sea: Deposition in coastal shallow sediments, spatial variation and preferential grain size, Marine Environmental Research 2016; 11: 1–10.
  • [13] Presence of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Food, with Particular Focus on Seafood, EFSA Journal, 2016; 14(6).
  • [14] Naik R A, Rowles L S, Hossain A I, Yen M, Aldossary R M, Apul O G, … Saleh N B. Microplastic particle versus fiber generation during photo-transformation in simulated seawater, Science of The Total Environment 2020; 736: 139690.
  • [15] Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway T S. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2011; 62(12): 2588–2597.
  • [16] Akdogan Z, Guven B. Microplastics in the environment: a critical review of current understanding and identification of future research needs, Environmental Pollution 2019; 254: 113011.
  • [17] Woodall L C, Sanchez-Vidal A, Canals M, Paterson G L J, Coppock R, Sleight V, … Thompson R C. The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris, Royal Society Open Science 2014; 1(4): 140317.
  • [18] Suaria G, Aliani S. Floating debris in the Mediterranean Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2014; 86(1–2): 494–504.
  • [19] Fossi M C, Panti C, Guerranti C, Coppola D, Giannetti M, Marsili L, Minutoli R. Are baleen whales exposed to the threat of microplastics? A case study of the Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), Marine Pollution Bulletin 2012; 64(11): 2374–2379.
  • [20] Horton A A, Walton A, Spurgeon D J, Lahive E, Svendsen C. Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities, Science of the Total Environment 2017; 586: 127–141.
  • [21] Rainieri S, Barranco A. Microplastics, a food safety issue ?, Trends in Food Science & Technology 2019; 84(June 2017): 55–57.
  • [22] Kukulka T, Proskurowski G, Morét-Ferguson S, Meyer D W, Law K L. The effect of wind mixing on the vertical distribution of buoyant plastic debris, Geophysical Research Letters 2012; 39: L07601.
  • [23] Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson R C, Thiel M. Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for ıdentification and quantification, Environmental Science & Technology 2012; 46(6): 3060–3075.
  • [24] Prata J C. Airborne microplastics: Consequences to human Health ?, Environmental Pollution 2018; 234: 115–126.
  • [25] Choi J S, Jung Y J, Hong N H, Hong S H, Park J W. Toxicological effects of ırregularly shaped and spherical microplastics in a marine teleost, the Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), Marine Pollution Bulletin 2018; 129(1): 231–240.
  • [26] Wu B, Wu X, Liu S, Wang Z, Chen L. Size-dependent effects of polystyrene microplastics on cytotoxicity and efflux pump inhibition in human caco-2 cells, Chemosphere 2019; 221: 333–341.
  • [27] Kosuth M, Mason S A, Wattenberg E V. Anthropogenic contamination of tap water, beer, and sea salt, PLOS ONE 2018; 13(4): e0194970.
  • [28] Mason S A, Welch V G, Neratko J. Synthetic polymer contamination in bottled water, Frontiers in Chemistry 2018; 6 (September).
  • [29] Duis K, Coors A. Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: Sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects, Environmental Sciences Europe 2016; 28(1): 1–25.
  • [30] Farrell P, Nelson K. Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.), Environmental Pollution 2013; 177: 1–3.
  • [31] Gutow L, Eckerlebe A, Giménez L, Saborowski R. Experimental evaluation of seaweeds as a vector for microplastics into marine food webs, Environmental Science & Technology 2016; 50(2): 915–923.
  • [32] Watts A J R, Lewis C, Goodhead R M, Beckett S J, Moger J, Tyler C R, Galloway T S. Uptake and retention of microplastics by the shore crab carcinus maenas. Environmental Science & Technology 2014; 48(15): 8823–8830.
  • [33] Nelms S E, Galloway T S, Godley B J, Jarvis D S, Lindeque P K. Investigating microplastic trophic transfer in marine top predators, Environmental Pollution 2018; 238: 999–1007.
  • [34] Santana M F M, Moreira F T, Turra A. Trophic transference of microplastics under a low exposure scenario: Insights on the likelihood of particle cascading along marine food-webs, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2017; 121(1–2): 154–159.
  • [35] Grigorakis S, Mason S A, Drouillard K G. Determination of the gut retention of plastic microbeads and microfibers in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Chemosphere 2017; 169: 233–238.
  • [36] Lu Y, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Jiang W, Zhao Y, Geng J, … Ren H. uptake and accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and toxic effects in liver, Environmental Science & Technology 2016; 50(7): 4054–4060.
  • [37] Zhang C, Chen X, Wang J, Tan L. Toxic effects of microplastic on marine microalgae skeletonema costatum: Interactions between microplastic and algae, Environmental Pollution 2017; 220: 1282–1288.
  • [38] Bakir A, O’Connor I A, Rowland S J, Hendriks A J, Thompson R C. Relative importance of microplastics as a pathway for the transfer of hydrophobic organic chemicals to marine life, Environmental Pollution 2016; 219: 56–65.
  • [39] Lohmann R. Microplastics are not important for the cycling and bioaccumulation of organic pollutants in the oceans-but should microplastics be considered POPs themselves, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 2017; 13(3): 460–465.
  • [40] Browne, Mark A, Underwood A J, Chapman M G, Williams R, Thompson R C, van Franeker J A. Linking effects of anthropogenic debris to ecological impacts, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2015; 282(1807): 20142929.
  • [41] Browne Mark A, Dissanayake A, Galloway T S, Lowe D M, Thompson R C. Ingested microscopic plastic translocates to the circulatory system of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.), Environmental Science & Technology 2008; 42(13): 5026–5031.
  • [42] Van Cauwenberghe L, Janssen C R. Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption, Environmental Pollution 2014; 193: 65–70.
  • [43] Andrady A L, & Neal M A. Applications and societal benefits of plastics, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2009; 364(1526): 1977–1984.
  • [44] Sajiki J, Yonekubo J. Leaching of bisphenol A (BPA) to seawater from polycarbonate plastic and its degradation by reactive oxygen species, Chemosphere 2003; 51(1): 55–62.
  • [45] Lithner D, Damberg J, Dave G, Larsson A. Leachates from plastic consumer products – Screening for Toxicity with Daphnia magna, Chemosphere 2009; 74(9), 1195–1200.
  • [46] Ventrice P, Ventrice D, Russo E, De Sarro G. Phthalates: European regulation, chemistry, pharmacokinetic and related toxicity. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2013; 36(1): 88–96.
  • [47] Xie M Y, Ni H, Zhao D S, Wen L Y, Li K S, Yang H H, … Su H. Exposure to bisphenol A and the development of asthma: A systematic review of cohort studies, Reproductive Toxicology 2016; 65: 224–229.
  • [48] https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/12/20191225M1-10.htm (Erişim Tarihi 04.10.2021).
  • [49] Granby K, Rainieri S, Rasmussen R R, Kotterman M J J, Sloth J J, Cederberg T L, … Larsen B K. The influence of microplastics and halogenated contaminants in feed on toxicokinetics and gene expression in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Environmental Research 2018; 164(February): 430–443.
  • [50] Hirai H, Takada H, Ogata Y, Yamashita R, Mizukawa K, Saha M, … Ward M W. Organic micropollutants in marine plastics debris from the open ocean and remote and urban beaches, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2011; 62(8): 1683–1692.
  • [51] Mato Y, Isobe T, Takada H, Kanehiro H, Ohtake C, Kaminuma T. Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment, Environmental Science & Technology 2001; 35(2): 318–324.
  • [52] Lee H, Shim W J, Kwon J H. Sorption capacity of plastic debris for hydrophobic organic chemicals, Science of the Total Environment 2014; 470–471: 1545–1552.
  • [53] Velzeboer I, Kwadijk C J A F, Koelmans A A. Strong sorption of PCBs to nanoplastics, microplastics, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes, Environmental Science & Technology 2014; 48(9): 4869–4876.
  • [54] Rainieri S, Conlledo N, Larsen B K, Granby K, Barranco A. Combined effects of microplastics and chemical contaminants on the organ toxicity of zebrafish (Danio rerio), Environmental Research 2018; 162(January): 135–143.
  • [55] Kadızade G. Mikroplastikler üzerine ağir metal adsorpsiyonu araştırılması. Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 2019, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Türkiye.
  • [56] Turner A, Holmes L A. Adsorption of trace metals by microplastic pellets in fresh water. Environmental Chemistry 2015; 12(5): 600.
  • [57] Oberbeckmann S, Löder M G J, Labrenz M. Marine microplastic-associated biofilms – A review, Environmental Chemistry 2015; 12(5): 551.
  • [58] McCormick, A, Hoellein T J, Mason S A, Schluep J, Kelly J J. Microplastic is an abundant and distinct microbial habitat in an urban river, Environmental Science & Technology 2014; 48(20): 11863–11871.
  • [59] Magana-Arachchi D N, Wanigatunge R P. Ubiquitous waterborne pathogens, In Waterborne Pathogens 2020; 15–42.
  • [60] Shen W, Sun J, Yao F, Lin K, Yuan Y, Chen Y, … Jiao X. Microbiome in ıntestinal lavage fluid may be a better ındicator in evaluating the risk of developing colorectal cancer compared with fecal samples, Translational Oncology 2020; 13(5): 100772.
  • [61] Backert S, Tegtmeyer N, Cróinín T O, Boehm M, Heimesaat M M. Human campylobacteriosis. In Campylobacter; (Klein, G., Ed.); Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2017; 1–25.
  • [62] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/campylobacter (Erişim Tarihi 11.10.2021).
  • [63] Eyles J E, Bramwell V W, Williamson E D, Alpar H O. Microsphere translocation and immunopotentiation in systemic tissues following ıntranasal administration, Vaccine 2001; 19(32): 4732–4742.
  • [64] Batel A, Linti F, Scherer M, Erdinger L, Braunbeck T. Transfer of benzo[a]pyrene from microplastics to Artemia nauplii and further to zebrafish via a trophic food web experiment: CYP1A induction and visual tracking of persistent organic pollutants, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2016; 35(7): 1656–1666.
  • [65] Barnes D K A, Galgani F, Thompson R C, Barlaz M. Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2009; 364(1526): 1985–1998.
  • [66] Yurtsever M. Tiny, shiny, and colorful microplastics: Are regular glitters a significant source of microplastics ?, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2019b; 146(July): 678–682.
  • [67] Blackledge R D, Jones E L. All that glitters is gold !, In Forensic Analysis on the Cutting Edge 2007; 41: 1–32.
  • [68] Glitter: A Celebration of Sparkle, 2018. Adams Media, Simon and Schuster.
  • [69] Genç A N, Vural N, Balas L. Modeling transport of microplastics in enclosed coastal waters: A Case study in the Fethiye Inner Bay, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2020; 150 (November 2019): 110747.
  • [70] Free C M, Jensen O P, Mason S A, Eriksen M, Williamson N J, Boldgiv B. High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2014; 85(1): 156–163.
  • [71] Abbasi S, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Turner A, Kelly F J, Dominguez A O, Jaafarzadeh N. Distribution and potential health impacts of microplastics and microrubbers in air and street dusts from Asaluyeh County, Iran, Environmental Pollution 2019; 244: 153–164.
  • [72] Browne Mark A, Crump P, Niven S J, Teuten E, Tonkin A, Galloway T, Thompson R. Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: Sources and sinks, Environmental Science & Technology 2011; 45(21): 9175–9179.
  • [73] Gasperi J, Wright S L, Dris R, Collard F, Mandin C, Guerrouache M, … Tassin B. Microplastics in air: Are we breathing it in ?, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 2018; 1: 1–5.
  • [74] Başaran T. Tekstil endüstrisi atıksuyunda ve iç ortam havasında mikroplastiklerin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 2019. Sakarya Üniversitesi, Türkiye.
  • [75] Hours M, Fevotte J, Lafont S, Bergeret A. Cancer mortality in a synthetic spinning plant in Besancon, France. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2007; 64(9): 575–581.
  • [76] Dris R, Gasperi J, Mirande C, Mandin C, Guerrouache M, Langlois V, Tassin B. A first overview of textile fibers, ıncluding microplastics, in ındoor and outdoor environments, Environmental Pollution 2017; 221: 453–458.
  • [77] Dris R, Gasperi J, Saad M, Mirande C, Tassin B. Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: a source of microplastics in the environment, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2016; 104(1–2): 290–293.
  • [78] Wright SL, Kelly FJ. Plastic and human health: A Micro issue ?, Environmental Science & Technology 201; 51(12): 6634–6647.
  • [79] Erdoğan Ş. Microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems: A case study from Turkey, Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2020; 37(3): 213-221.
  • [80] Doğruyol P, Şener M, Balkaya N. Determination of microplastics and large plastics in the sediments of the Golden Horn Estuary (Halic), Istanbul, Turkey, Desalınatıon And Water Treatment 2019; 172(October 2018): 344–350.
  • [81] Şener M, Doğruyol P, Balkaya N. Microplastic pollution in the Black Sea Coast of the Anatolian Side of Istanbul, Turkey, Desalination and Water Treatment 2019; 172 (October 2018): 351–358.
  • [82] Aytan U, Valente A, Şentürk Y, Usta R, Şahin F B E, Mazlum R E, Ağırbaş E. First Evaluation of Neustonic Microplastics in Black Sea Waters. Marine Environmental Research 2016; 119: 22-30.
  • [83] Tunçer S, Artüz O B, Demirkol M, Artüz M L. First report of occurrence, distribution, and composition of microplastics in surface waters of the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2018; 135(June): 283–289.
  • [84] Yabanlı M, Yozukmaz A, Şener İ, Ölmez Ö T. Microplastic pollution at the ıntersection of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas: A study of the Datça Peninsula (Turkey), Marine Pollution Bulletin 2019; 145(May): 47–55.
  • [85] Gündoğdu S, Çevik C. Micro- and mesoplastics in northeast levantine coast of Turkey: The preliminary results from surface samples, Marine Pollution Bulletin 2017; 118: 341-347.
  • [86] Çatalbaş F. Tuz gölü tuzlarinda mikroplasti̇k varliğinin i̇ncelenmesi̇. Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 2017, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Türkiye.
  • [87] Yurtsever M. Abiyotik bir su ürünü olan sofra tuzunda mikroplastik kirliliği tehlikesi, Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2018; 35 (3): 243-249.
  • [88] Gündoğdu S. Contamination of table salts from Turkey with microplastics, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2018; 35 (5): 1006-1014.
  • [89] Gündoğdu S, Çevik C, Ataş N T. Stuffed with microplastics: microplastic occurrence in traditional stuffed mussels sold in the Turkish Market, Food Bioscience 2020; 37: 100715.
  • [90] Bakkaloğlu E. Atıksu arıtma tesislerinde mikroplastiklerin akıbeti ve taşınımı, Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi 2019, Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, Türkiye.
  • [91] Zhu, L, Wang H, Chen B, Sun X, Qu K, Xia B. Microplastic Ingestion in Deep-Sea Fish from the South China Sea, Sci. Total Environ 2019; 677: 493–501.
  • [92] Liebezeit G, Liebezeit E. Synthetic Particles as Contaminants in German Beers, Food Addit. Contam. 2014; 31: 1574–1578.
  • [93] Schymanski D, Goldbeck C, Humpf H U, Fürst P. Analysis of Microplastics in Water by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy: Release of Plastic Particles from Different Packaging into Mineral Water, Water Res. 2018; 129: 154–162.
  • [94] Van Cauwenberghe L, Claessens M, Vandegehuchte M B, Janssen C R. Microplastics Are Taken up by Mussels (Mytilus edulis) and Lugworms (Arenicola marina) Living in Natural Habitats, Environ. Pollut. 2015; 199: 10–17.
  • [95] Liebezeit G, Liebezeit E. Origin of Synthetic Particles in Honeys, Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2015; 65: 143–147.
  • [96] Mühlschlegel P, Hauk A, Walter U, Sieber R. Lack of Evidence for Microplastic Contamination in Honey, Food Addit. Contam. 2017; 34: 1982–1989.
  • [97] Li J, Qu X, Su L, Zhang W, Yang D, Kolandhasamy P, Li D, Shi H. Microplastics in Mussels along the Coastal Waters of China, Environ. Pollut. 2016; 214: 177–184.
  • [98] Renzi M, Blaskovic A. Litter & Microplastics Features in Table Salts from Marine Origin: Italian versus Croatian Brand, Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2018; 135: 62–68.
  • [99] Pivokonsky M, Cermakova L, Novotna K, Peer P, Cajthaml T, Janda V. Occurrence of Microplastics in Raw and Treated Drinking Water, Sci. Total Environ. 2018; 643: 1644–1651.
  • [100] Liebezeit G, Liebezeit E. Non-Pollen Particulates in Honey and Sugar, Food Addit. Contam. 2013; 30: 2136–2140.
  • [101] Pironti C, Ricciardi M, Motta O, Miele Y., Proto A, Montano L. Microplastics in the Environment: Intake through the Food Web, Human Exposure and Toxicological Effects, Toxics 2021; 9 (9): 224.
Toplam 101 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji , Çevre Bilimleri, Gıda Mühendisliği
Bölüm Derlemeler (REVIEWS)
Yazarlar

Elif Çelik 0000-0002-8280-8809

Doğanay Yüksel 0000-0002-1926-5573

Özlem Turgay 0000-0003-2286-833X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Ekim 2021
Kabul Tarihi 9 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelik, E., Yüksel, D., & Turgay, Ö. (2022). Farklı Ekosistemlerde Mikroplastik Kirlilik: Oluşum, Toksisite ve Riskler. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(3), 1815-1842. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1008138
AMA Çelik E, Yüksel D, Turgay Ö. Farklı Ekosistemlerde Mikroplastik Kirlilik: Oluşum, Toksisite ve Riskler. OKÜ Fen Bil. Ens. Dergisi ((OKU Journal of Nat. & App. Sci). Aralık 2022;5(3):1815-1842. doi:10.47495/okufbed.1008138
Chicago Çelik, Elif, Doğanay Yüksel, ve Özlem Turgay. “Farklı Ekosistemlerde Mikroplastik Kirlilik: Oluşum, Toksisite Ve Riskler”. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 5, sy. 3 (Aralık 2022): 1815-42. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1008138.
EndNote Çelik E, Yüksel D, Turgay Ö (01 Aralık 2022) Farklı Ekosistemlerde Mikroplastik Kirlilik: Oluşum, Toksisite ve Riskler. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 5 3 1815–1842.
IEEE E. Çelik, D. Yüksel, ve Ö. Turgay, “Farklı Ekosistemlerde Mikroplastik Kirlilik: Oluşum, Toksisite ve Riskler”, OKÜ Fen Bil. Ens. Dergisi ((OKU Journal of Nat. & App. Sci), c. 5, sy. 3, ss. 1815–1842, 2022, doi: 10.47495/okufbed.1008138.
ISNAD Çelik, Elif vd. “Farklı Ekosistemlerde Mikroplastik Kirlilik: Oluşum, Toksisite Ve Riskler”. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 5/3 (Aralık 2022), 1815-1842. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1008138.
JAMA Çelik E, Yüksel D, Turgay Ö. Farklı Ekosistemlerde Mikroplastik Kirlilik: Oluşum, Toksisite ve Riskler. OKÜ Fen Bil. Ens. Dergisi ((OKU Journal of Nat. & App. Sci). 2022;5:1815–1842.
MLA Çelik, Elif vd. “Farklı Ekosistemlerde Mikroplastik Kirlilik: Oluşum, Toksisite Ve Riskler”. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 5, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 1815-42, doi:10.47495/okufbed.1008138.
Vancouver Çelik E, Yüksel D, Turgay Ö. Farklı Ekosistemlerde Mikroplastik Kirlilik: Oluşum, Toksisite ve Riskler. OKÜ Fen Bil. Ens. Dergisi ((OKU Journal of Nat. & App. Sci). 2022;5(3):1815-42.

23487




196541947019414  

1943319434 19435194361960219721 19784  2123822610 23877

* Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi (International Peer Reviewed Journal)

* Yazar/yazarlardan hiçbir şekilde MAKALE BASIM ÜCRETİ vb. şeyler istenmemektedir (Free submission and publication).

* Yılda Ocak, Mart, Haziran, Eylül ve Aralık'ta olmak üzere 5 sayı yayınlanmaktadır (Published 5 times a year)

* Dergide, Türkçe ve İngilizce makaleler basılmaktadır.

*Dergi açık erişimli bir dergidir.

Creative Commons License

Bu web sitesi Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.