Araştırma Makalesi
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Dicle Nehri Su Yönetiminde Yeni Bir Aktör ve Siyasi Kriz Potansiyeli

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 31 - 48, 13.09.2022

Öz

İklim değişikliği dünya çapında su kaynaklarını etkileyen küresel bir olgu haline gelmiştir. Kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde yer alan birçok ülkenin yağış seviyelerindeki dramatik değişimler nedeniyle küresel çapta su kıtlığı görünür haline gelmiştir. En nihayetinde, uluslararası siyasette su kaynakları yönetimine ilişkin sorunlar, potansiyel büyük siyasi krizler bağlamında tartışılır olmuştur. Dicle Nehri de bu sınıraşan su kaynaklarından biridir. Dolayısıyla, Dicle nehrinin su yönetimi ve su kaynaklarının paylaşımı yakın döneme kadar Irak ve Türkiye’nin ikili ilişkileri çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır. Ancak Dicle nehrinin sınıraşan su kaynakları paylaşımı sorunu 2003 yılında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) ve Koalisyon Güçlerinin Irak işgalinden sonra yeni bir boyut kazanmıştır. Irak, 2003 sonrası federal bir devlete dönüşmüş ve Irak’ın kuzeyinde Irak Kürdistan Bölgesel Yönetimi (IKBY) adı verilen yeni bir bölgesel hükümet kurulmuştur. Bu çalışma, Dicle Nehri üzerindeki hidropolitik ilişkilerin bu aşamadan sonra daha kaotik bir boyuta ulaştığı iddiasını taşımaktadır. Çalışmada konunun kaotik ve potansiyel kriz boyutu ele alınmıştır. Irak su kaynakları, su kaynaklarının yönetimine dair anayasal yetkiler, tarafların konuya yaklaşımı ve söylemleri çalışmada incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, tarafların konuya dair tek taraflı politikalar izlediği ve su sorunu artıkça taraflar arasında konunun daha büyük bir siyasi krize dönüşeceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abd-El-Mooty, M., Kansoh, R., & Abdulhadi, A. (2016). Challenges of Water Resources in Iraq. Hydrology: Current Research, 7(4), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000260
  • Abdulrahman, S. A. (2017). Natural resources in Kurdistan and the Legitimacy of Their Exploitation by the Regional Authority: Water, Oil and Gas. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 74(6), 1013-1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2017.1374074
  • Adamo, N., Al-Ansari, N., Sissakian, V. K., Knutsson, S., & Laue, J. (2018a). Climate Change: Consequences on Iraq’s Environment. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 8(3), 43-58.
  • Adamo, N., Al-Ansari, N., Sissakian, V. K., Knutsson, S., & Laue, J. (2018b). Climate Change: the Uncertain Future of Tigris River Tributaries’ Basins, Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 8(3), 75-93.
  • Al-Ansari, N., Adamo, N., Sissakian, V. K., Knutsson, S., & Laue, J. (2018). Water Resources of the Tigris River Catchment. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 8(3), 21-42.
  • Al-Ansari, N., Ali, A., & Knutsson, S. (2014). Present Conditions and Future Challenges of Water Resources Problems in Iraq. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, (6), 1066-1098.
  • Al-Merca’. (2019, May 8). «تجفيف نهر دجلة».. أولوية تركية في دعاية «ردوغانأ». https://www.almarjie-paris.com/7123
  • Al-Muqdadi, S. W., Omer, M. F., Abo, R., & Naghshineh, A. (2016). Dispute over Water Resource Management—Iraq and Turkey. Journal of Environmental Protection, (7), 1096-1103.
  • Asharq Al-Awsat. (2022, May 9). Baghdad-Erbil Crisis Looms after Oil Talks Collapse. https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3635766/baghdad-erbil-crisis-looms-after-oil-talks-collapse
  • BBC News Arabic. (2019, July 30). إقليم كردستان العراق: تسلسل زمني. http://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast/2014/04/140424_kurdistan_chronology
  • Brown, C., & Ainley, K. (2005). Understandin International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Chenoweth, J.L., Bruggeman, A., Hadjinicolaou, P., & Levin, Z. (2011). Impact of Climate Change on the Water Resources of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East Region: Modeled 21st Century Changes and Implications. Water Resources Research, 47, 1-18.
  • Chomani, K., & Bijnens, T. (2016). The Impact of the Daryan Dam on the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Save Tigris. https://www.hlrn.org/img/documents/Daryan-Dam-Report.pdf.
  • Choudhury, E., & Islam, S. (2015). Nature of Transboundary Water Conflicts: Issues of Complexity and the Enabling Conditions for Negotiated Cooperation. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, (155), 43-52.
  • Chulov, M. (2010). Iraq: Water, Water Nowhere. World Policy Journal, 26(4), 33-41.
  • Dockrill, P. (2016, January 14). Human-Made Climate Change Has Suppressed The Next Ice Age, Researchers Say. https://www.sciencealert.com/human-made-climate-change-has-suppressed-the-next-ice-age-researchers-say
  • Dohrmann, M., & Hatem, R. (2014). the Impact of Hydro-Politics on the Relations of Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. Middle East Journal, 68(4), 567-583.
  • Fischendler, I., Dinar, S., & Katz, D. (2011). The Politics of Unilateral Environmentalism: Cooperation and Conflict over Water Management along Israeli-Palestinian Border. Global Environmental Politics, 11(1), 36-61.
  • Forsythe, D. P. (2017). Water and Politics in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin: Hope for Negative Learning?. In J. Cahan (Ed.), Water Security in the Middle East (pp. 167-184). Anthem Press.
  • Goran, B. (2018, June 2 ). Iraq on Brink of Water Crisis as Neighboring Countries Decrease Water Supply. Kurdistan24. https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/6376fa97-d458-4c7e-a083-201ed2294c05
  • Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of Commons. Science, New Series, 162(3859), 1243-1248.
  • Kılıç, L. (2019, Ağustos 26). Türkiye, Irak’a Su Desteği Sağlayacak. Cumhuriyet. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turkiye-iraka-su-destegi-saglayacak-1550199
  • Kibaroğlu, A. (2014). An Analysis of Turkey’s Water Diplomacy and Its Evolving Position vis-à-vis International Water Law: Water International. Water International, 40(1), 153-167.
  • Kitabat. (2016, January 9). أربيل وبغداد : حروب مياه ودواجن ومنتوجات زراعية. https://kitabat.com/news/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC/
  • Klein, J., Ekstedt, K., Walter, T., & Lyon, S. (2015). Modeling Potential Water Resource Impacts of Mediterranean Tourism in a Changing Climate. Environmental Modelling & Assessment, 20, 117-128.
  • Kreyenbroek, P. G., & Sperl, S. (Ed.). (2015). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. Routledge.
  • Kurdistan24. (2018, October 31). ‘State-of-the-Art’ Dam under Construction in Erbil Set to Finish in Late-2019. https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/economy/b20c630f-ae97-47c3-aa31-ce5ec3d6e309
  • Liebman, A. (2005). Trickle-Down Hegemony? China's "Peaceful Rise" and Dam Building on the Mekong, Contemporary Southeast Asia, 27(2), 281-304.
  • Maden, T. E., & Kılıç, S. (2012). Irak’ta Su Kaynakları Yönetimi (No. 122). ORSAM. https://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/irak-ta-su-kaynaklari-yonetimi/
  • Middle East Monitor. (2022, April 11). Iraq’s Kurdistan Build 4 Dams. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220411-iraqs-kurdistan-to-build-4-dams/
  • Milano, M, Ruelland, D., Fernandez, S., Dezetter, A., Fabre, J., Servat, E., Fritsch, J.M., Bardin, S.A., & Thivet, G. (2013). Current State of Mediterranean Water Resources and Future Trends under Climatic and Anthropogenic Changes. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58(3), 498-518.
  • Ministry Of Water Resources نشاطات | وزارة الموارد المائية. (n.d.). http://www.mowr.gov.iq/nshatat
  • Molle, F., Mollinga, P.P. (2003). Water Poverty Indicators: Conceptual Problems and Policy Issues. Water Policy, 5, 529-544.
  • Moore, S. M. (2018). Subnational Hydropolitics: Conflict, Cooperation, and Institution-Building in Shared River Basins. Oxford University Press.
  • Musings on Iraq. (2014, February 24). How Faults With Iraq’s Constitution Undermines The Country, Interview with Constitutional Scholar Zaid Al-Ali. http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2014/02/how-faults-with-iraqs-constitution.html
  • Nader, A., Hanauer, L., Allen, B., & Scotten, A. (2016). Regional Implications of an Independent Kurdistan. RAND. http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1452.html
  • Oktav, Ö. Z. (2017). Turkey’s Water Policy in the Euphrates- Tigris Basin. In M. Bahnassi & C. McGlade (Ed.), Environmental Change and Human Security in Africa and the Middle East (pp. 239-258).
  • Ostrom, E. (1992). Institutions and Common-Pool Resources. Journal of Theoretical Politcs, 4(3), 243-245.
  • Pimodan, Q. de. (2016). The Dams War: How water scarcity helped create ISIS and why combating it would undo it (No. 172). RIEAS. http://www.rieas.gr/publications/2723-quantin-de-pimodan-the-dams-war-how-water-scarcity-helped-create-isis-and-why-combating-it-would-undo-it-rieas-research-paper-no-172-december-2016
  • Postel, S.L., Daily G.C., & Ehrlich, P.R. (1996). Human Appropriation of Renewable Fresh Water. Science, 271, 785-788.
  • Qader, A. O. (t.y.). Agriculture and Water Resources in Kurdistan Region – Iraq: Past, Current Reality and Future Prospects. American-Kurdish Institute for Economic Research. http://www.akier.org/agriculture.php
  • Rafaat, A. (2007). An Independent Kurdish State: Achievable or Merely a Kurdish Dream? The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 32(3), 267-306.
  • Rafaat, A. (2018). Kurdistan in Iraq: The Evolution of a Quasi-State. Routledge.
  • Rudaw. (2015, July 11). Kurdistan may use water to pressure Baghdad. https://www.rudaw.net/english/business/11072015
  • Rudaw. (2018, December 22). حكومة إقليم كوردستان تخطط لإنشاء 18 سداً كبيراً. https://www.rudaw.net/arabic/kurdistan/221220181
  • Salihi, E. (2017). Irak: Devletin Çöküşü ve Çatışma Süreci. Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Salim, S. (2014, October 7). Islamic State Jihadists are Using Water as a Weapon in Iraq. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/islamic-state-jihadists-are-using-water-as-a-weapon-in-iraq/2014/10/06/aead6792-79ec-4c7c-8f2f-fd7b95765d09_story.html
  • Sixdegrees. (2018, December 6). Drought in Iraq has other reasons-not the Ilisu Dam Reservoir. https://www.sixdegreesnews.org/archives/25325/drought-in-iraq-has-other-reasons-not-the-ilisu-dam-reservoir
  • Sofrinou, A. & Bishop, S. (2014). Water scarcity in Cyprus: A review and Call for Integrated Policy. Water, 6, 2898-2928.
  • Taştekin, F. (2019, January 22). Turkey Names “Water Czar” to Ease Disputes with Iraq. Al-Monitor. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2019/01/turkey-iraq-names-water-czar-to-ease-disputes.html
  • Walker, K. (2020 Obtober 8). Dam building projects could fuel water stress in Middle East. DW. https://www.dw.com/en/dam-building-projects-could-fuel-water-stress-in-middle-east/a-55169989
  • Yıldız, D. (2010). Su'dan Sebepler. Truva Yayınları.
  • Yıldız, K. (2004). The Kurds in Iraq: The Past, Present and Future. Pluto Press.
  • Yousuf, M. A., Rapantova, N., & Younis, J. H. (2018). Sustainable Water Management in Iraq (Kurdistan) as a Challenge for Governmental Responsibility. Water, 10(11), 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111651
  • YouTube. (2019, April 3) لقاء مع السيد وزير الموارد المائية د.جمال العادلي ضمن برنامج بالحرف الواحد. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YaEw5-hCTG4
  • Zeitoun, M. & Warner, J. (2006). Hydro-Hegemony: A Framework for Analysis of Transboundary Water Conflicts. Water Policy, 8(5), 435-460.

A New Actor in Tigris River Water Management and Potential for Political Crisis

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 31 - 48, 13.09.2022

Öz

Climate Change has become a global phenomenon affecting water resources around the world. Global water scarcity has become apparent due to dramatic changes in precipitation levels in many countries in arid and semi-arid regions. Finally, issues of water resource management in international politics have been discussed in the context of potential major political crises and the Tigris River is one of these sources. The water management of the Tigris River and the sharing of the resource have been discussed within the framework of the relations between Iraq and Turkey until recently. However, this issue gained a new dimension after the invasion of Iraq by the United States (US) and Coalition Forces in 2003. Iraq turned into a federal state after 2003 and a new regional government called the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government (IKRG) was established in northern Iraq. The study claims that the hydropolitical relations on the Tigris River reached a more chaotic dimension after this stage. In the study, the chaotic and potential crisis dimension of the subject is discussed. Iraqi water resources, constitutional authorities on the management of water resources, the approaches and discourses of the parties are examined in the study. In the study, it was concluded that the parties followed unilateral policies on the issue and as the water problem increased, the issue would turn into a bigger political crisis between the parties.

Kaynakça

  • Abd-El-Mooty, M., Kansoh, R., & Abdulhadi, A. (2016). Challenges of Water Resources in Iraq. Hydrology: Current Research, 7(4), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000260
  • Abdulrahman, S. A. (2017). Natural resources in Kurdistan and the Legitimacy of Their Exploitation by the Regional Authority: Water, Oil and Gas. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 74(6), 1013-1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2017.1374074
  • Adamo, N., Al-Ansari, N., Sissakian, V. K., Knutsson, S., & Laue, J. (2018a). Climate Change: Consequences on Iraq’s Environment. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 8(3), 43-58.
  • Adamo, N., Al-Ansari, N., Sissakian, V. K., Knutsson, S., & Laue, J. (2018b). Climate Change: the Uncertain Future of Tigris River Tributaries’ Basins, Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 8(3), 75-93.
  • Al-Ansari, N., Adamo, N., Sissakian, V. K., Knutsson, S., & Laue, J. (2018). Water Resources of the Tigris River Catchment. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 8(3), 21-42.
  • Al-Ansari, N., Ali, A., & Knutsson, S. (2014). Present Conditions and Future Challenges of Water Resources Problems in Iraq. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, (6), 1066-1098.
  • Al-Merca’. (2019, May 8). «تجفيف نهر دجلة».. أولوية تركية في دعاية «ردوغانأ». https://www.almarjie-paris.com/7123
  • Al-Muqdadi, S. W., Omer, M. F., Abo, R., & Naghshineh, A. (2016). Dispute over Water Resource Management—Iraq and Turkey. Journal of Environmental Protection, (7), 1096-1103.
  • Asharq Al-Awsat. (2022, May 9). Baghdad-Erbil Crisis Looms after Oil Talks Collapse. https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3635766/baghdad-erbil-crisis-looms-after-oil-talks-collapse
  • BBC News Arabic. (2019, July 30). إقليم كردستان العراق: تسلسل زمني. http://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast/2014/04/140424_kurdistan_chronology
  • Brown, C., & Ainley, K. (2005). Understandin International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Chenoweth, J.L., Bruggeman, A., Hadjinicolaou, P., & Levin, Z. (2011). Impact of Climate Change on the Water Resources of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East Region: Modeled 21st Century Changes and Implications. Water Resources Research, 47, 1-18.
  • Chomani, K., & Bijnens, T. (2016). The Impact of the Daryan Dam on the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Save Tigris. https://www.hlrn.org/img/documents/Daryan-Dam-Report.pdf.
  • Choudhury, E., & Islam, S. (2015). Nature of Transboundary Water Conflicts: Issues of Complexity and the Enabling Conditions for Negotiated Cooperation. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, (155), 43-52.
  • Chulov, M. (2010). Iraq: Water, Water Nowhere. World Policy Journal, 26(4), 33-41.
  • Dockrill, P. (2016, January 14). Human-Made Climate Change Has Suppressed The Next Ice Age, Researchers Say. https://www.sciencealert.com/human-made-climate-change-has-suppressed-the-next-ice-age-researchers-say
  • Dohrmann, M., & Hatem, R. (2014). the Impact of Hydro-Politics on the Relations of Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. Middle East Journal, 68(4), 567-583.
  • Fischendler, I., Dinar, S., & Katz, D. (2011). The Politics of Unilateral Environmentalism: Cooperation and Conflict over Water Management along Israeli-Palestinian Border. Global Environmental Politics, 11(1), 36-61.
  • Forsythe, D. P. (2017). Water and Politics in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin: Hope for Negative Learning?. In J. Cahan (Ed.), Water Security in the Middle East (pp. 167-184). Anthem Press.
  • Goran, B. (2018, June 2 ). Iraq on Brink of Water Crisis as Neighboring Countries Decrease Water Supply. Kurdistan24. https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/6376fa97-d458-4c7e-a083-201ed2294c05
  • Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of Commons. Science, New Series, 162(3859), 1243-1248.
  • Kılıç, L. (2019, Ağustos 26). Türkiye, Irak’a Su Desteği Sağlayacak. Cumhuriyet. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turkiye-iraka-su-destegi-saglayacak-1550199
  • Kibaroğlu, A. (2014). An Analysis of Turkey’s Water Diplomacy and Its Evolving Position vis-à-vis International Water Law: Water International. Water International, 40(1), 153-167.
  • Kitabat. (2016, January 9). أربيل وبغداد : حروب مياه ودواجن ومنتوجات زراعية. https://kitabat.com/news/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC/
  • Klein, J., Ekstedt, K., Walter, T., & Lyon, S. (2015). Modeling Potential Water Resource Impacts of Mediterranean Tourism in a Changing Climate. Environmental Modelling & Assessment, 20, 117-128.
  • Kreyenbroek, P. G., & Sperl, S. (Ed.). (2015). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. Routledge.
  • Kurdistan24. (2018, October 31). ‘State-of-the-Art’ Dam under Construction in Erbil Set to Finish in Late-2019. https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/economy/b20c630f-ae97-47c3-aa31-ce5ec3d6e309
  • Liebman, A. (2005). Trickle-Down Hegemony? China's "Peaceful Rise" and Dam Building on the Mekong, Contemporary Southeast Asia, 27(2), 281-304.
  • Maden, T. E., & Kılıç, S. (2012). Irak’ta Su Kaynakları Yönetimi (No. 122). ORSAM. https://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/irak-ta-su-kaynaklari-yonetimi/
  • Middle East Monitor. (2022, April 11). Iraq’s Kurdistan Build 4 Dams. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220411-iraqs-kurdistan-to-build-4-dams/
  • Milano, M, Ruelland, D., Fernandez, S., Dezetter, A., Fabre, J., Servat, E., Fritsch, J.M., Bardin, S.A., & Thivet, G. (2013). Current State of Mediterranean Water Resources and Future Trends under Climatic and Anthropogenic Changes. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58(3), 498-518.
  • Ministry Of Water Resources نشاطات | وزارة الموارد المائية. (n.d.). http://www.mowr.gov.iq/nshatat
  • Molle, F., Mollinga, P.P. (2003). Water Poverty Indicators: Conceptual Problems and Policy Issues. Water Policy, 5, 529-544.
  • Moore, S. M. (2018). Subnational Hydropolitics: Conflict, Cooperation, and Institution-Building in Shared River Basins. Oxford University Press.
  • Musings on Iraq. (2014, February 24). How Faults With Iraq’s Constitution Undermines The Country, Interview with Constitutional Scholar Zaid Al-Ali. http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2014/02/how-faults-with-iraqs-constitution.html
  • Nader, A., Hanauer, L., Allen, B., & Scotten, A. (2016). Regional Implications of an Independent Kurdistan. RAND. http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1452.html
  • Oktav, Ö. Z. (2017). Turkey’s Water Policy in the Euphrates- Tigris Basin. In M. Bahnassi & C. McGlade (Ed.), Environmental Change and Human Security in Africa and the Middle East (pp. 239-258).
  • Ostrom, E. (1992). Institutions and Common-Pool Resources. Journal of Theoretical Politcs, 4(3), 243-245.
  • Pimodan, Q. de. (2016). The Dams War: How water scarcity helped create ISIS and why combating it would undo it (No. 172). RIEAS. http://www.rieas.gr/publications/2723-quantin-de-pimodan-the-dams-war-how-water-scarcity-helped-create-isis-and-why-combating-it-would-undo-it-rieas-research-paper-no-172-december-2016
  • Postel, S.L., Daily G.C., & Ehrlich, P.R. (1996). Human Appropriation of Renewable Fresh Water. Science, 271, 785-788.
  • Qader, A. O. (t.y.). Agriculture and Water Resources in Kurdistan Region – Iraq: Past, Current Reality and Future Prospects. American-Kurdish Institute for Economic Research. http://www.akier.org/agriculture.php
  • Rafaat, A. (2007). An Independent Kurdish State: Achievable or Merely a Kurdish Dream? The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 32(3), 267-306.
  • Rafaat, A. (2018). Kurdistan in Iraq: The Evolution of a Quasi-State. Routledge.
  • Rudaw. (2015, July 11). Kurdistan may use water to pressure Baghdad. https://www.rudaw.net/english/business/11072015
  • Rudaw. (2018, December 22). حكومة إقليم كوردستان تخطط لإنشاء 18 سداً كبيراً. https://www.rudaw.net/arabic/kurdistan/221220181
  • Salihi, E. (2017). Irak: Devletin Çöküşü ve Çatışma Süreci. Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Salim, S. (2014, October 7). Islamic State Jihadists are Using Water as a Weapon in Iraq. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/islamic-state-jihadists-are-using-water-as-a-weapon-in-iraq/2014/10/06/aead6792-79ec-4c7c-8f2f-fd7b95765d09_story.html
  • Sixdegrees. (2018, December 6). Drought in Iraq has other reasons-not the Ilisu Dam Reservoir. https://www.sixdegreesnews.org/archives/25325/drought-in-iraq-has-other-reasons-not-the-ilisu-dam-reservoir
  • Sofrinou, A. & Bishop, S. (2014). Water scarcity in Cyprus: A review and Call for Integrated Policy. Water, 6, 2898-2928.
  • Taştekin, F. (2019, January 22). Turkey Names “Water Czar” to Ease Disputes with Iraq. Al-Monitor. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2019/01/turkey-iraq-names-water-czar-to-ease-disputes.html
  • Walker, K. (2020 Obtober 8). Dam building projects could fuel water stress in Middle East. DW. https://www.dw.com/en/dam-building-projects-could-fuel-water-stress-in-middle-east/a-55169989
  • Yıldız, D. (2010). Su'dan Sebepler. Truva Yayınları.
  • Yıldız, K. (2004). The Kurds in Iraq: The Past, Present and Future. Pluto Press.
  • Yousuf, M. A., Rapantova, N., & Younis, J. H. (2018). Sustainable Water Management in Iraq (Kurdistan) as a Challenge for Governmental Responsibility. Water, 10(11), 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111651
  • YouTube. (2019, April 3) لقاء مع السيد وزير الموارد المائية د.جمال العادلي ضمن برنامج بالحرف الواحد. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YaEw5-hCTG4
  • Zeitoun, M. & Warner, J. (2006). Hydro-Hegemony: A Framework for Analysis of Transboundary Water Conflicts. Water Policy, 8(5), 435-460.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Emin Salihi 0000-0003-0074-0407

Itri Atay 0000-0002-3570-7458

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Salihi, E., & Atay, I. (2022). Dicle Nehri Su Yönetiminde Yeni Bir Aktör ve Siyasi Kriz Potansiyeli. Topkapı Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(2), 31-48.