Öz
Bu makale, ham petrol rezervlerinin azalması, çevresel endişeler ve karbon emisyonlarının azaltılmasına yönelik düzenlemeler gibi nedenlerle, kompozitlerin geliştirilmesinde sentetik liflerin yerine doğal liflerin artan ilgisini tartışmaktadır. Doğal liflerin mekanik özellikleri, kimyasal bileşimleri ve yapısı ile yakından ilişkilidir ve hasat zamanı, büyüme koşulları, depolama uygulamaları, çıkarma teknikleri ve ön üretim kimyasal işlemler gibi çeşitli faktörler tarafından etkilenebilir. Makalede ayrıca iki karbon prepreg tabakası arasına 3 mm çapında 20 mm aralıklarla kenevir lifleri kullanılarak oluşturulan bir sandviç yapının 3 nokta eğilme testi için sonlu elemanlar analiz adımları anlatılmıştır. Son olarak da kenevir lifi aralıklarındaki değişimin ve kenevir lifi çapındaki değişimin gerilime etkilerini göstermek için 10 mm, 20 mm ve 30 mm aralıklarla; 2 mm, 3 mm ve 4 mm çaplarındaki kenevir lifleri kullanılarak oluşturulan sandviç yapılara ait nümerik analiz çıktıları grafik olarak verilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kenevir elyaf 3 Nokta eğilme testi Sandviç model Statik analiz
Destekleyen Kurum
Türk Havacılık ve Uzay Sanayi
Kaynakça
- D. Zeng et al., “Mechanical Properties and Tensile Model of Hemp-Fiber-Reinforced Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Composite,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 7, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15072445.
- C. Dolza, E. Gonga, E. Fages, R. Tejada-Oliveros, R. Balart, and L. Quiles-Carrillo, “Green Composites from Partially Bio-Based Poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate)-PBSA and Short Hemp Fibers with Itaconic Acid-Derived Compatibilizers and Plasticizers,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 14, no. 10, May 2022, doi: 10.3390/polym14101968.
- C. I. Madueke, O. M. Mbah, and R. Umunakwe, “A review on the limitations of natural fibres and natural fibre composites with emphasis on tensile strength using coir as a case study,” Polymer Bulletin. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, Apr. 01, 2022. doi: 10.1007/s00289-022-04241-y.
- J. P. Manaia, A. T. Manaia, and L. Rodriges, “Industrial Hemp Fibers: An Overview,” Fibers, vol. 7, no. 12, p. 106, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.3390/fib7120106.
- B. Murali, P. Yogesh, N. K. Karthickeyan, and D. Chandramohan, “Multi-potency of bast fibers (flax, hemp and jute) as composite materials and their mechanical properties: A review,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 62, pp. 1839–1843, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.001.
- R. Sepe, F. Bollino, L. Boccarusso, and F. Caputo, “Influence of chemical treatments on mechanical properties of hemp fiber reinforced composites,” Compos B Eng, vol. 133, pp. 210–217, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.09.030.
- M. Suriyaprakash, M. Nallusamy, K. Shri Ram Shanjai, N. Akash, and V. Rohith, “Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of Ramie, Hemp fiber and coconut shell particle hybrid composites with reinforced epoxy resin,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 72, pp. 2952–2956, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.091.
- C. Lu et al., “Towards high-performance textile-structure composite: Unidirectional hemp fiber tape and their composite,” Ind Crops Prod, vol. 189, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115821.
- Md. M. Billah, Md. S. Rabbi, and A. Hasan, “A Review on Developments in Manufacturing Process and Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Composites,” Journal of Engineering Advancements, vol. 2, no. 01, pp. 13–23, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.38032/jea.2021.01.003.
- S. P. Singh, A. Dutt, and C. K. Hirwani, “Mechanical, Modal and Harmonic Behavior Analysis of Jute and Hemp Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite,” Journal of Natural Fibers, vol. 20, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.1080/15440478.2022.2140328.
- J. Edwin Raja Dhas and M. Arun, “A review on development of hybrid composites for aerospace applications,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 64, pp. 267–273, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.511.
- N. Murugu Nachippan, M. Alphonse, V. K. Bupesh Raja, S. Shasidhar, G. Varun Teja, and R. Harinath Reddy, “Experimental investigation of hemp fiber hybrid composite material for automotive application,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 44, pp. 3666–3672, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.798.
- F. Bollino, V. Giannella, E. Armentani, and R. Sepe, “Mechanical behavior of chemically-treated hemp fibers reinforced composites subjected to moisture absorption,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 22, pp. 762–775, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.152.
- P. H. P. M. da Silveira et al., “Effect of Alkaline Treatment and Graphene Oxide Coating on Thermal and Chemical Properties of Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) Fibers,” Journal of Natural Fibers, vol. 19, no. 15, pp. 12168–12181, 2022, doi: 10.1080/15440478.2022.2053265.
- D. Verma and I. Senal, “Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites,” in Biomass, Biopolymer-Based Materials, and Bioenergy: Construction, Biomedical, and other Industrial Applications, Elsevier, 2019, pp. 103–122. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102426-3.00006-0.
- L. Samant, F. A. O. Fernandes, S. Jose, and R. J. Alves de Sousa, “Natural Composites in Aircraft Structures,” 2022, pp. 113–126. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-91873-6_5.
- Yeraltı C. Polimer Esasli Karbon Elyaf Takviyeli Kompozit Malzemenin Keten İpliği İle Güçlendirilmesi. Msc. Thesis, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye, 2021.
Öz
The article discusses the increasing interest in natural fibers as a substitute for synthetic fibers in the development of composites due to the depletion of crude oil reserves, environmental concerns and regulations targeting the reduction of carbon emissions. The mechanical properties of natural fibers are closely linked to their chemical composition and structure, which can be influenced by various factors such as harvesting time, growth conditions, storage practices, extraction techniques and pre fabrication chemical treatments. The article also explains the finite element analysis steps for a sandwich structure created using hemp fibers with a 3 mm diameter and 20 mm spacing between two carbon prepreg layers for a 3-point bending test.Finally, numerical analysis outputs of sandwich structures created with hemp fibers at intervals of 10 mm, 20 mm, and 30 mm, and diameters of 2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm, are presented graphically to demonstrate the effects of changes in hemp fiber spacing and diameter on stress.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Hemp fiber 3 Point bending test Sandwich model Statical analysis
Kaynakça
- D. Zeng et al., “Mechanical Properties and Tensile Model of Hemp-Fiber-Reinforced Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Composite,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 7, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15072445.
- C. Dolza, E. Gonga, E. Fages, R. Tejada-Oliveros, R. Balart, and L. Quiles-Carrillo, “Green Composites from Partially Bio-Based Poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate)-PBSA and Short Hemp Fibers with Itaconic Acid-Derived Compatibilizers and Plasticizers,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 14, no. 10, May 2022, doi: 10.3390/polym14101968.
- C. I. Madueke, O. M. Mbah, and R. Umunakwe, “A review on the limitations of natural fibres and natural fibre composites with emphasis on tensile strength using coir as a case study,” Polymer Bulletin. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, Apr. 01, 2022. doi: 10.1007/s00289-022-04241-y.
- J. P. Manaia, A. T. Manaia, and L. Rodriges, “Industrial Hemp Fibers: An Overview,” Fibers, vol. 7, no. 12, p. 106, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.3390/fib7120106.
- B. Murali, P. Yogesh, N. K. Karthickeyan, and D. Chandramohan, “Multi-potency of bast fibers (flax, hemp and jute) as composite materials and their mechanical properties: A review,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 62, pp. 1839–1843, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.001.
- R. Sepe, F. Bollino, L. Boccarusso, and F. Caputo, “Influence of chemical treatments on mechanical properties of hemp fiber reinforced composites,” Compos B Eng, vol. 133, pp. 210–217, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.09.030.
- M. Suriyaprakash, M. Nallusamy, K. Shri Ram Shanjai, N. Akash, and V. Rohith, “Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of Ramie, Hemp fiber and coconut shell particle hybrid composites with reinforced epoxy resin,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 72, pp. 2952–2956, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.091.
- C. Lu et al., “Towards high-performance textile-structure composite: Unidirectional hemp fiber tape and their composite,” Ind Crops Prod, vol. 189, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115821.
- Md. M. Billah, Md. S. Rabbi, and A. Hasan, “A Review on Developments in Manufacturing Process and Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Composites,” Journal of Engineering Advancements, vol. 2, no. 01, pp. 13–23, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.38032/jea.2021.01.003.
- S. P. Singh, A. Dutt, and C. K. Hirwani, “Mechanical, Modal and Harmonic Behavior Analysis of Jute and Hemp Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite,” Journal of Natural Fibers, vol. 20, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.1080/15440478.2022.2140328.
- J. Edwin Raja Dhas and M. Arun, “A review on development of hybrid composites for aerospace applications,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 64, pp. 267–273, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.511.
- N. Murugu Nachippan, M. Alphonse, V. K. Bupesh Raja, S. Shasidhar, G. Varun Teja, and R. Harinath Reddy, “Experimental investigation of hemp fiber hybrid composite material for automotive application,” Mater Today Proc, vol. 44, pp. 3666–3672, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.798.
- F. Bollino, V. Giannella, E. Armentani, and R. Sepe, “Mechanical behavior of chemically-treated hemp fibers reinforced composites subjected to moisture absorption,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 22, pp. 762–775, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.152.
- P. H. P. M. da Silveira et al., “Effect of Alkaline Treatment and Graphene Oxide Coating on Thermal and Chemical Properties of Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) Fibers,” Journal of Natural Fibers, vol. 19, no. 15, pp. 12168–12181, 2022, doi: 10.1080/15440478.2022.2053265.
- D. Verma and I. Senal, “Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites,” in Biomass, Biopolymer-Based Materials, and Bioenergy: Construction, Biomedical, and other Industrial Applications, Elsevier, 2019, pp. 103–122. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102426-3.00006-0.
- L. Samant, F. A. O. Fernandes, S. Jose, and R. J. Alves de Sousa, “Natural Composites in Aircraft Structures,” 2022, pp. 113–126. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-91873-6_5.
- Yeraltı C. Polimer Esasli Karbon Elyaf Takviyeli Kompozit Malzemenin Keten İpliği İle Güçlendirilmesi. Msc. Thesis, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye, 2021.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Malzeme Tasarım ve Davranışları |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3 |
Dergi isminin Türkçe kısaltması "UTBD" ingilizce kısaltması "IJTS" şeklindedir.
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