Araştırma Makalesi
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Effects of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc on Seed Germination Characteristics of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 299 - 308, 31.08.2018

Zeynep Görkem Doğaroğlu

https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.417228
Cited By: 2

Öz

Plants are the
largest interface between soil and groundwater/atmosphere. Plants face many
stress factors throughout their lives. The micronutrients (copper (Cu), zinc (Zn),
iron (Fe), etc.) required for plant growth and some toxic metals (cobalt (Co), lead
(Pb), cadmium (Cd) etc.) found in soil have phytotoxic effects depending on
their specific solubility and concentrations. These heavy metals are involved
in the ecosystem in many different ways. At the beginning of industrial welded
metals are Cu, nickel (Ni), Pb, Zn and Cd. The most important problem is the
entering possibility of these heavy metals to the food chain. In this study, different
doses of Zn (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg L-1), Cd (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,
32 mg L-1) and Pb (0, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 mg L-1) effects
on the seed germination, root and shoot elongation and plant biomass of lettuce
were studied. As a result, Zn and Cd treatments reduced seed germination. Pb treatment
was increased the seed germination at low concentrations, whereas it was
inhibited the seed germination at high concentrations. Inhibition of root and
shoot elongation was observed at concentration of all metals and it was found
that roots are more sensitive than shoot. While there was no significant change
in plant dry masses compared to control, significant decreases were detected in
wet biomass, especially Zn exposure.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Germination Heavy metal Lettuce Root elongation Toxicity

Kaynakça

  • Acero P, MandadoJ M.A., Gomez J., Gimeno M., Auque L. ve Torrijo F. (2003) Environmental impact of heavy metal dispersion in the Huerva River (Iberian range, NE Spain), Environmental Geology, 43, 950–956.
  • Afrakhteh S., Frahmandfar E., Hamidi A. ve Ramandi H.D. (2013) Evaluation of growth characteristics and seedling vigor in two cultivars of soybean dried under different temperature and fluidized bed dryer, International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5(21), 2537-2544.
  • Anonim, 2008, https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/wildlife-research-landscape-science/biological-test-method-publications/terrestrial-plants-contaminants-soil.html, Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2018, Konu: Biological test method for measuring terrestrial plants exposed to contaminants in soil: chapter 1
  • ATSDR (2017) https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/spl/index.html, Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2018, Konu: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)'s Substance Priority List.
  • Ayaz F.A. ve Kadıoğlu A. (1997) Effects of metals (Zn, Cd, Cu, Hg) on the soluble protein bands of germinating Lens esculenta L. Seeds, Turkish Journal of Botany, 21, 85–88.
  • Barman S.C., Sahu R.K., Bhargava S.K. ve Chaterjee C. (2000) Distribution of metals in wheat, mustard, and weed grown in field irrigated with industrial effluents, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 64, 489–496.
  • Barrameda-Medina Y., Montesinos-Pereira D., Romero L., Ruiz J. M. ve Blasco B. (2014) Comparative study of the toxic effect of Zn in Lactuca sativa and Brassica oleracea plants: I. Growth, distribution, and accumulation of Zn, and metabolism of carboxylates, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 107, 98–104.
  • Claire L.C., Adriano D.C., Sajwan K.S., Abel S.L., Thoma D.P. ve Driver J.T. (1991) Effects of selected trace metals on germinating seeds of six plant species, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 59, 231-240.
  • Delgado M., Bigeriego M. ve Guardiola E. (1993) Uptake of Zn, Cr and Cd by water hyacinths, Water Research, 27(2), 269-272.
  • Edelstein M. ve Ben-Hur M. (2018) Heavy metals and metalloids: Sources, risks and strategies to reduce their accumulation in horticultural crops, Scientia Horticulturae, 234, 431-444.
  • Espen L., Pirovano L. ve Cocucci S.M (1997) Effects of Ni2+ during the early phases of radish (Raphanus sativus) seed germination, Environmental and Experimantal Botany, 38, 187–197.
  • Fargasova A. (1994) Effect of Pb, Cd, Hg, As and Cr on germination and root growth of Sinapsis alba seeds, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 52, 452–456.
  • Foy C.D., Chaney R. L. ve White M.C. (1978) The physiology of metal toxicity in plants, Annual Review of Plant Physiology., 29, 511-66.
  • Gharebaghi A., Haghighi A.M.H. ve Arouiee H. (2017) Effect of cadmium on seed germination and earlier basil (Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum basilicum var. purpurescens) seedling growth, Trakia Journal of Sciences, 1, 1-4.
  • Jibril S.A., Hassan S.A., Ishak, C.F. ve Wahab P.E.M. (2017) Cadmium toxicity affects phytochemicals and nutrient elements composition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Advances in Agriculture, 1- 7.
  • Judia C. ve Fulekar M.H. (2008) Phytoremediation: the application of vermicompost to remove zinc, cadmium, copper, nickel and lead by sunflower plant, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 7(5), 547-558.
  • Khan S., Cao Q., Zheng Y.M., Huang Y.Z. ve Zhu Y.G. (2008) Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China, Environmental Pollution, 152, 686-692.
  • Khan S. U. ve Moheman A. (2006) Effect of heavy metals (Cadmium and Nickel) on the seed germination, growth and metals uptake by chilli (Capsicum frutescens) and sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus), Pollution Research, 25, 99-104.
  • Kapustka L.A. ve Reporter M. (1993) Terrestrial primary producers. In: Peter Calow (ed) Handbook of ecotoxicology, vol. 1. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 278–298.
  • Karakaş S., Çullu M.A. ve Dikilitaş M. (2015) In vitro koşullarda halofit bitkilerden salsola soda ve portulaca oleracea’nın nacl stresine karşı çimlenme ve gelişim durumları, Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(2), 66-74.
  • Lyu J., Park J., Pandey K.L., Choid S., Leed H., Saeger J.D., Depuydt S. ve Han T. (2018) Testing the toxicity of metals, phenol, effluents, and receiving waters by root elongation in Lactuca sativa L., Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 149, 225-232.
  • Lidon F.C. ve Henriques F.S. (1998) Role of rice shoot vacuoles in copper toxicity regulation, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 39, 197-202.
  • Ma W.Z., Ma W.M., Du Y.Y., Dan Q.P., Yin B., Dai S. S. ve Hao X. (2018) Toxicity Effect of Cr Stress on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth in Lactuca Sativa, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 128, 012131.
  • Mahmoodzadeh H., Nabavi M. ve Kashefi H. (2013) Effect of nanoscale titanium dioxide particles on the germination and growth of canola (Brassica napus). Journal of Ornamental Horticultural Plants, 3, 25–32.
  • Mesmar M.N. ve Jaber K. (1991) The toxic effect of lead on seed germination, growth, chlorophyll and protein contents of wheat and lens, Acta Biologica Hungarica, 42, 331-344.
  • Mishra A., Choudhuri M.A. (1998) Amelioration of lead and mercury effects on germination and rice seedling growth by antioxidants, Biologia Plantarum, 41, 469-473.
  • Moustakas M., Lanaras T., Symeonidis L. ve Karataglis S. (1994) Growth and some photosynthetic characteristics of field grown Avena sativa under copper and lead stress, Photosynthetica, 30, 389-396.
  • Munzuroğlu Ö. ve Geçkil H. (2002) Effects of metals on seed germination, root elongation, and coleoptile and hypocotyl growth in Triticum aestivum and Cucumis sativus, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 43, 203-213.
  • Nedelkoska T.V. ve Doran P.M. (2000) Characteristics of heavy metal uptake by plants species with potential for, phytoremediation and phytomining, Minerals Engineering, 13, 549-561.
  • Okcu M., Tozlu E., Kumlay A.M. ve Pehluvan M. (2009) Ağır Metallerin Bitkiler Üzerine Etkileri, Alınteri, 17(B), 14-26.
  • Öncel I., Keles Y. ve Üstün A.S. (2000) Interactive effects of temperature and heavy metal stress on the growth and some biochemical compounds in wheat seedlings, Environmental Pollution, 107, 315-320.
  • Peralta J.R., Gardea-Torresdey J.L., Tiemann K.J., Gomez E., Arteaga S., Rascon E. ve diğ. (2001) Uptake and effects of five heavy metals on seed germination and plant growth in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 66, 727-734.
  • Phalsson A.M.B. (1989) Toxicity of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) to vascular plants, Water, Air, Soil Pollution, 47, 287-319.
  • Priac A., Badot P.M. ve Crini G. (2017) Treated wastewater phytotoxicity assessment using Lactuca sativa: Focus on germination and root elongation test parameters, Comptes Rendus Biologies, 340, 188–194.
  • Poschenrieder, C., Gunse B. ve Barcelo J. (1989) Influence of cadmium on water relations, stomatal resistance and abscisic acid content in expanding bean leaves, Environmental and Stress Physiology, 90, 1365-1371.
  • Prasad T.N.V.K.V., Sudhakar P., Sreenivasulu Y., Latha P., Munaswamy V., Reddy K.R., Sreeprasad T.S., Sajanlal P.R. ve Pradeep T. (2012) Effect of nanoscale zinc oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of peanut, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 35(6), 905-927.
  • Ratsch H.C. ve Johndro D. (1984) Comparative toxicity of six test chemicals to lettuce using two root elongation test methods, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 6, 267-276.
  • Ross S.M. (1994) Toxic Metals in Soil–Plant Systems, John Wiley and Sons, Chis Chester.
  • Saether O.M., Krog R., Segar D. ve Storroe G. (1997) Contamination of soil and ground water at former industrial site in Trondheim, Norway, Applied Geochemistry, 12, 327-332.
  • Sacristán D., Recatalá L. ve Viscarra Rossel R.A. (2015) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of Cu in an accumulator crop (Lactuca sativa L.) in different Australian agricultural soils, Scientia Horticulturae 193, 346–352.
  • Sresty T.V.S. ve Madhova K.V. (1999) Ultrastructural alterations in response to zinc and nickel stress in the root cell of pigeonpea, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 41, 3-13.
  • Silva S., Silva P., Oliveira H., Gaivao I., Matos M., Pinto-Carnide O. ve Santos C. (2017) Pb low doses induced genotoxicity in Lactuca sativa plants, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 112, 109-116.
  • Silveira G.L., Lima M.G.F., Barreto dos Reis G., Palmieri M.J. ve Andrade-Vieria L.F. (2017) Toxic effects of environmental pollutants: Comparative investigation using Allium cepa L. and Lactuca sativa L., Chemosphere, 178, 359-367.
  • Tiquia S.M., Tam N.F.Y. ve Hodgkiss I.J. (1996) Effects of composting on phytotoxicity of spent pig-manure sawdust litter, Environmental Pollution, 93, 249-256.
  • TKKY, (2005) http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2005/05/20050531-6.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2018, Konu: Toprak Kirliliği kontrol Yönetmeliği.
  • Vojtechova M. ve Leblova S. (1991) Uptake of lead and cadmium by maize seedlings and the effects of heavy metals on the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxilase isolated from maize. Biologia Plantarum, 33, 386-394.
  • Wolf M., Baretta D., Becegato V.A., Almeida V.C. ve Paulino A.T. (2017) Copper/Zinc Bioaccumulation and the Effect of Phytotoxicity on the Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in Non-contaminated, Metal-Contaminated and Swine Manure-Enriched Soils, Water Air Soil Pollution, 228, 152, 1-9.
  • Xiong Z. T. (1998) Lead uptake and effects on seed germination and plant growth in a Pb hyperaccumulator Brassica pekinensis Rupr. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 60, 285-291.

KADMİYUM, KURŞUN VE ÇİNKO METALLERİNİN MARUL (Lactuca sativa) TOHUMLARININ ÇİMLENME ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 299 - 308, 31.08.2018

Zeynep Görkem Doğaroğlu

https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.417228
Cited By: 2

Öz

Bitkiler, toprak ve yeraltı suyu/atmosfer arasındaki
en büyük arabirim olarak görev yapmakta olup, yaşamları boyunca birçok stres
faktörü ile karşı karşıya kalırlar. Bitki gelişimi için gerekli olan mikro
besin elementleri (bakır (Cu), çinko (Zn), demir (Fe) vb.) ile toprakta bulunan
ağır metaller (kobalt (Co), kurşun (Pb), kadmiyum (Cd) vb.) belirli
konsantrasyonların üzerinde ve çözünürlüklerine bağlı olarak fitotoksik
etkilere sahiptirler. Bu metaller birçok farklı yolla ekosisteme dahil olurlar.
Endüstriyel kaynaklı metallerin başında Cu, nikel (Ni), Pb, Zn ve Cd
gelmektedir. En önemli sorun bu metallerin besin zincirine girme olasılığıdır.
Bu çalışmada farklı konsantrasyonlardaki Zn (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg L-1),
Cd (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 mg L-1) ve Pb (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,
128, 256 mg L-1) metallerinin marul (Lactuca sativa L.) bitkisinin tohum çimlenmesi, kök ve gövde
uzaması ve bitki biyokütlesi üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Sonuçta Zn ve Cd
uygulamaları tohum çimlenmesini azaltmıştır. Pb uygulaması ise düşük
konsantrasyonlarda çimlenmeyi arttırırken yüksek konsantrasyonlarda tohum
çimlenmesinde inhibisyona sebep olmuştur. Her üç metal maruziyetinde kök ve
gövde uzamasında inhibisyonun olduğu ve kök inhibisyonunun gövdeye göre daha
duyarlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bitki kuru kütlelerinde kontrole kıyasla büyük
bir değişiklik gözlenmezken, yaş biyokütlelerde özellikle Zn maruziyetinde
önemli azalmalar saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ağır metal Kök uzaması Çimlenme Marul Toksisite

Kaynakça

  • Acero P, MandadoJ M.A., Gomez J., Gimeno M., Auque L. ve Torrijo F. (2003) Environmental impact of heavy metal dispersion in the Huerva River (Iberian range, NE Spain), Environmental Geology, 43, 950–956.
  • Afrakhteh S., Frahmandfar E., Hamidi A. ve Ramandi H.D. (2013) Evaluation of growth characteristics and seedling vigor in two cultivars of soybean dried under different temperature and fluidized bed dryer, International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5(21), 2537-2544.
  • Anonim, 2008, https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/wildlife-research-landscape-science/biological-test-method-publications/terrestrial-plants-contaminants-soil.html, Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2018, Konu: Biological test method for measuring terrestrial plants exposed to contaminants in soil: chapter 1
  • ATSDR (2017) https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/spl/index.html, Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2018, Konu: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)'s Substance Priority List.
  • Ayaz F.A. ve Kadıoğlu A. (1997) Effects of metals (Zn, Cd, Cu, Hg) on the soluble protein bands of germinating Lens esculenta L. Seeds, Turkish Journal of Botany, 21, 85–88.
  • Barman S.C., Sahu R.K., Bhargava S.K. ve Chaterjee C. (2000) Distribution of metals in wheat, mustard, and weed grown in field irrigated with industrial effluents, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 64, 489–496.
  • Barrameda-Medina Y., Montesinos-Pereira D., Romero L., Ruiz J. M. ve Blasco B. (2014) Comparative study of the toxic effect of Zn in Lactuca sativa and Brassica oleracea plants: I. Growth, distribution, and accumulation of Zn, and metabolism of carboxylates, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 107, 98–104.
  • Claire L.C., Adriano D.C., Sajwan K.S., Abel S.L., Thoma D.P. ve Driver J.T. (1991) Effects of selected trace metals on germinating seeds of six plant species, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 59, 231-240.
  • Delgado M., Bigeriego M. ve Guardiola E. (1993) Uptake of Zn, Cr and Cd by water hyacinths, Water Research, 27(2), 269-272.
  • Edelstein M. ve Ben-Hur M. (2018) Heavy metals and metalloids: Sources, risks and strategies to reduce their accumulation in horticultural crops, Scientia Horticulturae, 234, 431-444.
  • Espen L., Pirovano L. ve Cocucci S.M (1997) Effects of Ni2+ during the early phases of radish (Raphanus sativus) seed germination, Environmental and Experimantal Botany, 38, 187–197.
  • Fargasova A. (1994) Effect of Pb, Cd, Hg, As and Cr on germination and root growth of Sinapsis alba seeds, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 52, 452–456.
  • Foy C.D., Chaney R. L. ve White M.C. (1978) The physiology of metal toxicity in plants, Annual Review of Plant Physiology., 29, 511-66.
  • Gharebaghi A., Haghighi A.M.H. ve Arouiee H. (2017) Effect of cadmium on seed germination and earlier basil (Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum basilicum var. purpurescens) seedling growth, Trakia Journal of Sciences, 1, 1-4.
  • Jibril S.A., Hassan S.A., Ishak, C.F. ve Wahab P.E.M. (2017) Cadmium toxicity affects phytochemicals and nutrient elements composition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Advances in Agriculture, 1- 7.
  • Judia C. ve Fulekar M.H. (2008) Phytoremediation: the application of vermicompost to remove zinc, cadmium, copper, nickel and lead by sunflower plant, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 7(5), 547-558.
  • Khan S., Cao Q., Zheng Y.M., Huang Y.Z. ve Zhu Y.G. (2008) Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China, Environmental Pollution, 152, 686-692.
  • Khan S. U. ve Moheman A. (2006) Effect of heavy metals (Cadmium and Nickel) on the seed germination, growth and metals uptake by chilli (Capsicum frutescens) and sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus), Pollution Research, 25, 99-104.
  • Kapustka L.A. ve Reporter M. (1993) Terrestrial primary producers. In: Peter Calow (ed) Handbook of ecotoxicology, vol. 1. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 278–298.
  • Karakaş S., Çullu M.A. ve Dikilitaş M. (2015) In vitro koşullarda halofit bitkilerden salsola soda ve portulaca oleracea’nın nacl stresine karşı çimlenme ve gelişim durumları, Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(2), 66-74.
  • Lyu J., Park J., Pandey K.L., Choid S., Leed H., Saeger J.D., Depuydt S. ve Han T. (2018) Testing the toxicity of metals, phenol, effluents, and receiving waters by root elongation in Lactuca sativa L., Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 149, 225-232.
  • Lidon F.C. ve Henriques F.S. (1998) Role of rice shoot vacuoles in copper toxicity regulation, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 39, 197-202.
  • Ma W.Z., Ma W.M., Du Y.Y., Dan Q.P., Yin B., Dai S. S. ve Hao X. (2018) Toxicity Effect of Cr Stress on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth in Lactuca Sativa, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 128, 012131.
  • Mahmoodzadeh H., Nabavi M. ve Kashefi H. (2013) Effect of nanoscale titanium dioxide particles on the germination and growth of canola (Brassica napus). Journal of Ornamental Horticultural Plants, 3, 25–32.
  • Mesmar M.N. ve Jaber K. (1991) The toxic effect of lead on seed germination, growth, chlorophyll and protein contents of wheat and lens, Acta Biologica Hungarica, 42, 331-344.
  • Mishra A., Choudhuri M.A. (1998) Amelioration of lead and mercury effects on germination and rice seedling growth by antioxidants, Biologia Plantarum, 41, 469-473.
  • Moustakas M., Lanaras T., Symeonidis L. ve Karataglis S. (1994) Growth and some photosynthetic characteristics of field grown Avena sativa under copper and lead stress, Photosynthetica, 30, 389-396.
  • Munzuroğlu Ö. ve Geçkil H. (2002) Effects of metals on seed germination, root elongation, and coleoptile and hypocotyl growth in Triticum aestivum and Cucumis sativus, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 43, 203-213.
  • Nedelkoska T.V. ve Doran P.M. (2000) Characteristics of heavy metal uptake by plants species with potential for, phytoremediation and phytomining, Minerals Engineering, 13, 549-561.
  • Okcu M., Tozlu E., Kumlay A.M. ve Pehluvan M. (2009) Ağır Metallerin Bitkiler Üzerine Etkileri, Alınteri, 17(B), 14-26.
  • Öncel I., Keles Y. ve Üstün A.S. (2000) Interactive effects of temperature and heavy metal stress on the growth and some biochemical compounds in wheat seedlings, Environmental Pollution, 107, 315-320.
  • Peralta J.R., Gardea-Torresdey J.L., Tiemann K.J., Gomez E., Arteaga S., Rascon E. ve diğ. (2001) Uptake and effects of five heavy metals on seed germination and plant growth in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 66, 727-734.
  • Phalsson A.M.B. (1989) Toxicity of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) to vascular plants, Water, Air, Soil Pollution, 47, 287-319.
  • Priac A., Badot P.M. ve Crini G. (2017) Treated wastewater phytotoxicity assessment using Lactuca sativa: Focus on germination and root elongation test parameters, Comptes Rendus Biologies, 340, 188–194.
  • Poschenrieder, C., Gunse B. ve Barcelo J. (1989) Influence of cadmium on water relations, stomatal resistance and abscisic acid content in expanding bean leaves, Environmental and Stress Physiology, 90, 1365-1371.
  • Prasad T.N.V.K.V., Sudhakar P., Sreenivasulu Y., Latha P., Munaswamy V., Reddy K.R., Sreeprasad T.S., Sajanlal P.R. ve Pradeep T. (2012) Effect of nanoscale zinc oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of peanut, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 35(6), 905-927.
  • Ratsch H.C. ve Johndro D. (1984) Comparative toxicity of six test chemicals to lettuce using two root elongation test methods, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 6, 267-276.
  • Ross S.M. (1994) Toxic Metals in Soil–Plant Systems, John Wiley and Sons, Chis Chester.
  • Saether O.M., Krog R., Segar D. ve Storroe G. (1997) Contamination of soil and ground water at former industrial site in Trondheim, Norway, Applied Geochemistry, 12, 327-332.
  • Sacristán D., Recatalá L. ve Viscarra Rossel R.A. (2015) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of Cu in an accumulator crop (Lactuca sativa L.) in different Australian agricultural soils, Scientia Horticulturae 193, 346–352.
  • Sresty T.V.S. ve Madhova K.V. (1999) Ultrastructural alterations in response to zinc and nickel stress in the root cell of pigeonpea, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 41, 3-13.
  • Silva S., Silva P., Oliveira H., Gaivao I., Matos M., Pinto-Carnide O. ve Santos C. (2017) Pb low doses induced genotoxicity in Lactuca sativa plants, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 112, 109-116.
  • Silveira G.L., Lima M.G.F., Barreto dos Reis G., Palmieri M.J. ve Andrade-Vieria L.F. (2017) Toxic effects of environmental pollutants: Comparative investigation using Allium cepa L. and Lactuca sativa L., Chemosphere, 178, 359-367.
  • Tiquia S.M., Tam N.F.Y. ve Hodgkiss I.J. (1996) Effects of composting on phytotoxicity of spent pig-manure sawdust litter, Environmental Pollution, 93, 249-256.
  • TKKY, (2005) http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2005/05/20050531-6.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2018, Konu: Toprak Kirliliği kontrol Yönetmeliği.
  • Vojtechova M. ve Leblova S. (1991) Uptake of lead and cadmium by maize seedlings and the effects of heavy metals on the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxilase isolated from maize. Biologia Plantarum, 33, 386-394.
  • Wolf M., Baretta D., Becegato V.A., Almeida V.C. ve Paulino A.T. (2017) Copper/Zinc Bioaccumulation and the Effect of Phytotoxicity on the Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in Non-contaminated, Metal-Contaminated and Swine Manure-Enriched Soils, Water Air Soil Pollution, 228, 152, 1-9.
  • Xiong Z. T. (1998) Lead uptake and effects on seed germination and plant growth in a Pb hyperaccumulator Brassica pekinensis Rupr. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 60, 285-291.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Zeynep Görkem Doğaroğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Nisan 2018
Kabul Tarihi 6 Temmuz 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğaroğlu, Z. G. (2018). KADMİYUM, KURŞUN VE ÇİNKO METALLERİNİN MARUL (Lactuca sativa) TOHUMLARININ ÇİMLENME ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 299-308. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.417228
AMA Doğaroğlu ZG. KADMİYUM, KURŞUN VE ÇİNKO METALLERİNİN MARUL (Lactuca sativa) TOHUMLARININ ÇİMLENME ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. UUJFE. Ağustos 2018;23(2):299-308. doi:10.17482/uumfd.417228
Chicago Doğaroğlu, Zeynep Görkem. “KADMİYUM, KURŞUN VE ÇİNKO METALLERİNİN MARUL (Lactuca Sativa) TOHUMLARININ ÇİMLENME ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 23, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2018): 299-308. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.417228.
EndNote Doğaroğlu ZG (01 Ağustos 2018) KADMİYUM, KURŞUN VE ÇİNKO METALLERİNİN MARUL (Lactuca sativa) TOHUMLARININ ÇİMLENME ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 23 2 299–308.
IEEE Z. G. Doğaroğlu, “KADMİYUM, KURŞUN VE ÇİNKO METALLERİNİN MARUL (Lactuca sativa) TOHUMLARININ ÇİMLENME ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ”, UUJFE, c. 23, sy. 2, ss. 299–308, 2018, doi: 10.17482/uumfd.417228.
ISNAD Doğaroğlu, Zeynep Görkem. “KADMİYUM, KURŞUN VE ÇİNKO METALLERİNİN MARUL (Lactuca Sativa) TOHUMLARININ ÇİMLENME ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 23/2 (Ağustos 2018), 299-308. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.417228.
JAMA Doğaroğlu ZG. KADMİYUM, KURŞUN VE ÇİNKO METALLERİNİN MARUL (Lactuca sativa) TOHUMLARININ ÇİMLENME ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. UUJFE. 2018;23:299–308.
MLA Doğaroğlu, Zeynep Görkem. “KADMİYUM, KURŞUN VE ÇİNKO METALLERİNİN MARUL (Lactuca Sativa) TOHUMLARININ ÇİMLENME ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 23, sy. 2, 2018, ss. 299-08, doi:10.17482/uumfd.417228.
Vancouver Doğaroğlu ZG. KADMİYUM, KURŞUN VE ÇİNKO METALLERİNİN MARUL (Lactuca sativa) TOHUMLARININ ÇİMLENME ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. UUJFE. 2018;23(2):299-308.

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DUYURU:

30.03.2021- Nisan 2021 (26/1) sayımızdan itibaren TR-Dizin yeni kuralları gereği, dergimizde basılacak makalelerde, ilk gönderim aşamasında Telif Hakkı Formu yanısıra, Çıkar Çatışması Bildirim Formu ve Yazar Katkısı Bildirim Formu da tüm yazarlarca imzalanarak gönderilmelidir. Yayınlanacak makalelerde de makale metni içinde "Çıkar Çatışması" ve "Yazar Katkısı" bölümleri yer alacaktır. İlk gönderim aşamasında doldurulması gereken yeni formlara "Yazım Kuralları" ve "Makale Gönderim Süreci" sayfalarımızdan ulaşılabilir. (Değerlendirme süreci bu tarihten önce tamamlanıp basımı bekleyen makalelerin yanısıra değerlendirme süreci devam eden makaleler için, yazarlar tarafından ilgili formlar doldurularak sisteme yüklenmelidir).  Makale şablonları da, bu değişiklik doğrultusunda güncellenmiştir. Tüm yazarlarımıza önemle duyurulur.

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