ZnO STRUCTURES: THE ROLE OF MORPHOLOGY IN PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF REACTIVE RED-194 DYE

Nazlı Türkten; Yunus Karataş

doi:10.17780/ksujes.1645182

EN TR

ZnO STRUCTURES: THE ROLE OF MORPHOLOGY IN PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF REACTIVE RED-194 DYE

Abstract

ZnO structures are accessible photocatalysts that can be synthesized using significantly cheaper resources than other catalyst alternatives, addressing current environmental concerns. The present research proposed a design and synthesis of ZnO structures with two different morphologies, namely flower-like ZnO (ZnO-F) and rod-like ZnO (ZnO-R) using a simple hydrothermal method. These efficient catalysts were characterized using FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, BET, and XPS analyses. Both synthesis routes resulted in the formation of wurtzite crystalline ZnO. The variation in the synthesis route affected the morphology, crystallite size, and surface area of the ZnO structures. The crystallite sizes of ZnO-F and ZnO-R specimens were 24.46 nm and 31.10 nm, respectively. SEM indicated remarkable alterations in the morphology of ZnO structures. The surface area of ZnO-F (20 m2/g) was almost doubled compared to ZnO-R specimen (9.5 m2/g). XPS analysis confirmed the chemical states of ZnO structures. The impact of morphology and reaction conditions on the photoactivity of ZnO structures was tested on the degradation of Reactive Red 194 (RR-194) dye and ZnO-F specimen exhibited an improved photocatalytic performance than ZnO-R.

Keywords

ZnO YAPILARI: REAKTİF KIRMIZI 194 BOYASININ FOTOKATALİTİK DEGRADASYONUNDA MORFOLOJİNİN ETKİSİ

Öz

ZnO yapıları, çevre sorunlarında kullanılabilecek etkin ve ekonomik katalizörler olarak günümüzde dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, basit bir hidrotermal yöntem kullanılarak çiçek benzeri ZnO (ZnO-F) ve çubuk benzeri ZnO (ZnO-R) olmak üzere iki farklı morfolojide ZnO yapılarının tasarımını ve sentezini önerilmiştir. Bu etkin katalizörlerin karakterizasyonu FTIR, Raman spektroskopisi, XRD, SEM, BET ve XPS analizleri ile yapılmıştır. Her iki yöntem ile wurtzit ZnO yapısı elde edilmiştir. Sentez koşullarındaki farklılık ise ZnO yapılarının morfolojisini, kristal boyutunu ve yüzey alanını etkilemiştir. ZnO-F ve ZnO-R örneklerinin kristal boyutları sırasıyla 24,46 nm ve 31,10 nm olarak bulunmuştur. SEM analizi ile ZnO yapılarının morfolojisinde dikkate değer değişiklikler saptanmıştır. ZnO-F örneğinin yüzey alanı (20 m2/g) ise ZnO-R örneğinin yüzey alanının (9,5 m2/g) yaklaşık iki katıdır. XPS analizi ile ZnO yapılarının kimyasal halleri belirlenmiştir. Morfoloji ve reaksiyon koşullarının ZnO yapılarının foto aktivitesi üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesi Reaktif Kırmızı 194 (RR-194) boyasının degradasyonu ile incelenmiştir. Fotokatalitik aktivite deneylerinde ise ZnO-F katalizörünün ZnO-R katalizöründen daha iyi bir fotokatalitik performans sergilediği bulunmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

Project Number

This work was supported by Research Fund of Kirsehir Ahi Evran University through Project FEF.A4.22.008.

References

Ahmed, F., Arshi, N., Anwar, M. S., Danish, R., & Koo, B. H. (2014). Morphological evolution of ZnO nanostructures and their aspect ratio-induced enhancement in photocatalytic properties. RSC Advances, 4(55), 29249-29263. doi:10.1039/C4RA02470B
Aksoy, Y. (2024). Direct Hf Etching-Derived Ti3c2tx: A Potent Adsorbent for Basic Red 46 Dye. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(4), 1571-1581. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1500888
Ali, J., Bibi, S., Jatoi, W. B., Tuzen, M., Jakhrani, M. A., Feng, X., & Saleh, T. A. (2023). Green synthesized zinc oxide nanostructures and their applications in dye-sensitized solar cells and photocatalysis: A review. Materials Today Communications, 36, 106840. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.106840
Basnet, P., & Chatterjee, S. (2020). Structure-directing property and growth mechanism induced by capping agents in nanostructured ZnO during hydrothermal synthesis—A systematic review. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 22, 100426. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2020.100426
Batista-Grau, P., Fernández-Domene, R. M., Sánchez-Tovar, R., Blasco-Tamarit, E., Solsona, B., & García-Antón, J. (2022). Indirect charge transfer of holes via surface states in ZnO nanowires for photoelectrocatalytic applications. Ceramics International, 48(15), 21856-21867. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.04.170
Bhapkar, A. R., & Bhame, S. (2024). A review on ZnO and its modifications for photocatalytic degradation of prominent textile effluents: Synthesis, mechanisms, and future directions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 12(3), 112553. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.112553
Bhatti, M. A., Shah, A. A., Almani, K. F., Tahira, A., Chalangar, S. E., Chandio, A. d., . . . Ibupoto, Z. H. (2019). Efficient photo catalysts based on silver doped ZnO nanorods for the photo degradation of methyl orange. Ceramics International, 45(17), 23289-23297. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.08.027
Cai, Y., Fan, H., Xu, M., & Li, Q. (2013). Rapid photocatalytic activity and honeycomb Ag/ZnO heterostructures via solution combustion synthesis. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 436, 787-795. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.08.008

Das, A., S.K, N., & Nair, R. G. (2019). Influence of surface morphology on photocatalytic performance of zinc oxide: A review. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, 19, 100353. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2019.100353
Das, J., Pradhan, S. K., Sahu, D. R., Mishra, D. K., Sarangi, S. N., Nayak, B. B.,Verma, S., & Roul, B. K. (2010). Micro-Raman and XPS studies of pure ZnO ceramics. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 405(10), 2492-2497. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2010.03.020
Duo, S., Li, Y., Liu, Z., Zhong, R., & Liu, T. (2016). Novel hybrid self-assembly of an ultralarge ZnO macroflower and defect intensity-induced photocurrent and photocatalytic properties by facile hydrothermal synthesis using CO(NH2)2–N2H4 as alkali sources. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 56, 196-212. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2016.08.018
Hafez, H. S. (2012). Highly active ZnO rod-like nanomaterials: Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity for dye removal. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 44(7), 1522-1527. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2012.03.020
Hahn, Y.-B. (2011). Zinc oxide nanostructures and their applications. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 28(9), 1797-1813. doi:10.1007/s11814-011-0213-3
Han, Z., Liao, L., Wu, Y., Pan, H., Shen, S., & Chen, J. (2012). Synthesis and photocatalytic application of oriented hierarchical ZnO flower-rod architectures. Journal of Hazardous materials, 217-218, 100-106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.074
Hussain, R. T., Hossain, M. S., & Shariffuddin, J. H. (2024). Green synthesis and photocatalytic insights: A review of zinc oxide nanoparticles in wastewater treatment. Materials Today Sustainability, 26, 100764. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2024.100764
Islam, M., Kumar, S., Saxena, N., & Nafees, A. (2023). Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes Present in Industrial Effluents: A Review. ChemistrySelect, 8(26), e202301048. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202301048
Janaki, A. C., Sailatha, E., & Gunasekaran, S. (2015). Synthesis, characteristics and antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 144, 17-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.02.041
Jung, H. J., Lee, S., Yu, Y., Hong, S. M., Choi, H. C., & Choi, M. Y. (2012). Low-temperature hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanorods on sol–gel prepared ZnO seed layers: Optimal growth conditions. Thin Solid Films, 524, 144-150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2012.10.007
Kim, D. S., Han, S. J., & Kwak, S.-Y. (2007). Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of mesoporous TiO2 with the surface area, crystallite size, and pore size. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 316(1), 85-91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.07.037
Krishna, M. S., Singh, S., Batool, M., Fahmy, H. M., Seku, K., Shalan, A. E., . . . Zafar, M. N. (2023). A review on 2D-ZnO nanostructure based biosensors: from materials to devices. Materials Advances, 4(2), 320-354. doi:10.1039/D2MA00878E
Kumaresan, N., Ramamurthi, K., Ramesh Babu, R., Sethuraman, K., & Moorthy Babu, S. (2017). Hydrothermally grown ZnO nanoparticles for effective photocatalytic activity. Applied Surface Science, 418, 138-146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.12.231
Kumari, H., Sonia, Suman, Ranga, R., Chahal, S., Devi, S., . . . Parmar, R. (2023). A Review on Photocatalysis Used For Wastewater Treatment: Dye Degradation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 234(6), 349. doi:10.1007/s11270-023-06359-9
Lai, Y., Meng, M., & Yu, Y. (2010). One-step synthesis, characterizations and mechanistic study of nanosheets-constructed fluffy ZnO and Ag/ZnO spheres used for Rhodamine B photodegradation. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 100(3), 491-501. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.08.027
Lin, Y., Hu, H., & Hu, Y. H. (2020). Role of ZnO morphology in its reduction and photocatalysis. Applied Surface Science, 502, 144202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144202
Miao, Y., Zhang, H., Yuan, S., Jiao, Z., & Zhu, X. (2016). Preparation of flower-like ZnO architectures assembled with nanosheets for enhanced photocatalytic activity. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 462, 9-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.09.064
Moulder, J. F., & Chastain, J. (1992). Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: A Reference Book of Standard Spectra for Identification and Interpretation of XPS Data: Physical Electronics Division, Perkin-Elmer Corporation.
Mukhopadhyay, S., Das, P. P., Maity, S., Ghosh, P., & Devi, P. S. (2015). Solution grown ZnO rods: Synthesis, characterization and defect mediated photocatalytic activity. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 165, 128-138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.09.045
Rahimi, K., & Yazdani, A. (2018). Improving photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanorods: A comparison between thermal decomposition of zinc acetate under vacuum and in ambient air. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 80, 38-43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2018.02.018
Raub, A. A. M., Bahru, R., Nashruddin, S. N. A. M., & Yunas, J. (2024). A review on vertical aligned zinc oxide nanorods: Synthesis methods, properties, and applications. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 26(8), 186. doi:10.1007/s11051-024-06098-w
Saeed, M., Muneer, M., Haq, A. u., & Akram, N. (2022). Photocatalysis: an effective tool for photodegradation of dyes—a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(1), 293-311. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16389-7
Saikia, L., Bhuyan, D., Saikia, M., Malakar, B., Dutta, D. K., & Sengupta, P. (2015). Photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanomaterials for self sensitized degradation of malachite green dye under solar light. Applied Catalysis A: General, 490, 42-49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2014.10.053
Scherrer, P. (1918). Estimation of the size and internal structure of colloidal particles by means of röntgen. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, 2, 96–100.
Sharma, A., Singh, B. P., Dhar, S., Gondorf, A., & Spasova, M. (2012). Effect of surface groups on the luminescence property of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel route. Surface Science, 606(3), L13-L17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2011.09.006
Shi, L.-E., Li, Z.-H., Zheng, W., Zhao, Y.-F., Jin, Y.-F., & Tang, Z.-X. (2014). Synthesis, antibacterial activity, antibacterial mechanism and food applications of ZnO nanoparticles: a review. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31(2), 173-186. doi:10.1080/19440049.2013.865147
Sing, K. S. W. (1985). Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity (Recommendations 1984). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 57(4), 603-619. doi:doi:10.1351/pac198557040603
Song, Z., Chen, W., Zhang, H., Li, Y., Zeng, W., Tang, S., & Zhu, C. (2019). Highly sensitive and selective acetylene sensors based on p-n heterojunction of NiO nanoparticles on flower-like ZnO structures. Ceramics International, 45(16), 19635-19643. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.06.212
Sun, H., & Park, S.-J. (2022). Highly efficient reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) with novel ZnO/SnS nanocomposites through the piezoelectric effect. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 118, 57-66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.023
Sun, Y., Chen, L., Bao, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Fu, M., Wu, J.,& Ye, D. (2016). The Applications of Morphology Controlled ZnO in Catalysis. Catalysts, 6(12), 188. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/6/12/188
Şentürk, İ. (2024). Sentezlenen Metal Oksit Nanokompozit Yardımıyla Sucul Çözeltilerden Reaktif Azo Boya Giderimi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(2), 523-538. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1403697
Türkten, N., & Karataş, Y. (2024). A Novel Study On The Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of CeO2 Nanoparticles. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(1), 190-198. doi:10.17780/ksujes.1369994
Wang, H., Xie, J., Yan, K., & Duan, M. (2011). Growth Mechanism of Different Morphologies of ZnO Crystals Prepared by Hydrothermal Method. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 27(2), 153-158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-0302(11)60041-8
Wang, J., Wang, Z., Huang, B., Ma, Y., Liu, Y., Qin, X., Zhang, X., & Dai, Y. (2012). Oxygen Vacancy Induced Band-Gap Narrowing and Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 4(8), 4024-4030. doi:10.1021/am300835p
Xie, J., Li, Y., Zhao, W., Bian, L., & Wei, Y. (2011). Simple fabrication and photocatalytic activity of ZnO particles with different morphologies. Powder Technology, 207(1), 140-144. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2010.10.019
Yıldız, H. (2024). Atıksudan Boya Giderimindeki Gelişmeler: Adsorpsiyon Teknolojisi ve Geleceğe Yönelik Beklentiler. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(4), 1544-1556. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1470859
Zhang, R., Yin, P.-G., Wang, N., & Guo, L. (2009). Photoluminescence and Raman scattering of ZnO nanorods. Solid State Sciences, 11(4), 865-869. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2008.10.016
Zhu, L., Li, Y., & Zeng, W. (2018). Hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical flower-like ZnO nanostructure and its enhanced ethanol gas-sensing properties. Applied Surface Science, 427, 281-287. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.08.229
Zou, X., Ke, J., Hao, J., Yan, X., & Tian, Y. (2022). A new method for synthesis of ZnO flower-like nanostructures and their photocatalytic performance. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 624, 413395. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2021.413395

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Environmental Pollution and Prevention , Environmental Engineering (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Nazlı Türkten
0000-0001-9343-3697
Türkiye

Yunus Karataş ^*
0000-0002-3826-463X
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 3, 2025

Submission Date

February 22, 2025

Acceptance Date

March 4, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 28 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1645182

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA88GR64SJ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Türkten, N., & Karataş, Y. (2025). ZnO STRUCTURES: THE ROLE OF MORPHOLOGY IN PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF REACTIVE RED-194 DYE. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(3), 1234-1245. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1645182