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Tİ-6AL-4V BİYOMEDİKAL ALAŞIMI ÜZERİNE TİTANYUM-HİDROKSİAPATİT TIG KAPLAMALARIN MEKANİK VE KOROZYON ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE KAYNAK AKIMININ ARAŞTIRILMASI

Year 2026, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 229 - 242, 03.03.2026

Muhammet Guman Özbey Mehmet Topuz

https://izlik.org/JA77ZE86AM

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, %5 hidroksiapatit (HA)-%95 titanyum (Ti) kompozit kaplamalar, Tungsten İnert Gaz (TIG) kaynak yöntemi kullanılarak 90A, 100A ve 110A kaynak akımlarında Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) altlıklar üzerine üretilmiştir. Kaynak akımının mikroyapısal, mekanik, elektrokimyasal ve biyolojik özellikler üzerindeki etkileri sistematik olarak incelenmiştir. ASTM E190 eğme testlerine göre, arayüz yapışma mukavemeti artan kaynak akımıyla artmıştır. Elektrokimyasal in vitro korozyon testleri akıma sınırlı bağımlılık gösterdi, ancak 100 A kaplama en düşük korozyon akımı yoğunluğunu (6.93×10-2 μA·cm-2) ve en yüksek polarizasyon direncini (12800 Ω) sergiledi ve en pasif yüzey davranışını gösterdi. İn vitro simüle edilmiş vücut sıvısı (SBF) testleri, 90A kaplamanın optimum apatit benzeri tabaka oluşumunu desteklediğini gösterdi. Genel olarak, kaynak akımı kaplamaların mikro yapısını, kimyasal kararlılığını, mekanik dayanımını, korozyon direncini ve biyoaktivitesini güçlü bir şekilde etkiledi. Hepsi arasında, 90A yapısal kararlılık için, 100A elektrokimyasal performans için ve 110A mekanik yapışma için optimumdur. Bu nedenle, TIG kaynak işlemi metalik yüzeylerde biyofonksiyonel kaplamalar üretmek için umut verici bir yaklaşımdır.

Keywords

Kaynak akımı TIG kaplama Ti-6Al-4V Adhezyon Korozyon

Project Number

FYL-2024-11226

References

  • An, Q., Huang, L., Jiang, S., Li, X., Gao, Y., Liu, Y., & Geng, L. (2017). Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of TIG cladded TiB reinforced composite coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Vacuum, 145, 312–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.09.019.
  • Aslam, M., Chandan, G. K., & Kanchan, B. K. (2023). Development of SiC Ceramic Reinforced Composite Interlayer Cladding with AISI304 Stainless Steel Wire on Low Carbon Steel Substrate Using TIG Cladding Process. Silicon, 15(18), 7733–7743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02613-1.
  • Bansal, P., Singh, G., & Sidhu, H. S. (2020). Investigation of surface properties and corrosion behavior of plasma sprayed HA/ZnO coatings prepared on AZ31 Mg alloy. Surface and Coatings Technology, 401(August), 126241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126241.
  • Benea, L., Mardare-Danaila, E., Mardare, M., & Celis, J. P. (2014). Preparation of titanium oxide and hydroxyapatite on Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface and electrochemical behaviour in bio-simulated fluid solution. Corrosion Science, 80, 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.11.059.
  • Biswas, K., & Sahoo, C. K. (2023). A review on TIG cladding of engineering material for improving their surface property. Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/acd6aa.
  • Breding, K., Jimbo, R., Hayashi, M., Xue, Y., Mustafa, K., & Andersson, M. (2014). The effect of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals on osseointegration of titanium implants: An in vivo rabbit study. International Journal of Dentistry, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/171305.
  • Buytoz, S., Ulutan, M., & Yildirim, M. M. (2005). Dry sliding wear behavior of TIG welding clad WC composite coatings. Applied Surface Science, 252(5), 1313–1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.02.088.
  • Dikici, B., Ozdemir, I., & Topuz, M. (2016). Cold Spray Deposition of SS316L Powders on Al5052 Substrates: An Investigation on the Potential Using as Implant. International Journal of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 10(4), 483–487. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1124335.
  • Ebrahimi, N., Zadeh, A. S. A. H., Vaezi, M. R., & Mozafari, M. (2018). A new double-layer hydroxyapatite/alumina-silica coated titanium implants using plasma spray technique. Surface and Coatings Technology, 352(August), 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.08.022.
  • Eriksson, M., Andersson, M., Adolfsson, E., & Carlström, E. (2006). Titanium–hydroxyapatite composite biomaterial for dental implants. Powder Metallurgy, 49(1), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1179/174329006X94591.
  • Geetha, M., Singh, A. K., Asokamani, R., & Gogia, A. K. (2009). Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants - A review. Progress in Materials Science, 54(3), 397–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004.
  • Hodgson, A. W. E., Mueller, Y., Forster, D., & Virtanen, S. (2002). Electrochemical characterisation of passive films on Ti alloys under simulated biological conditions. Electrochimica Acta, 47(12), 1913–1923. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00029-4.
  • Hu, J., Ren, Y., Huang, Q., He, H., Liang, L., Liu, J., Li, R., & Wu, H. (2021). Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Ti-Nb Coatings on NiTi Substrate Fabricated by Laser Cladding. Coatings, 11(5), 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050597.
  • Ji, X., Zhao, M., Dong, L., Han, X., & Li, D. (2020). Influence of Ag/Ca ratio on the osteoblast growth and antibacterial activity of TiN coatings on Ti-6Al-4V by Ag and Ca ion implantation. Surface and Coatings Technology, 403(September), 126415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126415.
  • Kokubo, T., & Takadama, H. (2006). How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity? Biomaterials, 27(15), 2907–2915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017.
  • Kumar, K., & Masanta, M. (2023). Effect of reducing heat input on autogenous TIG welding of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), 33(12), 3712–3724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(23)66365-4.
  • Lucas, W. (1990). TIG and Plasma welding. TIG and Plasma welding. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857093264. Mehl, C., Kern, M., Schütte, A. M., Kadem, L. F., & Selhuber-Unkel, C. (2016). Adhesion of living cells to abutment materials, dentin, and adhesive luting cement with different surface qualities. Dental Materials, 32(12), 1524–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2016.09.006.
  • Menzies, K. L., & Jones, L. (2010). The impact of contact angle on the biocompatibility of biomaterials. Optometry and Vision Science, 87(6), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181da863e.
  • Mohseni, E., Zalnezhad, E., Bushroa, A. R., Hamouda, A. M., Goh, B. T., & Yoon, G. H. (2015). Ti/TiN/HA coating on Ti–6Al–4V for biomedical applications. Ceramics International, 41(10), 14447–14457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.07.081.
  • Mohseni, E., Zalnezhad, E., & Bushroa, A. R. (2014). Comparative investigation on the adhesion of hydroxyapatite coating on Ti–6Al–4V implant: A review paper. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 48, 238–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2013.09.030.
  • Nath, S., Tripathi, R., & Basu, B. (2009). Understanding phase stability, microstructure development and biocompatibility in calcium phosphate-titania composites, synthesized from hydroxyapatite and titanium powder mix. Materials Science and Engineering C, 29(1), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2008.05.019.
  • Niinomi, M, & Nakai, M. (2011). Titanium-Based Biomaterials for Preventing Stress Shielding between Implant Devices and Bone. International Journal of Biomaterials, 2011, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/836587.
  • Niinomi, Mitsuo. (2002). Recent metallic materials for biomedical applications. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 33(3), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-002-0109-2.
  • Padhee, C. K., Masanta, M., & Mondal, A. K. (2020). Feasibility of Al−TiC coating on AZ91 magnesium alloy by TIG alloying method for tribological application. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), 30(6), 1550–1559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(20)65318-3.
  • Perl, D. P. (1985). Relationship of aluminum to Alzheimer’s disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, VOL. 63(7), 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8563149.
  • Qiu, D., Yang, L., Yin, Y., & Wang, A. (2011). Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite/titania composite coating on NiTi alloy by electrochemical deposition. Surface and Coatings Technology, 205(10), 3280–3284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.11.049.
  • Saroj, S., Sahoo, C. K., Tijo, D., Kumar, K., & Masanta, M. (2017). Sliding abrasive wear characteristic of TIG cladded TiC reinforced Inconel825 composite coating. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 69(July), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2017.08.005.
  • Schultze, J. W., & Lohrengel, M. M. (2000). Stability, reactivity and breakdown of passive films. Problems of recent and future research. Electrochimica Acta, 45(15–16), 2499–2513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00347-9.
  • Shbeh, M., Wally, Z. J., Elbadawi, M., Mosalagae, M., Al-Alak, H., Reilly, G. C., & Goodall, R. (2019). Incorporation of HA into porous titanium to form Ti-HA biocomposite foams. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 96(April), 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.04.043.
  • Tijo, D., & Masanta, M. (2019). Effect of Ti/B4C ratio on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of TIG cladded TiC-TiB2 coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 266(October 2018), 184–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.11.005.
  • Topuz, M., & Topuz, F. C. (2025). Nb2CTx Mxene—Pistachio Shell-Filled Chitosan Coatings on Zn Biomaterial for In Vitro Corrosion and Bioactivity Improvement. Coatings, 15(10), 1210. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15101210.
  • Topuz, M, & Teter, N. (2025). The Effect of Hydroxyapatite Fraction in Titanium—Hydroxyapatite Composite Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy With TIG Cladding. Materials and Corrosion, Early View, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.70045.
  • Topuz, M., Topuz, F. C., Dikici, B., & Seifzadeh, D. (2025). Sustainable Walnut Shell‐Filled Polylactic Acid–Hydroxyapatite Hybrid Coatings for Enhanced Corrosion Resistance and Bioactivity of Magnesium Biomaterials. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 142(33), e57321. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.57321.
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INVESTIGATION OF WELDING CURRENT ON MECHANICAL AND CORROSION PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM-HYDROXYAPATITE TIG COATINGS ON TI-6AL-4V BİOMEDİCAL ALLOY

Year 2026, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 229 - 242, 03.03.2026

Muhammet Guman Özbey Mehmet Topuz

https://izlik.org/JA77ZE86AM

Abstract

In this study, 5% hydroxyapatite (HA)-95% titanium (Ti) composite coatings were fabricated on Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) substrates using the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding method at welding currents of 90A, 100A, and 110A. The effects of welding current on the microstructural, mechanical, electrochemical, and biological properties were systematically investigated. According to ASTM E190 bending tests, interfacial adhesion strength increased with increasing welding current. Electrochemical in vitro corrosion tests showed limited dependence on current, though the 100A coating exhibited the lowest corrosion current density (6.93×10-2 μA·cm-2) and highest polarization resistance (12800 Ω), indicating the most passive surface behavior. In vitro simulated body fluid (SBF) tests demonstrated that the 90A coating promoted optimal apatite-like layer formation. Overall, the welding current strongly affected the coatings’ microstructure, chemical stability, mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and bioactivity. Among all, 90A was optimal for structural stability, 100A for electrochemical performance, and 110A for mechanical adhesion. Thus, the TIG welding process is a promising approach for producing biofunctional coatings on metallic substrates.

Keywords

Welding current TIG Coating Ti-6Al-4V Adhesion Corrosion

Project Number

FYL-2024-11226

Thanks

The authors would like to thank Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project no: FYL-2024-11226) for the financial support of this study.

References

  • An, Q., Huang, L., Jiang, S., Li, X., Gao, Y., Liu, Y., & Geng, L. (2017). Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of TIG cladded TiB reinforced composite coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Vacuum, 145, 312–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.09.019.
  • Aslam, M., Chandan, G. K., & Kanchan, B. K. (2023). Development of SiC Ceramic Reinforced Composite Interlayer Cladding with AISI304 Stainless Steel Wire on Low Carbon Steel Substrate Using TIG Cladding Process. Silicon, 15(18), 7733–7743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02613-1.
  • Bansal, P., Singh, G., & Sidhu, H. S. (2020). Investigation of surface properties and corrosion behavior of plasma sprayed HA/ZnO coatings prepared on AZ31 Mg alloy. Surface and Coatings Technology, 401(August), 126241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126241.
  • Benea, L., Mardare-Danaila, E., Mardare, M., & Celis, J. P. (2014). Preparation of titanium oxide and hydroxyapatite on Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface and electrochemical behaviour in bio-simulated fluid solution. Corrosion Science, 80, 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.11.059.
  • Biswas, K., & Sahoo, C. K. (2023). A review on TIG cladding of engineering material for improving their surface property. Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/acd6aa.
  • Breding, K., Jimbo, R., Hayashi, M., Xue, Y., Mustafa, K., & Andersson, M. (2014). The effect of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals on osseointegration of titanium implants: An in vivo rabbit study. International Journal of Dentistry, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/171305.
  • Buytoz, S., Ulutan, M., & Yildirim, M. M. (2005). Dry sliding wear behavior of TIG welding clad WC composite coatings. Applied Surface Science, 252(5), 1313–1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.02.088.
  • Dikici, B., Ozdemir, I., & Topuz, M. (2016). Cold Spray Deposition of SS316L Powders on Al5052 Substrates: An Investigation on the Potential Using as Implant. International Journal of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 10(4), 483–487. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1124335.
  • Ebrahimi, N., Zadeh, A. S. A. H., Vaezi, M. R., & Mozafari, M. (2018). A new double-layer hydroxyapatite/alumina-silica coated titanium implants using plasma spray technique. Surface and Coatings Technology, 352(August), 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.08.022.
  • Eriksson, M., Andersson, M., Adolfsson, E., & Carlström, E. (2006). Titanium–hydroxyapatite composite biomaterial for dental implants. Powder Metallurgy, 49(1), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1179/174329006X94591.
  • Geetha, M., Singh, A. K., Asokamani, R., & Gogia, A. K. (2009). Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants - A review. Progress in Materials Science, 54(3), 397–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004.
  • Hodgson, A. W. E., Mueller, Y., Forster, D., & Virtanen, S. (2002). Electrochemical characterisation of passive films on Ti alloys under simulated biological conditions. Electrochimica Acta, 47(12), 1913–1923. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00029-4.
  • Hu, J., Ren, Y., Huang, Q., He, H., Liang, L., Liu, J., Li, R., & Wu, H. (2021). Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Ti-Nb Coatings on NiTi Substrate Fabricated by Laser Cladding. Coatings, 11(5), 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050597.
  • Ji, X., Zhao, M., Dong, L., Han, X., & Li, D. (2020). Influence of Ag/Ca ratio on the osteoblast growth and antibacterial activity of TiN coatings on Ti-6Al-4V by Ag and Ca ion implantation. Surface and Coatings Technology, 403(September), 126415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126415.
  • Kokubo, T., & Takadama, H. (2006). How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity? Biomaterials, 27(15), 2907–2915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017.
  • Kumar, K., & Masanta, M. (2023). Effect of reducing heat input on autogenous TIG welding of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), 33(12), 3712–3724. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(23)66365-4.
  • Lucas, W. (1990). TIG and Plasma welding. TIG and Plasma welding. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857093264. Mehl, C., Kern, M., Schütte, A. M., Kadem, L. F., & Selhuber-Unkel, C. (2016). Adhesion of living cells to abutment materials, dentin, and adhesive luting cement with different surface qualities. Dental Materials, 32(12), 1524–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2016.09.006.
  • Menzies, K. L., & Jones, L. (2010). The impact of contact angle on the biocompatibility of biomaterials. Optometry and Vision Science, 87(6), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181da863e.
  • Mohseni, E., Zalnezhad, E., Bushroa, A. R., Hamouda, A. M., Goh, B. T., & Yoon, G. H. (2015). Ti/TiN/HA coating on Ti–6Al–4V for biomedical applications. Ceramics International, 41(10), 14447–14457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.07.081.
  • Mohseni, E., Zalnezhad, E., & Bushroa, A. R. (2014). Comparative investigation on the adhesion of hydroxyapatite coating on Ti–6Al–4V implant: A review paper. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 48, 238–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2013.09.030.
  • Nath, S., Tripathi, R., & Basu, B. (2009). Understanding phase stability, microstructure development and biocompatibility in calcium phosphate-titania composites, synthesized from hydroxyapatite and titanium powder mix. Materials Science and Engineering C, 29(1), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2008.05.019.
  • Niinomi, M, & Nakai, M. (2011). Titanium-Based Biomaterials for Preventing Stress Shielding between Implant Devices and Bone. International Journal of Biomaterials, 2011, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/836587.
  • Niinomi, Mitsuo. (2002). Recent metallic materials for biomedical applications. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 33(3), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-002-0109-2.
  • Padhee, C. K., Masanta, M., & Mondal, A. K. (2020). Feasibility of Al−TiC coating on AZ91 magnesium alloy by TIG alloying method for tribological application. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), 30(6), 1550–1559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(20)65318-3.
  • Perl, D. P. (1985). Relationship of aluminum to Alzheimer’s disease. Environmental Health Perspectives, VOL. 63(7), 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8563149.
  • Qiu, D., Yang, L., Yin, Y., & Wang, A. (2011). Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite/titania composite coating on NiTi alloy by electrochemical deposition. Surface and Coatings Technology, 205(10), 3280–3284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.11.049.
  • Saroj, S., Sahoo, C. K., Tijo, D., Kumar, K., & Masanta, M. (2017). Sliding abrasive wear characteristic of TIG cladded TiC reinforced Inconel825 composite coating. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 69(July), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2017.08.005.
  • Schultze, J. W., & Lohrengel, M. M. (2000). Stability, reactivity and breakdown of passive films. Problems of recent and future research. Electrochimica Acta, 45(15–16), 2499–2513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00347-9.
  • Shbeh, M., Wally, Z. J., Elbadawi, M., Mosalagae, M., Al-Alak, H., Reilly, G. C., & Goodall, R. (2019). Incorporation of HA into porous titanium to form Ti-HA biocomposite foams. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 96(April), 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.04.043.
  • Tijo, D., & Masanta, M. (2019). Effect of Ti/B4C ratio on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of TIG cladded TiC-TiB2 coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 266(October 2018), 184–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.11.005.
  • Topuz, M., & Topuz, F. C. (2025). Nb2CTx Mxene—Pistachio Shell-Filled Chitosan Coatings on Zn Biomaterial for In Vitro Corrosion and Bioactivity Improvement. Coatings, 15(10), 1210. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15101210.
  • Topuz, M, & Teter, N. (2025). The Effect of Hydroxyapatite Fraction in Titanium—Hydroxyapatite Composite Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy With TIG Cladding. Materials and Corrosion, Early View, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.70045.
  • Topuz, M., Topuz, F. C., Dikici, B., & Seifzadeh, D. (2025). Sustainable Walnut Shell‐Filled Polylactic Acid–Hydroxyapatite Hybrid Coatings for Enhanced Corrosion Resistance and Bioactivity of Magnesium Biomaterials. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 142(33), e57321. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.57321.
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There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Material Design and Behaviors
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Muhammet Guman Özbey 0009-0004-5575-0252

Mehmet Topuz 0000-0003-3692-796X

Project Number FYL-2024-11226
Submission Date October 17, 2025
Acceptance Date December 1, 2025
Publication Date March 3, 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA77ZE86AM
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 29 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özbey, M. G., & Topuz, M. (2026). INVESTIGATION OF WELDING CURRENT ON MECHANICAL AND CORROSION PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM-HYDROXYAPATITE TIG COATINGS ON TI-6AL-4V BİOMEDİCAL ALLOY. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1), 229-242. https://izlik.org/JA77ZE86AM