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ZORLANMIŞ SİRKÜLASYONLU GÜNEŞ ENERJİSİ DESTEKLİ SICAK KULLANIM SUYU HAZIRLAMA SİSTEMİNİN DİNAMİK ENERJİ ANALİZİ

Year 2026, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 315 - 329, 03.03.2026

Halil İbrahim Topal , Hasret Nur Çınar

https://izlik.org/JA48XR25NX

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, zorlanmış sirkülasyonlu solar destekli sıcak su hazırlama sisteminin TRNSYS yazılımında zamana bağlı enerji analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz, Ankara’da yaşayan ve günlük 200 litre sıcak kullanım suyu ihtiyacı olan bir ailenin enerji gereksiniminin solar destekli su ısıtma sistemiyle karşılanması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Simülasyon ortamında oluşturulan modelde pompa, düz plakalı güneş kolektörü ve ek elektrik ısıtıcılı sıcak su tankı yer almaktadır. Zamana göre değişen hava sıcaklığı, güneş ışınımı ve şebeke suyu sıcaklığı parametreleri ile sıcak kullanım suyunun saatlik dağılımı dikkate alınarak dinamik bir analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre 34° optimum eğimli yüzeye gelen yıllık toplam ışınım değeri 1835,4 kWsa/m²-yıl olarak bulunmuş, sistem verimi %31,8 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sisteme toplam enerji girişi 3109,7 kWsa/yıl olup, bunun 2418,3 kWsa/yıl’lık bölümü solar kolektörlerde üretilmiştir. Yıllık bazda solar katkı oranı %77,8 bulunmuştur. Yıllık bazda günlük ortalama sıcak kullanım suyu enerji ihtiyacı 6,9 kWsa/gün, tank ısı kaybı ise 1,6 kWsa/gün hesaplanmıştır. Haziran, Temmuz ve Ağustos aylarında (pompa işi hariç) sistemin enerji ihtiyacının tamamı solar kolektörler tarafından karşılanabilirken, diğer aylarda ek elektrikli ısıtıcı devreye girmiştir. Aralık ayında ek ısıtıcının enerji girdisi 166,5 kWsa/ay ile maksimuma ulaşmış ve solar katkı oranı %35,0 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Sıcak kullanım suyu enerji ihtiyacı 251,0 kWsa/ay ile Mart ayında en yüksek seviyeye ulaşmıştır.

Keywords

Düz plakalı güneş kolektörü Sıcak kullanım suyu TRNSYS Güneş enerjisi

Ethical Statement

Çalışmanın tüm süreçlerinin araştırma ve yayın etiğine uygun olduğunu, etik kurallara ve bilimsel atıf gösterme ilkelerine uyduğumu beyan ederiz.

Supporting Institution

-

Thanks

-

References

  • Akinoǧlu, B. G., Shariah, A. M., & Ecevit, A. (1999). Solar domestic water heating in Turkey. Energy, 24(5), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(99)00004-3
  • Al-Smairan, M., Shawaqfah, M., & Almomani, F. (2021). Techno-Economic Investigation of an Integrated Boiler – Solar Water Heating/Cooling System: A Case Study. Energies, 14(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010001
  • Alayi, R., Khalilpoor, N., Heshmati, S., Najafi, A., & Issakhov, A. (2021). Thermal and Environmental Analysis Solar Water Heater System for Residential Buildings. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2021, 838138. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6838138
  • Altuntop, N. (2005). Güneş enerjisi tesisatlarında antifriz olarak etilen ve propilen glikol kullanımının incelenmesi. Tesisat Mühendisliği Dergisi, 86, 31-38.
  • Behzadi, A., Arabkoohsar, A., & Yang, Y. (2020). Optimization and dynamic techno-economic analysis of a novel PVT-based smart building energy system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 181(April), 115926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115926
  • Da, J., Li, M., Li, G., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Simulation and experiment of a photovoltaic—air source heat pump system with thermal energy storage for heating and domestic hot water supply. Building Simulation, 16(10), 1897–1913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-022-0960-6
  • Dinçer, F. (2011). Türkiye’de Güneş Enerjisinden Elektrik Üretimi Potansiyeli - Ekonomik Analizi ve AB Ülkeleri ile Karşılaştırmalı Değerlendirme. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.10191
  • Duffie, J. A., & Beckman, W. A. (2013). Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Ertekin, C., Kulcu, R., & Evrendilek, F. (2008). Techno-economic analysis of solar water heating systems in Turkey. Sensors, 8(2), 1252–1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8021252
  • Frank, E., Mauthner, F., & Fischer, S. (2015). Overheating prevention and stagnation handling in solar process heat applications (IEA SHC Task 49 report). International Energy Agency. https://www.iea-shc.org
  • Fuentes, E., Arce, L., & Salom, J. (2018). A review of domestic hot water consumption profiles for application in systems and buildings energy performance analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81(April 2017), 1530–1547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.229
  • Harrabi, I., Hamdi, M., Bessifi, A., & Hazami, M. (2021). Dynamic modeling of solar thermal collectors for domestic hot water production using TRNSYS. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 6(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-020-00223-6
  • Hobbi, A., & Siddiqui, K. (2009). Optimal design of a forced circulation solar water heating system for a residential unit in cold climate using TRNSYS. Solar Energy, 83(5), 700–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2008.10.018
  • Holechek, J. L., Geli, H. M. E., Sawalhah, M. N., & Valdez, R. (2022). A Global Assessment: Can Renewable Energy Replace Fossil Fuels by 2050? Sustainability, 14(8), 4792. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084792
  • Jang, D. S., & Skye, H. M. (2024). Performance of a ground-source integrated heat pump for HVAC and DHW in a residential net-zero energy building. Energy Conversion and Management, 321(June), 119003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119003
  • Klein, S. A., Beckman, W. A., Mitchell, J. W., Duffie, J. A., & Freeman, T. L. (2023). TRNSYS 18 – A Transient System Simulation Program. Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin–Madison.
  • Koçer, A., Şevik, S., & Güngör, A. (2016). Ankara ve ilçeleri için güneş kolektörü optimum eğim açısının belirlenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.17482/uujfe.80088
  • Kuyumcu, M., Şahin, H., Yumrutaş, R., & İmal, M. (2015). Kahramanmaraş Kentinde Güneş Enerjisi Destekli Absorpsiyonlu Soğutma Sistemi Kullanılarak Bir Apartman Dairesinin Soğutulması. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(2), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.47796
  • Liu, C., Wang, B., Li, F., Wei, L., Hao, W., & Wang, L. (2025). A comparative life cycle assessment of photovoltaic/thermal, flat plate collector and electric domestic hot water systems based on TRNSYS simulation. Applied Thermal Engineering, 279, 127641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127641
  • Martinopoulos, G. (2024). Domestic hot water solar thermal systems as an energy-security alternative in the EU: A parametric analysis. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 69(January), 103921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2024.103921
  • Qu, M., Yan, X., Wang, H., Hei, Y., Liu, H., & Li, Z. (2022). Energy, exergy, economic and environmental analysis of photovoltaic/thermal integrated water source heat pump water heater. Renewable Energy, 194, 1084–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.06.010
  • Remlaoui, A., Nehari, D., Kada, B., Nasir, N. A. A. M., Abd-Elmonem, A., Alhubieshi, N., ElSeabee, F. A. A., & Hussain, S. M. (2024). Numerical simulation of a forced circulation solar water heating system. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80576-y
  • T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. (2025). https://enerji.gov.tr/bilgi-merkezi-enerji-gunes
  • Temir, G., & Demiriz, M. (2010). Assessment of domestic hot water consumption profiles for residential and commercial buildings in Turkey. In Proceedings of the CLIMA 2010 REHVA Conference. Antalya, Turkey.
  • Wang, F., Liu, M., Guo, W., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Li, J., Hu, G., & Yin, J. (2025). Photovoltaic/thermal integrated air source heat pump hot water system with phase change tank. Renewable Energy, 240(June), 122204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.122204
  • Wolf, S., Bullard, R., Buonocore, J. J., Donley, N., Farrelly, T., Fleming, J., González, D. J. X., Oreskes, N., Ripple, W., Saha, R., & Willis, M. D. (2025). Scientists’ warning on fossil fuels. Oxford Open Climate Change, 5(1), kgaf011. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgaf011
  • Zhang, J. (2024). Energy access challenge and the role of fossil fuels in meeting electricity demand: Promoting renewable energy capacity for sustainable development. Geoscience Frontiers, 15(5), 101873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2024.101873

DYNAMIC ENERGY ANALYSIS OF A FORCED CIRCULATION SOLAR-ASSISTED DOMESTIC HOT WATER GENERATION SYSTEM

Year 2026, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 315 - 329, 03.03.2026

Halil İbrahim Topal , Hasret Nur Çınar

https://izlik.org/JA48XR25NX

Abstract

A transient energy analysis of a forced-circulation solar-assisted domestic hot water (DHW) system was performed using TRNSYS software. The system was modeled to meet the hot water demand of a family living in Ankara with a daily 200-liter DHW requirement. The model consists of a pump, a flat-plate solar collector, and a storage tank equipped with an auxiliary electric heater. Time-dependent variations in ambient temperature, solar radiation, mains water temperature, and hourly DHW consumption were considered. The annual solar irradiation on a 34° optimally inclined surface was 1835.4 kWh/m², and the overall system efficiency was calculated as 31.8%. Total annual energy input to the system was 3109.7 kWh, of which 2418.3 kWh (77.8%) was provided by the solar collectors. The average daily DHW demand was 6.9 kWh/day, while tank heat loss was 1.6 kWh/day. During June, July, and August, the entire energy demand was supplied by solar energy alone, excluding pump operation. In the remaining months, the auxiliary electric heater was activated. The highest auxiliary energy consumption occurred in December at 166.5 kWh/month, therefore the solar fraction decreased to 35.0%. The highest monthly DHW demand was recorded in March at 251.0 kWh.

Keywords

Flat-plate solar collector Domestic hot water TRNSYS Solar energy

Ethical Statement

We declare that all processes of the study comply with research and publication ethics, and that I have adhered to ethical principles and scientific citation standards.

Supporting Institution

-

Thanks

-

References

  • Akinoǧlu, B. G., Shariah, A. M., & Ecevit, A. (1999). Solar domestic water heating in Turkey. Energy, 24(5), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-5442(99)00004-3
  • Al-Smairan, M., Shawaqfah, M., & Almomani, F. (2021). Techno-Economic Investigation of an Integrated Boiler – Solar Water Heating/Cooling System: A Case Study. Energies, 14(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010001
  • Alayi, R., Khalilpoor, N., Heshmati, S., Najafi, A., & Issakhov, A. (2021). Thermal and Environmental Analysis Solar Water Heater System for Residential Buildings. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2021, 838138. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6838138
  • Altuntop, N. (2005). Güneş enerjisi tesisatlarında antifriz olarak etilen ve propilen glikol kullanımının incelenmesi. Tesisat Mühendisliği Dergisi, 86, 31-38.
  • Behzadi, A., Arabkoohsar, A., & Yang, Y. (2020). Optimization and dynamic techno-economic analysis of a novel PVT-based smart building energy system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 181(April), 115926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115926
  • Da, J., Li, M., Li, G., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Simulation and experiment of a photovoltaic—air source heat pump system with thermal energy storage for heating and domestic hot water supply. Building Simulation, 16(10), 1897–1913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-022-0960-6
  • Dinçer, F. (2011). Türkiye’de Güneş Enerjisinden Elektrik Üretimi Potansiyeli - Ekonomik Analizi ve AB Ülkeleri ile Karşılaştırmalı Değerlendirme. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.10191
  • Duffie, J. A., & Beckman, W. A. (2013). Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Ertekin, C., Kulcu, R., & Evrendilek, F. (2008). Techno-economic analysis of solar water heating systems in Turkey. Sensors, 8(2), 1252–1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8021252
  • Frank, E., Mauthner, F., & Fischer, S. (2015). Overheating prevention and stagnation handling in solar process heat applications (IEA SHC Task 49 report). International Energy Agency. https://www.iea-shc.org
  • Fuentes, E., Arce, L., & Salom, J. (2018). A review of domestic hot water consumption profiles for application in systems and buildings energy performance analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81(April 2017), 1530–1547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.229
  • Harrabi, I., Hamdi, M., Bessifi, A., & Hazami, M. (2021). Dynamic modeling of solar thermal collectors for domestic hot water production using TRNSYS. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 6(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41207-020-00223-6
  • Hobbi, A., & Siddiqui, K. (2009). Optimal design of a forced circulation solar water heating system for a residential unit in cold climate using TRNSYS. Solar Energy, 83(5), 700–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2008.10.018
  • Holechek, J. L., Geli, H. M. E., Sawalhah, M. N., & Valdez, R. (2022). A Global Assessment: Can Renewable Energy Replace Fossil Fuels by 2050? Sustainability, 14(8), 4792. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084792
  • Jang, D. S., & Skye, H. M. (2024). Performance of a ground-source integrated heat pump for HVAC and DHW in a residential net-zero energy building. Energy Conversion and Management, 321(June), 119003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119003
  • Klein, S. A., Beckman, W. A., Mitchell, J. W., Duffie, J. A., & Freeman, T. L. (2023). TRNSYS 18 – A Transient System Simulation Program. Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin–Madison.
  • Koçer, A., Şevik, S., & Güngör, A. (2016). Ankara ve ilçeleri için güneş kolektörü optimum eğim açısının belirlenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.17482/uujfe.80088
  • Kuyumcu, M., Şahin, H., Yumrutaş, R., & İmal, M. (2015). Kahramanmaraş Kentinde Güneş Enerjisi Destekli Absorpsiyonlu Soğutma Sistemi Kullanılarak Bir Apartman Dairesinin Soğutulması. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(2), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.47796
  • Liu, C., Wang, B., Li, F., Wei, L., Hao, W., & Wang, L. (2025). A comparative life cycle assessment of photovoltaic/thermal, flat plate collector and electric domestic hot water systems based on TRNSYS simulation. Applied Thermal Engineering, 279, 127641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127641
  • Martinopoulos, G. (2024). Domestic hot water solar thermal systems as an energy-security alternative in the EU: A parametric analysis. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 69(January), 103921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2024.103921
  • Qu, M., Yan, X., Wang, H., Hei, Y., Liu, H., & Li, Z. (2022). Energy, exergy, economic and environmental analysis of photovoltaic/thermal integrated water source heat pump water heater. Renewable Energy, 194, 1084–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.06.010
  • Remlaoui, A., Nehari, D., Kada, B., Nasir, N. A. A. M., Abd-Elmonem, A., Alhubieshi, N., ElSeabee, F. A. A., & Hussain, S. M. (2024). Numerical simulation of a forced circulation solar water heating system. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80576-y
  • T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. (2025). https://enerji.gov.tr/bilgi-merkezi-enerji-gunes
  • Temir, G., & Demiriz, M. (2010). Assessment of domestic hot water consumption profiles for residential and commercial buildings in Turkey. In Proceedings of the CLIMA 2010 REHVA Conference. Antalya, Turkey.
  • Wang, F., Liu, M., Guo, W., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Li, J., Hu, G., & Yin, J. (2025). Photovoltaic/thermal integrated air source heat pump hot water system with phase change tank. Renewable Energy, 240(June), 122204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.122204
  • Wolf, S., Bullard, R., Buonocore, J. J., Donley, N., Farrelly, T., Fleming, J., González, D. J. X., Oreskes, N., Ripple, W., Saha, R., & Willis, M. D. (2025). Scientists’ warning on fossil fuels. Oxford Open Climate Change, 5(1), kgaf011. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgaf011
  • Zhang, J. (2024). Energy access challenge and the role of fossil fuels in meeting electricity demand: Promoting renewable energy capacity for sustainable development. Geoscience Frontiers, 15(5), 101873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2024.101873
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Energy Generation, Conversion and Storage (Excl. Chemical and Electrical)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Halil İbrahim Topal 0000-0002-6950-7745

Hasret Nur Çınar 0000-0002-3763-6219

Submission Date November 8, 2025
Acceptance Date December 22, 2025
Publication Date March 3, 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA48XR25NX
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 29 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Topal, H. İ., & Çınar, H. N. (2026). ZORLANMIŞ SİRKÜLASYONLU GÜNEŞ ENERJİSİ DESTEKLİ SICAK KULLANIM SUYU HAZIRLAMA SİSTEMİNİN DİNAMİK ENERJİ ANALİZİ. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1), 315-329. https://izlik.org/JA48XR25NX