Research Article
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ALKALİ İLE AKTİVE EDİLMİŞ YÜKSEK FIRIN CÜRUFLU HİBRİT ÇİMENTO HARÇLARININ FİZİKSEL VE MEKANİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN ÇOKLU OPTİMİZASYONU

Year 2026, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 467 - 485, 03.03.2026

Yunus Emre Avşar , Mehmet Timur Cihan , İbrahim Feda Aral

https://izlik.org/JA75TE82AD

Abstract

Bu çalışmada alkali ile aktive edilmiş yüksek fırın cüruflu (YFC) hibrit harçların fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinin çoklu optimizasyonu araştırılmıştır. Alkali ile aktive edilmiş hibrit çimento harç (HAAC) numunelerinin üretiminde Portland çimentosu (PÇ), YFC, sodyum metasilikat (Na2SiO3), standart kum, distile su ve süperakışkanlaştırıcı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada, seçilen etki değişkenlerine odaklanarak optimum mekanik ve fiziksel özelliklere sahip HAAC üretmek için Optimal (Kombine) Tasarım kullanılmıştır. Optimum mekanik, fiziksel ve mekanik/fiziksel özellikleri sağlayan deneme noktaları, arzu edilebilirlik fonksiyonu kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, PÇ ilavesinin mekanik özellikleri iyileştirmediğini fakat fiziksel özellikleri iyileştirdiğini göstermektedir. HAAC'larda mekanik (100% PÇ), fiziksel (60% PÇ) ve mekanik/fiziksel (60% PÇ) özellikler için arzu edilebilirlik değerleri sırasıyla 1, 1 ve 0.913 olarak elde edilmiştir. Bu nedenle, HAAC'ların kullanılabilirliği için, çevresel faktörlere dayalı olarak optimum koşulları belirlemek ve buna göre tasarım yapmak çok önemlidir.

Keywords

Alkali ile aktive edilmiş hibrit çimento (HAAC) mekanik ve fiziksel özellikler Varyans analizi (ANOVA) optimizasyon sürdürülebilirlik

Ethical Statement

Etik kurul izni gerekmemektedir.

Supporting Institution

Destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır.

Project Number

-

Thanks

Çalışmamızı değerlendirecek editör ve hakemlere teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Aliabdo, A.A., Abd Elmoaty, A.E.M., & Emam, M.A. (2019). Factors affecting the mechanical properties of alkali activated ground granulated blast furnace slag concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 197, 339-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.086
  • Al-Kutti, W., Nasir, M., Megat Johari, M.A., Islam, A.B.M.S., Manda, A.A., & Blaisi, N.I. (2018). An overview and experimental study on hybrid binders containing date palm ash, fly ash, OPC and activator composites. Construction and Building Materials, 159, 567-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.017
  • Amer, I., Kohail, M., El-Feky, M.S., Rashad, A., & Khalaf, M.A. (2021). Characterization of alkali-activated hybrid slag/cement concrete. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(1), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.08.003
  • Amer, I., Kohail, M., El-Feky, M.S., Rashad, A., & Khalaf, M.A. (2020). Evaluation of using cement in alkali-activated slag concrete. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9, 245-248
  • Ameri, F., Shoaei, P., Reza Musaeei, H., Alireza Zareei, S., & Cheah, C.B. (2020). Partial replacement of copper slag with treated crumb rubber aggregates in alkali-activated slag mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 256, 119468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119468
  • Angulo-Ramírez, D.E., Mejía de Gutiérrez, R., & Puertas, F. (2017). Alkali-activated Portland blast-furnace slag cement: Mechanical properties and hydration. Construction and Building Materials, 140, 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.092
  • Askarian, M., Tao, Z., Adam, G., & Samali, B. (2018). Mechanical properties of ambient cured one-part hybrid OPC-geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 186, 330-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.160
  • Avşar, Y.E., & Cihan, M.T. (2023). Multi-response optimization of mechanical properties of alkali-activated mortars. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 48, 13871-13887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07957-9
  • Bilim, C., & Atiş, C.D. (2012). Alkali activation of mortars containing different replacement levels of ground granulated blast furnace slag. Construction and Building Materials, 28(1), 708-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.018
  • Box, G.E., & Cox, D.R. (1964). An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 26(2), 211-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x
  • Chokkalingam, P., El-Hassan, H., El-Dieb, A., & El-Mir, A. (2022). Multi-response optimization of ceramic waste geopolymer concrete using BWM and TOPSIS based taguchi methods. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 21, 4824-4845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.089
  • Derringer, G., & Suich, R. (2018). Simultaneous optimization of several response variables. Journal of Quality Technology, 12(4), 214-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224065.1980.11980968
  • Escalante, J.I., Gómez, L.Y., Johal, K.K., Mendoza, G., Mancha, H., & Méndez, J. (2001). Reactivity of blast-furnace slag in Portland cement blends hydrated under different conditions. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(10), 1403-1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00587-7
  • Fang, G., Ho, W.K., Tu, W., & Zhang, M. (2018). Workability and mechanical properties of alkali-activated fly ash-slag concrete cured at ambient temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 172, 476-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.008
  • Francis Yakobu, K., Ravichandran, P.T., Sudha, C., & Kannan Rajkumar, P.R. (2015). Influence of GGBS on rheology of cement paste and concrete with SNF and PCE based superplasticizers. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(36), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i36/87539
  • García-Lodeiro, I., Fernández-Jiménez, A., & Palomo, A. (2013). Variation in hybrid cements over time. Alkaline activation of fly ash-portland cement blends. Cement and Concrete Research, 52, 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.03.022
  • García-Lodeiro, I., Maltseva, O., Palomo, A., & Fernández-Jiménez, A. (2012). Hybrid alkaline cements Part I: Fundamentals. Revista Romana de Materiale/Romanian Journal of Materials, 42, 330-335
  • Jindal, B.B. (2019). Investigations on the properties of geopolymer mortar and concrete with mineral admixtures: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 227, 116644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.08.025
  • Khan, S.U., Nuruddin, M.F., Ayub, T., & Shafiq, N. (2014). Effects of different mineral admixtures on the properties of fresh concrete. The Scientific World Journal, 4, 986567. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/986567
  • Law, D.W., Adam, A.A., Molyneaux, T.K., & Patnaikuni, I. (2012). Durability assessment of alkali activated slag (AAS) concrete. Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, 45, 1425-1437. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9842-1
  • Mohapatra, A.K., & Pradhan, B. (2022). Hybrid alkali activated cements (HAACs) system: A state of the art review on fresh, mechanical, and durability behaviour. Construction and Building Materials, 361, 129636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129636
  • Myers, R.H., Montgomery, D.C., & Anderson-Cook, C.M. (2009). Response surface methodology: Process and product optimization using designed experiments. New Jersey: Wiley
  • Nath, P., & Sarker, P.K. (2014). Effect of GGBFS on setting, workability and early strength properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete cured in ambient condition. Construction and Building Materials, 66, 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.080
  • Patel, Y.J., & Shah, N. (2018). Enhancement of the properties of ground granulated blast furnace slag based self compacting geopolymer concrete by incorporating rice husk ash. Construction and Building Materials, 171, 654-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.166
  • Provis, J.L., Duxson, P., & Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2010). The role of particle technology in developing sustainable construction materials. Advanced Powder Technology, 21(1), 2-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2009.10.006
  • Saha, S., & Rajasekaran, C. (2017). Enhancement of the properties of fly ash based geopolymer paste by incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag. Construction and Building Materials, 146, 615-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.139
  • Schneider, M., Romer, M., Tschudin, M., & Bolio, H. (2011). Sustainable cement production-present and future. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(7), 642-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.019
  • Scrivener, K.L., & Nonat, A. (2011). Hydration of cementitious materials, present and future. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(7), 651-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.026
  • Shi, X., Zhang, C., Wang, X., Zhang, T., & Wang, Q. (2022). Response surface methodology for multi-objective optimization of fly ash-GGBS based geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 315, 125644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125644
  • Shoaei, P., Ameri, F., Reza Musaeei, H., Ghasemi, T., & Cheah, C.B. (2020). Glass powder as a partial precursor in Portland cement and alkali-activated slag mortar: A comprehensive comparative study. Construction and Building Materials, 251, 118991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118991
  • StatEase. Design-Expert (Version 11.0.5.0 64-bit). (2021b). www.statease.com
  • StatEase. Desirability function. (2021a). https://www.statease.com/docs/v11/contents/optimization/desirability-function/ Accessed 23.11.23
  • Suwan, T., & Fan, M. (2014). Influence of OPC replacement and manufacturing procedures on the properties of self-cured geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials, 73, 551-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.065
  • Topçu, İ.B. (2013). High-volume ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) concrete. Eco-Efficient Concrete, 218-240. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857098993.2.218
  • TSE. (2000). TS EN 1015-3 Methods of test for mortar for masonry-Part 3: Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by flow table). Ankara: Turkish Standards Institution
  • TSE. (2016). TS EN 196-1 Methods of testing cement-Part 1: Determination of strength. Ankara: Turkish Standards Institution
  • Xue, L., Zhang, Z., & Wang, H. (2021). Early hydration kinetics and microstructure development of hybrid alkali activated cements (HAACs) at room temperature. Cement and Concrete Composites, 123, 104200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104200
  • Yang, K.H., Song, J.K., Ashour, A.F., & Lee, E.T. (2008). Properties of cementless mortars activated by sodium silicate. Construction and Building Materials, 22(9), 1981-1989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.003

MULTI-VARIABLE OPTIMIZATION OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HYBRID ALKALI-ACTIVATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG MORTARS

Year 2026, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 467 - 485, 03.03.2026

Yunus Emre Avşar , Mehmet Timur Cihan , İbrahim Feda Aral

https://izlik.org/JA75TE82AD

Abstract

Multi-variable optimization of physical and mechanical properties of hybrid alkali-activated blast furnace slag (BFS) mortars was investigated. Portland cement (PC), BFS, sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3), standard sand, distilled water, and superplasticizer were used in the production of hybrid alkali-activated cement (HAAC) mortar specimens. An Optimal (Combined) Custom Design was used in the study to produce HAAC with optimum mechanical and physical properties, focusing on selected effect variables. The run points that provided the optimum mechanical, physical, and mechanical/physical properties were determined by using the desirability function. The results show that the addition of PC to the mixture does not improve mechanical properties but it does improve physical properties. The desirability values are obtained as 1, 1, and 0.913, for the mechanical (100% PC), physical (60% PC), and mechanical/physical (60% PC) properties in HAACs, respectively. Therefore, for the usability of HAACs, it is crucial to determine the optimum conditions based on environmental factors and design accordingly.

Keywords

Hybrid alkali-activated cement (HAAC) mechanical and physical properties analysis of variance (ANOVA) optimization sustainability

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval is not required.

Supporting Institution

There is no supporting institution.

Project Number

-

Thanks

We would like to thank the editors and reviewers who evaluated our work.

References

  • Aliabdo, A.A., Abd Elmoaty, A.E.M., & Emam, M.A. (2019). Factors affecting the mechanical properties of alkali activated ground granulated blast furnace slag concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 197, 339-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.086
  • Al-Kutti, W., Nasir, M., Megat Johari, M.A., Islam, A.B.M.S., Manda, A.A., & Blaisi, N.I. (2018). An overview and experimental study on hybrid binders containing date palm ash, fly ash, OPC and activator composites. Construction and Building Materials, 159, 567-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.017
  • Amer, I., Kohail, M., El-Feky, M.S., Rashad, A., & Khalaf, M.A. (2021). Characterization of alkali-activated hybrid slag/cement concrete. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(1), 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.08.003
  • Amer, I., Kohail, M., El-Feky, M.S., Rashad, A., & Khalaf, M.A. (2020). Evaluation of using cement in alkali-activated slag concrete. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9, 245-248
  • Ameri, F., Shoaei, P., Reza Musaeei, H., Alireza Zareei, S., & Cheah, C.B. (2020). Partial replacement of copper slag with treated crumb rubber aggregates in alkali-activated slag mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 256, 119468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119468
  • Angulo-Ramírez, D.E., Mejía de Gutiérrez, R., & Puertas, F. (2017). Alkali-activated Portland blast-furnace slag cement: Mechanical properties and hydration. Construction and Building Materials, 140, 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.092
  • Askarian, M., Tao, Z., Adam, G., & Samali, B. (2018). Mechanical properties of ambient cured one-part hybrid OPC-geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 186, 330-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.160
  • Avşar, Y.E., & Cihan, M.T. (2023). Multi-response optimization of mechanical properties of alkali-activated mortars. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 48, 13871-13887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07957-9
  • Bilim, C., & Atiş, C.D. (2012). Alkali activation of mortars containing different replacement levels of ground granulated blast furnace slag. Construction and Building Materials, 28(1), 708-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.018
  • Box, G.E., & Cox, D.R. (1964). An analysis of transformations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 26(2), 211-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x
  • Chokkalingam, P., El-Hassan, H., El-Dieb, A., & El-Mir, A. (2022). Multi-response optimization of ceramic waste geopolymer concrete using BWM and TOPSIS based taguchi methods. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 21, 4824-4845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.089
  • Derringer, G., & Suich, R. (2018). Simultaneous optimization of several response variables. Journal of Quality Technology, 12(4), 214-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224065.1980.11980968
  • Escalante, J.I., Gómez, L.Y., Johal, K.K., Mendoza, G., Mancha, H., & Méndez, J. (2001). Reactivity of blast-furnace slag in Portland cement blends hydrated under different conditions. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(10), 1403-1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00587-7
  • Fang, G., Ho, W.K., Tu, W., & Zhang, M. (2018). Workability and mechanical properties of alkali-activated fly ash-slag concrete cured at ambient temperature. Construction and Building Materials, 172, 476-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.008
  • Francis Yakobu, K., Ravichandran, P.T., Sudha, C., & Kannan Rajkumar, P.R. (2015). Influence of GGBS on rheology of cement paste and concrete with SNF and PCE based superplasticizers. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(36), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i36/87539
  • García-Lodeiro, I., Fernández-Jiménez, A., & Palomo, A. (2013). Variation in hybrid cements over time. Alkaline activation of fly ash-portland cement blends. Cement and Concrete Research, 52, 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.03.022
  • García-Lodeiro, I., Maltseva, O., Palomo, A., & Fernández-Jiménez, A. (2012). Hybrid alkaline cements Part I: Fundamentals. Revista Romana de Materiale/Romanian Journal of Materials, 42, 330-335
  • Jindal, B.B. (2019). Investigations on the properties of geopolymer mortar and concrete with mineral admixtures: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 227, 116644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.08.025
  • Khan, S.U., Nuruddin, M.F., Ayub, T., & Shafiq, N. (2014). Effects of different mineral admixtures on the properties of fresh concrete. The Scientific World Journal, 4, 986567. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/986567
  • Law, D.W., Adam, A.A., Molyneaux, T.K., & Patnaikuni, I. (2012). Durability assessment of alkali activated slag (AAS) concrete. Materials and Structures/Materiaux et Constructions, 45, 1425-1437. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9842-1
  • Mohapatra, A.K., & Pradhan, B. (2022). Hybrid alkali activated cements (HAACs) system: A state of the art review on fresh, mechanical, and durability behaviour. Construction and Building Materials, 361, 129636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129636
  • Myers, R.H., Montgomery, D.C., & Anderson-Cook, C.M. (2009). Response surface methodology: Process and product optimization using designed experiments. New Jersey: Wiley
  • Nath, P., & Sarker, P.K. (2014). Effect of GGBFS on setting, workability and early strength properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete cured in ambient condition. Construction and Building Materials, 66, 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.080
  • Patel, Y.J., & Shah, N. (2018). Enhancement of the properties of ground granulated blast furnace slag based self compacting geopolymer concrete by incorporating rice husk ash. Construction and Building Materials, 171, 654-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.166
  • Provis, J.L., Duxson, P., & Van Deventer, J.S.J. (2010). The role of particle technology in developing sustainable construction materials. Advanced Powder Technology, 21(1), 2-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2009.10.006
  • Saha, S., & Rajasekaran, C. (2017). Enhancement of the properties of fly ash based geopolymer paste by incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag. Construction and Building Materials, 146, 615-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.139
  • Schneider, M., Romer, M., Tschudin, M., & Bolio, H. (2011). Sustainable cement production-present and future. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(7), 642-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.019
  • Scrivener, K.L., & Nonat, A. (2011). Hydration of cementitious materials, present and future. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(7), 651-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.026
  • Shi, X., Zhang, C., Wang, X., Zhang, T., & Wang, Q. (2022). Response surface methodology for multi-objective optimization of fly ash-GGBS based geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 315, 125644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125644
  • Shoaei, P., Ameri, F., Reza Musaeei, H., Ghasemi, T., & Cheah, C.B. (2020). Glass powder as a partial precursor in Portland cement and alkali-activated slag mortar: A comprehensive comparative study. Construction and Building Materials, 251, 118991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118991
  • StatEase. Design-Expert (Version 11.0.5.0 64-bit). (2021b). www.statease.com
  • StatEase. Desirability function. (2021a). https://www.statease.com/docs/v11/contents/optimization/desirability-function/ Accessed 23.11.23
  • Suwan, T., & Fan, M. (2014). Influence of OPC replacement and manufacturing procedures on the properties of self-cured geopolymer. Construction and Building Materials, 73, 551-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.065
  • Topçu, İ.B. (2013). High-volume ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) concrete. Eco-Efficient Concrete, 218-240. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857098993.2.218
  • TSE. (2000). TS EN 1015-3 Methods of test for mortar for masonry-Part 3: Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by flow table). Ankara: Turkish Standards Institution
  • TSE. (2016). TS EN 196-1 Methods of testing cement-Part 1: Determination of strength. Ankara: Turkish Standards Institution
  • Xue, L., Zhang, Z., & Wang, H. (2021). Early hydration kinetics and microstructure development of hybrid alkali activated cements (HAACs) at room temperature. Cement and Concrete Composites, 123, 104200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104200
  • Yang, K.H., Song, J.K., Ashour, A.F., & Lee, E.T. (2008). Properties of cementless mortars activated by sodium silicate. Construction and Building Materials, 22(9), 1981-1989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.003
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Construction Materials
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yunus Emre Avşar 0000-0001-5197-0267

Mehmet Timur Cihan 0000-0001-5555-5589

İbrahim Feda Aral 0000-0002-9294-0643

Project Number -
Submission Date December 14, 2025
Acceptance Date February 21, 2026
Publication Date March 3, 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA75TE82AD
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 29 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Avşar, Y. E., Cihan, M. T., & Aral, İ. F. (2026). MULTI-VARIABLE OPTIMIZATION OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HYBRID ALKALI-ACTIVATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG MORTARS. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1), 467-485. https://izlik.org/JA75TE82AD