Review
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Wearable Electronic/Smart Textiles and Their Applications

Year 2017, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 1 - 20, 27.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.296255

Abstract

Textiles have
faced a new challenge with the advancement of electronics and the internet;
textiles are now expected to exhibit additional functionalities besides making
people warm and comfortable.
The
bulky electronic devices are generally rigid, and the planar electronic devices
can be made into thin films which are flexible, but they generally deform on
bending along one dimension and often fail under twisting or other severe deformations.

The textile structure offers unique and promising
advantages over conventionally bulky or planar structures.
As many different electronic
systems can be connected to any clothing, a wearable system becomes more
versatile, and the user can change its look depending on environmental changes
and individual preference.
The
vision of wearable computing describes future electronic systems as an integral
part of our everyday clothing serving as intelligent personal assistants.

References

  • Ashruf, C.M.A. (2002). Thin flexible pressure sensors. Sensor Review. 22, 322–327.
  • Balta, J.A., Bosia, F., Michaud V., Dunkel G., Botsis J., Månson, J.A. (2005). Smart composites with embedded shape memory alloy actuators and fibre Bragg grating sensors: activation and control. Smart Materials and Structures. 14, 457–465.
  • Bedeloğlu Çelik, A., Sunter, N., Bozkurt, Y. (2010). Elektriksel Olarak İletken Tekstil Yapıları, Üretim Yöntemleri ve Kullanım Alanları. Tekstil ve Mühendis. 79, 7-17.
  • Berzowska, J. (2005). Electronic Textiles: Wearable Computers, Reactive Fashion, and Soft Computation. Textile: The Journal Of Cloth & Culture. 3(1), 58-74.
  • Blayo, A., Pineaux, B. (2005). Printing processes and their potential for RFID printing. In Proceeding of Joint sOc-UESAI Conference, Grenoble, France. 27–30.
  • Brebels, S., Ryckaert, J., Boris, C., Donnay, S., De Raedt, W., Beyne, E., Mertens, R.P. (2004). SOP Integration and Codesign of Antennas. IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging. 27, 341–351.
  • Brosteaux, D., Gonzalez, M., Vanfleteren, J. Design and Fabrication of Elastic Interconnections for Stretchable Electronic Circuits. IEEE Electron Device Letters. 2007, 28, 552–554.
  • Carpi, F., De Rossi, D. (2005). Electroactive polymer-based devices for e-textiles in biomedicine. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine. 9(3), 295–318.
  • Coşkun, E. (2007). Akıllı Tekstiller Ve Genel Özellikleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Tekstil Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı. Adana.
  • Declercq, F., Rogier, H., Hertleer, C. (2008). Permittivity and Loss Tangent Characterization for Garment Antennas Based on a New Matrix-Pencil Two-Line Method. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 56, 2548–2554.
  • Giddens, H., Paul, D.L., Hilton, G.S., McGeehan, J.P. (2012). Influence of body proximity on the efficiency of a wearable textile patch antenna. In Proceeding of the 6th European Conference Antennas & Propagation (EuCAP), Prague, Czech. 1353–1357.
  • Gimpel, S., Moehring, U., Mueller, H., Neudeck, A., Scheibner, W. (2003). The galvanic and electrochemical modification of textiles. Band-und Flechtindustrie. 40, 115–120.
  • Grupta, B., Sankaralingam, S., Dhar, S. (2010). Development of Wearable and Implantable Antennas in the Last Decade: A Review. In Proceedings of Mediterranean Microwave Symposium (MMS), Guzelyurt, Turkey. 251–267.
  • Hamedi, M., Forchheimer, R., Inganäs, O. (2007). Towards woven logic from organic electronic fibres. Nature Materials. 6, 357–362.
  • Hertleer, C., Grabowska, M., Van Langenhove, L., Catrysse M., Hermans, B., Puers, R., Kalmar, A., Van Egmond, H., Matthys, D. (2004). Toward a Smart Suit. In Proceeding of Wearable Electronic and Smart Textiles, Leeds, UK.
  • Hertleer, C., Laere, A.V., Rogier, H., Langenhove, L.V. (2009). Influence of Relative Humidity on Textile Antenna Performance. Textile Research Journal. 80, 177–183.
  • Hertleer, C., Tronquo, A., Rogier H., Van Langenhove, L. (2008a). The Use of Textile Materials to Design Wearable Microstrip Patch Antennas. Textile Research Journal. 78(8), 651– 658.
  • Hertleer, C., Van Langenhove L., Rogier, H. (2008b). Printed Textile Antennas for Off-body Communication. Advances in Science and Technology. 60, 64-66.
  • Huang, C.T., Shen, C.L., Tang, C.F., Chang, S.H. (2008). A wearable yarn-based piezo-resistive sensor. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 141, 396–403.
  • Huyghe, B., Rogier, H. (2008). Design and manufacturing of stretchable high-frequency interconnects. IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging. 31, 802–808.
  • Johnson, G. (2006). Thin battery technology. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Printed Electronics USA 2006, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
  • Kaija, T.; Lilja, J.; Salonen, P. (2010). Exposing Textile Antennas for Hash Environment. In Proceedings of 2010 Military Communications Conference, San Jose, CA, USA. 737–742.
  • Karaguzel, B., Merritt, C.R., Kang, T., Wilson, J.M., Nagle, H.T., Grant, E. (2009). Pourdeyhimi, B. Flexible, durable printed electrical circuits. The Journal of The Textile Institute. 100, 1–9.
  • Kayacan, O., Bulgun E. (2005). Akıllı Tekstiller ve Elektriği İleten Tekstil Esaslı Malzemeler. Tekstil ve Mühendis. 58, 29-34.
  • Kim, H., Kim, Y., Yoo, H.J. (2008). A 1.12 mW continuous healthcare monitor chip integrated on a planar-fashionable circuit board. In Proceeding of the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) Digest of Technical Papers , San Francisco, CA, USA. 150–151.
  • Liu, N., Lu, Y., Qiu, S., Li, P. (2011). Electromagnetic Properties of Electro-Textile for Wearable Antennas Applications. Frontiers of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. China. 6, 553–566.
  • Locher, I. (2006). Technologies for System-on-Textile Integration. Ph.D. Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.
  • Matthews, J.C.G., Pettitt, G. (2009). Development of Flexible, Wearable Antennas. In Proceedings of EuCAP 2009: 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Berlin, Germany. 273–277.
  • McFarland, E.G., Carr, W.W., Sarma, D.S., Dorrity, J.L. (1999). Effects of Moisture and Fiber Type on Infrared Absorption of Fabrics. Textile Research Journal. 69, 607–615.
  • Mac, T., Houis, S., Gries, T. (2004). Metal Fibers. In Proceeding of the International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies, Baden-Baden, Germany. Volume 47.
  • Meng, Q., Hu, J., Zhu, Y., Lu, J., Liu, Y. (2007). Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 106(4), 2515–2523.
  • Meyer, J., Lukowicz, P., Tröster, G. (2006). Textile Pressure Sensor for Muscle Activity and Motion Detection. In Proceeding of the 10th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Montreux, Switzerland.
  • Müller, C., Hamedi, M., Karlsson, R., Jansson, R., Marcilla, R., Hedhammar, M., Inganäs, O. (2011). Woven electrochemical transistors on silk fibers. Advanced Materials. 6, 898–901.
  • Numakura, D. (2009). Advanced Screen Printing—Practical Approaches for Printable & Flexible Electronics; DKN Research: Haverhill, MA, USA.
  • Nishide, H, Iwasa, S., Pu, Y.J., Suga, T., Nahasara, K., Satoh, M. (2004). Organic radical battery: Nitroxide polymers as a cathode-active material. Electrochemica Acta. 50, 827–831.
  • Ouyang, Y., Chappell, W.J. (2008). High Frequency Properties of Electrotextiles for Wearable Antenna Applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 56, 381–389.
  • Pacelli, M., Loriga, G., Taccini, N., Paradiso, R. (2006). Sensing Fabrics for Monitoring Physiological and Biomechanical Variables: E-textile solutions. In Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE-EMBS International Summer School and Symposium on Medical Devices and Biosensors MIT, Boston, MA, USA.
  • Parashkov, R.E., Becker, E. (2005). Large area electronics using printing methods. Proceedings of the IEEE. 93, 1321–1329.
  • Post, E.R., Orth, M., Russo, P.R., Gershenfeld, N. (2000). E-broidery: Design and fabrication of textile-based computing. IBM Systems Journal. 39, 840–860.
  • Printing, S., Sauer, M., Meilchen, S., Kalleder, A., Mennig, M., Schmidt, H. (2004). Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users. Springer, Norwell, MA, USA. Volume 1.
  • Redström, M., Redström, J., Mazé, R. (2005). IT + Textiles. The Interactive Institute, Boràs, Sweden. 59–93.
  • Rothmaier, M., Luong, M.P., Clemens, F. (2008). Textile Pressure Sensor Made of Flexible Plastic Optical Fibers. Sensors. 8, 4318–4329.
  • Scheibner, W., Feustel, M., Moehring, U., Hofmann, J., Linz, T. (2003). Textile electrical connecting cables. Band-und Flechtindustrie. 40, 76–78.
  • Schubert, M.B., Werner, H.J. (2006). Flexible solar cells for clothing. Materials Today. 9(6), 42–50.
  • Schwarz A, Van Langenhove L, Guermonprez P, Deguillemont D. (2010). A roadmap on smart textiles. Textile Progress. 42(2), 99.
  • Seulki, L., Binhee, K., Yoo, H.J. (2009). Planar Fashionable Circuit Board Technology and Its Applications. Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science. 9, 174–180.
  • Starner, T. (1996). Human-powered wearable computing. IBM Systems Journal. 35, 618–629.
  • Stassi, S.; Cauda, V.; Canavese, G.; Manfredi, D.; Roppolo, I.; Martino, P.; Chiolerio, A. (2014). Nanosized Gold and Silver Spherical, Spiky, and Multi-Branched Particles. In Handbook of Nanomaterials Properties, Bhushan, B., Ed.; Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany. 199–202.
  • Stoppa, M., Chiolerio, A. (2014). Wearable Electronics and Smart Textiles: A Critical Review. Sensors. 14(7), 11957-11992.
  • Suga, T., Konishi, H., Nishide, H. (2007). Photocrosslinked nitroxide polymer cathode-active materials for application in an organic-based paper battery. Chemical Communications. 17, 1730–1732.
  • Tiberto, P., Barrera, G., Celegato, F., Coisson, M., Chiolerio, A., Martino, P., Pandolfi, P., Allia, P. (2013). Magnetic properties of jet-printer inks containing dispersed magnetite nanoparticles. European Physical Journal B. 83, 173–179.
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  • URL 3. Loominous. (erişim tarihi: 04.02.2014) http://www.loominous.co.uk/studio.html
  • URL 4. Cornell University—Fabrics of Our Livelihoods. (erişim tarihi: 04.02.2014) http://smallfarms.cornell.edu/ 2011/07/04/fabrics-of-our-livelihoods/
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  • Weng, W., Chen, P., He, S., Sun, X., Peng, H. (2016). Smart Electronic Textiles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 21, 6140.
  • Windmiller, J.R., Wang, J. (2012). Wearable Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Review. Electroanalysis. 1, 29–46.
  • Vassiliadis, S. (1996). Automation and the Textile Industry. Universidade do Minho, Greece.
  • Zhang, L., Wang, Z., Psychoudakis, D., Volakis, J.L. (2012). Flexible Textile Antennas for Body-Worn Communication. In Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Antenna Technology, Tucson, ZA, USA. 205–208.

Giyilebilir Elektronik/Akıllı Tekstiller ve Uygulamaları

Year 2017, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 1 - 20, 27.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.296255

Abstract

Elektronikler
ve internetin ilerlemesiyle tekstiller yeni bir durumla karşı karşıya
kalmıştır; günümüzde tekstillerden insanları sıcak tutması ve konforlu
hissettirmesi yanında ilave fonksiyonlar göstermesi de beklenmektedir. Büyük
elektronik cihazlar genellikle rijittir ve düz elektronik devreler esnek olan
ince filmler halinde yapılabilmektedir, ancak bunlar genellikle tek yön boyunca
eğildiklerinde deforme olurlar ve eğilme veya diğer ciddi deformasyonlar
altında başarısız olurlar. Tekstil yapısı, konvansiyonel büyük ve düz yapılar
üzerine eşsiz ve umut vadeden avantajlar sunmaktadır. Birçok farklı elektronik
sistem herhangi bir giysiye bağlanabilirken, giyilebilir bir sistem daha çok
yönlü hale gelmekte ve kullanıcı çevresel değişikliklere ve bireysel tercihine
bağlı olarak görünümünü değiştirebilmektedir. Giyilebilir bilgisayar görüşü,
gelecekteki elektronik sistemleri, kişisel asistanlar olarak hizmet eden günlük
giyimimizin ayrılmaz bir parçası olarak tanımlamaktadır.

References

  • Ashruf, C.M.A. (2002). Thin flexible pressure sensors. Sensor Review. 22, 322–327.
  • Balta, J.A., Bosia, F., Michaud V., Dunkel G., Botsis J., Månson, J.A. (2005). Smart composites with embedded shape memory alloy actuators and fibre Bragg grating sensors: activation and control. Smart Materials and Structures. 14, 457–465.
  • Bedeloğlu Çelik, A., Sunter, N., Bozkurt, Y. (2010). Elektriksel Olarak İletken Tekstil Yapıları, Üretim Yöntemleri ve Kullanım Alanları. Tekstil ve Mühendis. 79, 7-17.
  • Berzowska, J. (2005). Electronic Textiles: Wearable Computers, Reactive Fashion, and Soft Computation. Textile: The Journal Of Cloth & Culture. 3(1), 58-74.
  • Blayo, A., Pineaux, B. (2005). Printing processes and their potential for RFID printing. In Proceeding of Joint sOc-UESAI Conference, Grenoble, France. 27–30.
  • Brebels, S., Ryckaert, J., Boris, C., Donnay, S., De Raedt, W., Beyne, E., Mertens, R.P. (2004). SOP Integration and Codesign of Antennas. IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging. 27, 341–351.
  • Brosteaux, D., Gonzalez, M., Vanfleteren, J. Design and Fabrication of Elastic Interconnections for Stretchable Electronic Circuits. IEEE Electron Device Letters. 2007, 28, 552–554.
  • Carpi, F., De Rossi, D. (2005). Electroactive polymer-based devices for e-textiles in biomedicine. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine. 9(3), 295–318.
  • Coşkun, E. (2007). Akıllı Tekstiller Ve Genel Özellikleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Tekstil Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı. Adana.
  • Declercq, F., Rogier, H., Hertleer, C. (2008). Permittivity and Loss Tangent Characterization for Garment Antennas Based on a New Matrix-Pencil Two-Line Method. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 56, 2548–2554.
  • Giddens, H., Paul, D.L., Hilton, G.S., McGeehan, J.P. (2012). Influence of body proximity on the efficiency of a wearable textile patch antenna. In Proceeding of the 6th European Conference Antennas & Propagation (EuCAP), Prague, Czech. 1353–1357.
  • Gimpel, S., Moehring, U., Mueller, H., Neudeck, A., Scheibner, W. (2003). The galvanic and electrochemical modification of textiles. Band-und Flechtindustrie. 40, 115–120.
  • Grupta, B., Sankaralingam, S., Dhar, S. (2010). Development of Wearable and Implantable Antennas in the Last Decade: A Review. In Proceedings of Mediterranean Microwave Symposium (MMS), Guzelyurt, Turkey. 251–267.
  • Hamedi, M., Forchheimer, R., Inganäs, O. (2007). Towards woven logic from organic electronic fibres. Nature Materials. 6, 357–362.
  • Hertleer, C., Grabowska, M., Van Langenhove, L., Catrysse M., Hermans, B., Puers, R., Kalmar, A., Van Egmond, H., Matthys, D. (2004). Toward a Smart Suit. In Proceeding of Wearable Electronic and Smart Textiles, Leeds, UK.
  • Hertleer, C., Laere, A.V., Rogier, H., Langenhove, L.V. (2009). Influence of Relative Humidity on Textile Antenna Performance. Textile Research Journal. 80, 177–183.
  • Hertleer, C., Tronquo, A., Rogier H., Van Langenhove, L. (2008a). The Use of Textile Materials to Design Wearable Microstrip Patch Antennas. Textile Research Journal. 78(8), 651– 658.
  • Hertleer, C., Van Langenhove L., Rogier, H. (2008b). Printed Textile Antennas for Off-body Communication. Advances in Science and Technology. 60, 64-66.
  • Huang, C.T., Shen, C.L., Tang, C.F., Chang, S.H. (2008). A wearable yarn-based piezo-resistive sensor. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 141, 396–403.
  • Huyghe, B., Rogier, H. (2008). Design and manufacturing of stretchable high-frequency interconnects. IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging. 31, 802–808.
  • Johnson, G. (2006). Thin battery technology. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Printed Electronics USA 2006, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
  • Kaija, T.; Lilja, J.; Salonen, P. (2010). Exposing Textile Antennas for Hash Environment. In Proceedings of 2010 Military Communications Conference, San Jose, CA, USA. 737–742.
  • Karaguzel, B., Merritt, C.R., Kang, T., Wilson, J.M., Nagle, H.T., Grant, E. (2009). Pourdeyhimi, B. Flexible, durable printed electrical circuits. The Journal of The Textile Institute. 100, 1–9.
  • Kayacan, O., Bulgun E. (2005). Akıllı Tekstiller ve Elektriği İleten Tekstil Esaslı Malzemeler. Tekstil ve Mühendis. 58, 29-34.
  • Kim, H., Kim, Y., Yoo, H.J. (2008). A 1.12 mW continuous healthcare monitor chip integrated on a planar-fashionable circuit board. In Proceeding of the IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) Digest of Technical Papers , San Francisco, CA, USA. 150–151.
  • Liu, N., Lu, Y., Qiu, S., Li, P. (2011). Electromagnetic Properties of Electro-Textile for Wearable Antennas Applications. Frontiers of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. China. 6, 553–566.
  • Locher, I. (2006). Technologies for System-on-Textile Integration. Ph.D. Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.
  • Matthews, J.C.G., Pettitt, G. (2009). Development of Flexible, Wearable Antennas. In Proceedings of EuCAP 2009: 3rd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Berlin, Germany. 273–277.
  • McFarland, E.G., Carr, W.W., Sarma, D.S., Dorrity, J.L. (1999). Effects of Moisture and Fiber Type on Infrared Absorption of Fabrics. Textile Research Journal. 69, 607–615.
  • Mac, T., Houis, S., Gries, T. (2004). Metal Fibers. In Proceeding of the International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies, Baden-Baden, Germany. Volume 47.
  • Meng, Q., Hu, J., Zhu, Y., Lu, J., Liu, Y. (2007). Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 106(4), 2515–2523.
  • Meyer, J., Lukowicz, P., Tröster, G. (2006). Textile Pressure Sensor for Muscle Activity and Motion Detection. In Proceeding of the 10th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Montreux, Switzerland.
  • Müller, C., Hamedi, M., Karlsson, R., Jansson, R., Marcilla, R., Hedhammar, M., Inganäs, O. (2011). Woven electrochemical transistors on silk fibers. Advanced Materials. 6, 898–901.
  • Numakura, D. (2009). Advanced Screen Printing—Practical Approaches for Printable & Flexible Electronics; DKN Research: Haverhill, MA, USA.
  • Nishide, H, Iwasa, S., Pu, Y.J., Suga, T., Nahasara, K., Satoh, M. (2004). Organic radical battery: Nitroxide polymers as a cathode-active material. Electrochemica Acta. 50, 827–831.
  • Ouyang, Y., Chappell, W.J. (2008). High Frequency Properties of Electrotextiles for Wearable Antenna Applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 56, 381–389.
  • Pacelli, M., Loriga, G., Taccini, N., Paradiso, R. (2006). Sensing Fabrics for Monitoring Physiological and Biomechanical Variables: E-textile solutions. In Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE-EMBS International Summer School and Symposium on Medical Devices and Biosensors MIT, Boston, MA, USA.
  • Parashkov, R.E., Becker, E. (2005). Large area electronics using printing methods. Proceedings of the IEEE. 93, 1321–1329.
  • Post, E.R., Orth, M., Russo, P.R., Gershenfeld, N. (2000). E-broidery: Design and fabrication of textile-based computing. IBM Systems Journal. 39, 840–860.
  • Printing, S., Sauer, M., Meilchen, S., Kalleder, A., Mennig, M., Schmidt, H. (2004). Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users. Springer, Norwell, MA, USA. Volume 1.
  • Redström, M., Redström, J., Mazé, R. (2005). IT + Textiles. The Interactive Institute, Boràs, Sweden. 59–93.
  • Rothmaier, M., Luong, M.P., Clemens, F. (2008). Textile Pressure Sensor Made of Flexible Plastic Optical Fibers. Sensors. 8, 4318–4329.
  • Scheibner, W., Feustel, M., Moehring, U., Hofmann, J., Linz, T. (2003). Textile electrical connecting cables. Band-und Flechtindustrie. 40, 76–78.
  • Schubert, M.B., Werner, H.J. (2006). Flexible solar cells for clothing. Materials Today. 9(6), 42–50.
  • Schwarz A, Van Langenhove L, Guermonprez P, Deguillemont D. (2010). A roadmap on smart textiles. Textile Progress. 42(2), 99.
  • Seulki, L., Binhee, K., Yoo, H.J. (2009). Planar Fashionable Circuit Board Technology and Its Applications. Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science. 9, 174–180.
  • Starner, T. (1996). Human-powered wearable computing. IBM Systems Journal. 35, 618–629.
  • Stassi, S.; Cauda, V.; Canavese, G.; Manfredi, D.; Roppolo, I.; Martino, P.; Chiolerio, A. (2014). Nanosized Gold and Silver Spherical, Spiky, and Multi-Branched Particles. In Handbook of Nanomaterials Properties, Bhushan, B., Ed.; Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany. 199–202.
  • Stoppa, M., Chiolerio, A. (2014). Wearable Electronics and Smart Textiles: A Critical Review. Sensors. 14(7), 11957-11992.
  • Suga, T., Konishi, H., Nishide, H. (2007). Photocrosslinked nitroxide polymer cathode-active materials for application in an organic-based paper battery. Chemical Communications. 17, 1730–1732.
  • Tiberto, P., Barrera, G., Celegato, F., Coisson, M., Chiolerio, A., Martino, P., Pandolfi, P., Allia, P. (2013). Magnetic properties of jet-printer inks containing dispersed magnetite nanoparticles. European Physical Journal B. 83, 173–179.
  • URL 1. Popular Embroidery Techniques Used to Decorate Fabrics. (erişim tarihi: 04.02.2014) http://nanetteparker.hubpages.com/hub/Popular-Embroidery-Techniques-Used-to-Decorate-Fabrics
  • URL 2. Creative Sewing. (erişim tarihi: 04.02.2014) http://www.creativesewing.co.nz/
  • URL 3. Loominous. (erişim tarihi: 04.02.2014) http://www.loominous.co.uk/studio.html
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There are 78 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Wearable Materials
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Ayşe Didem Erol

Suat Çetiner

Publication Date April 27, 2017
Submission Date March 3, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017Volume: 20 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Erol, A. D., & Çetiner, S. (2017). Giyilebilir Elektronik/Akıllı Tekstiller ve Uygulamaları. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.296255