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LİGNİN İLAVESİNİN CAM ELYAF TAKVİYELİ POLİAMİD 6/POLİAMİD 610 KOMPOZİTLERİNİN ÖZELLİKLERİNE ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2024, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 213 - 221, 03.03.2024

Bedriye Üçpınar Durmaz , Elnura Artykbaeva , Ayşe Aytac

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1373989

Abstract

Bu çalışmada PA6 ve PA610 harmanlanmış ve bu karışıma özelliklerini iyileştirmek amacı ile cam elyaf (GF) ve lignin (LL) eklenmiştir. Kompozitler ekstrüzyon ve enjeksiyon kalıplama yöntemleriyle hazırlanmış ve morfolojik, ısıl (diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetre-DSC, termogravimetrik analiz-TGA) ve yanmazlık (sınırlayıcı oksijen indeksi-LOI, dikey yanma testi-UL-94, konik kalorimetre), özellikleri incelenmiştir. GF takviyeli kompozitte iyi bir arayüzey etkileşimi ve homojen dağılım gözlenirken, LL’nin matris ile etkileşiminin zayıf olduğu görülmüştür. GF matrisin ısıl karalılığını iyileştirmiş ve kalıntı miktarını yükseltmiştir. GF/LL kompozitlerinde ise LL ısıl dayanımı düşürse de kütle kayıp hızını yavaşlatmış ve kalıntı miktarını artırmıştır. GF ve LL ilavesi ile matrisin erime noktasında belirgin bir değişim olmazken LL kristalizasyon sıcaklığını düşürmüş ve dolayısıyla matrisin kristalinitesini büyük oranda azaltmıştır. Matrisin LOI değeri ve UL-94 sınıflandırmasında GF ilavesi ile bir gelişim olmazken, LL’nin yanma süresini belirgin bir şekilde kısalttığı gözlenmiştir. PA6/PA610’a eklenen GF ve LL matrisin maksimum ısı salınım hızı, toplam ısı salınım değerlerinde önemli ölçüde düşüş sağlayarak kompozitin yanmazlık özelliğini geliştirmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma GF takviyeli PA kompozitleri için ligninin etkin bir alev geciktirici olduğunu göstermiştir.

Keywords

Cam elyaf lignin poliamid yanmazlık

Project Number

FYL-2021-2659

References

  • Arboleda-Clemente, L., Ares-Pernas, A., García-Fonte, X. X., & Abad, M. J. (2016). Water sorption of PA12/PA6/MWCNT composites with a segregated conductive network: structure–property relationships. Journal of Materials Science, 51(18), 8674–8686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0127-x
  • Artykbaeva, E., Ucpinar Durmaz, B., Aksoy, P., & Aytac, A. (2022). Investigation of the properties of PA6/PA610 blends and glass fiber reinforced PA6/PA610 composites. Polymer Composites, 43(10), 7514–7525. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26840
  • Cayla, A., Rault, F., Giraud, S., Salaün, F., Sonnier, R., & Dumazert, L. (2019). Influence of ammonium polyphosphate/lignin ratio on thermal and fire behavior of biobased thermoplastic: The case of Polyamide 11. Materials, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071146
  • Chen, Y., Wang, Q., Yan, W., & Tang, H. (2006). Preparation of flame retardant polyamide 6 composite with melamine cyanurate nanoparticles in situ formed in extrusion process. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 91(11), 2632–2643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.05.002
  • Fabbri, F., Bischof, S., Mayr, S., Gritsch, S., Jimenez Bartolome, M., Schwaiger, N., Guebitz, G.M., & Weiss, R. (2023). The Biomodified Lignin Platform: A Review. Polymers, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15071694
  • Koruyucu, A., & Balaban, F. Ç. (2021). Muz kabuğu ekstraktının pamuk ve pamuk-poliester karışımlı kumaşlarda güç tutuşurluğa etkisinin incelenmesi. Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 24(2), 66–82.
  • Mandlekar, N., Cayla, A., Rault, F., Giraud, S., Salaün, F., Malucelli, G., & Guan, J. (2017). Thermal Stability and Fire Retardant Properties of Polyamide 11 Microcomposites Containing Different Lignins. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 56(46), 13704–13714. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03085
  • Marset, D., Dolza, C., Fages, E., Gonga, E., Gutiérrez, O., Gomez-Caturla, J., Ivorra-Martinez, J., Sanchez-Nacher, L., & Quiles-Carrillo, L. (2020). The effect of halloysite nanotubes on the fire retardancy properties of partially biobased polyamide 610. Polymers, 12(12), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12123050
  • Moran, C. S., Barthelon, A., Pearsall, A., Mittal, V., & Dorgan, J. R. (2016). Biorenewable blends of polyamide-4,10 and polyamide-6,10. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(45). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.43626
  • Nurazzi, N. M., Khalina, A., Sapuan, S. M., Ilyas, R. A., Rafiqah, S. A., & Hanafee, Z. M. (2020). Thermal properties of treated sugar palm yarn/glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(2), 1606–1618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.086
  • Otaegi, I., Aramburu, N., Müller, A. J., & Guerrica-Echevarría, G. (2018). Novel biobased polyamide 410/polyamide 6/CNT nanocomposites. Polymers, 10(9), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10090986
  • Özdemir, F., & Özğan, A. O. (2023). Yumurta kabuğu içeriğinin odun plastik kompozit malzemenin yanma dayanımı üzerine etkisi. Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 26(1), 98–107.
  • Pagacz, J., Raftopoulos, K. N., Leszczyńska, A., & Pielichowski, K. (2016). Bio-polyamides based on renewable raw materials: Glass transition and crystallinity studies. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 123(2), 1225–1237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4929-x
  • Rajak, D. K., Wagh, P. H., & Linul, E. (2021). Manufacturing technologies of carbon/glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites and their properties: A review. Polymers, 13(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213721
  • Ruehle, D. A., Perbix, C., Castañeda, M., Dorgan, J. R., Mittal, V., Halley, P., & Martin, D. (2013). Blends of biorenewable polyamide-11 and polyamide-6,10. Polymer, 54(26), 6961–6970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.10.013
  • Safari, M., Otaegi, I., Aramburu, N., Wang, Y., Liu, G., Dong, X., Wang, D., Guerrica-Echevarria, G., & Müller, A. J. (2021). Composition dependent miscibility in the crystalline state of polyamide 6 /polyamide 4,10 blends: From single to double crystalline blends. Polymer, 219(February), 123570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123570
  • Sallem-Idrissi, N., Van Velthem, P., & Sclavons, M. (2018). Fully Bio-Sourced Nylon 11/Raw Lignin Composites: Thermal and Mechanical Performances. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 26(12), 4405–4414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1311-7
  • Shi, Y. (2016). Phase behavior of polyamide 6/612 blends. Plastics Engineering, 72(4), 46–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2016.tb01515.x
  • Turkmen, E., Yetgin, S.H., & Gülesen, M. (2017). Investigation of Properties of Glass Fiber and Rubber Filled PA6 Polymer, 7575, 15–23.
  • Wang, Y., Cheng, L., Cui, X., & Guo, W. (2019). Crystallization behavior and properties of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Polymers, 11(7), 14–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071198
  • Yan, C., Yan, P., Xu, H., Liu, D., Chen, G., Cai, G., & Zhu, Y. (2022). Preparation of continuous glass fiber/polyamide 6 composites containing hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene: Mechanical properties, thermal stability, and flame retardancy. Polymer Composites, 43(2), 1022–1037. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26431
  • Zhong, Y., Liu, P., Pei, Q., Sorkin, V., Louis Commillus, A., Su, Z., Guo, T., Thitsartarn W., Lin, T., He, C., & Zhang, Y. W. (2020). Elastic properties of injection molded short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. Composite Structures, 254(April), 112850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112850 Zuhudi, N. Z. M., Lin, R. J., & Jayaraman, K. (2016). Flammability, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of bamboo–glass hybrid composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 29(9), 1210–1228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705714563118

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF LIGNIN ADITION ON THE PROPERTIES OF GLASS FIBER REINFORCED POLYAMIDE 6/POLYAMIDE 610 COMPOSITES

Year 2024, Volume: 27 Issue: 1, 213 - 221, 03.03.2024

Bedriye Üçpınar Durmaz , Elnura Artykbaeva , Ayşe Aytac

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1373989

Abstract

In this study, PA6 and PA610 were blended and glass fiber (GF) and lignin (LL) were added to improve the properties. Composites were prepared by extrusion and injection molding and morphological, thermal (differential scanning calorimetry-DSC, thermogravimetric analysis-TGA) and flame retardancy (limiting oxygen index-LOI, vertical burning test-UL-94, cone calorimetry) properties were examined. While a good interfacial interaction and homogeneous dispersion were observed in the GF reinforced composite, the interaction of LL with the matrix was found to be weak. GF, improved the thermal stability of the matrix and increased the char residue. In GF/LL composites, although LL decreased the thermal resistance, it slowed down the mass loss and increased the char residue. While there was no significant change in the melting point of the matrix with the addition of GF and LL, LL reduced the crystallization temperature and therefore greatly reduced the crystallinity of the matrix. LOI and UL94 classification of the matrix did not change by adding GF. But LL significantly shortened the burning time. GF and LL improved the flame retardancy of the matrix by significantly reducing the total heat release and peak heat release rate values. In conclusion, this study showed that lignin is a promising flame retardant for GF reinforced PA composites.

Keywords

Glass fiber flame retardancy lignin polyamide

Project Number

FYL-2021-2659

References

  • Arboleda-Clemente, L., Ares-Pernas, A., García-Fonte, X. X., & Abad, M. J. (2016). Water sorption of PA12/PA6/MWCNT composites with a segregated conductive network: structure–property relationships. Journal of Materials Science, 51(18), 8674–8686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0127-x
  • Artykbaeva, E., Ucpinar Durmaz, B., Aksoy, P., & Aytac, A. (2022). Investigation of the properties of PA6/PA610 blends and glass fiber reinforced PA6/PA610 composites. Polymer Composites, 43(10), 7514–7525. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26840
  • Cayla, A., Rault, F., Giraud, S., Salaün, F., Sonnier, R., & Dumazert, L. (2019). Influence of ammonium polyphosphate/lignin ratio on thermal and fire behavior of biobased thermoplastic: The case of Polyamide 11. Materials, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071146
  • Chen, Y., Wang, Q., Yan, W., & Tang, H. (2006). Preparation of flame retardant polyamide 6 composite with melamine cyanurate nanoparticles in situ formed in extrusion process. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 91(11), 2632–2643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.05.002
  • Fabbri, F., Bischof, S., Mayr, S., Gritsch, S., Jimenez Bartolome, M., Schwaiger, N., Guebitz, G.M., & Weiss, R. (2023). The Biomodified Lignin Platform: A Review. Polymers, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15071694
  • Koruyucu, A., & Balaban, F. Ç. (2021). Muz kabuğu ekstraktının pamuk ve pamuk-poliester karışımlı kumaşlarda güç tutuşurluğa etkisinin incelenmesi. Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 24(2), 66–82.
  • Mandlekar, N., Cayla, A., Rault, F., Giraud, S., Salaün, F., Malucelli, G., & Guan, J. (2017). Thermal Stability and Fire Retardant Properties of Polyamide 11 Microcomposites Containing Different Lignins. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 56(46), 13704–13714. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03085
  • Marset, D., Dolza, C., Fages, E., Gonga, E., Gutiérrez, O., Gomez-Caturla, J., Ivorra-Martinez, J., Sanchez-Nacher, L., & Quiles-Carrillo, L. (2020). The effect of halloysite nanotubes on the fire retardancy properties of partially biobased polyamide 610. Polymers, 12(12), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12123050
  • Moran, C. S., Barthelon, A., Pearsall, A., Mittal, V., & Dorgan, J. R. (2016). Biorenewable blends of polyamide-4,10 and polyamide-6,10. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(45). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.43626
  • Nurazzi, N. M., Khalina, A., Sapuan, S. M., Ilyas, R. A., Rafiqah, S. A., & Hanafee, Z. M. (2020). Thermal properties of treated sugar palm yarn/glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composites. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(2), 1606–1618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.086
  • Otaegi, I., Aramburu, N., Müller, A. J., & Guerrica-Echevarría, G. (2018). Novel biobased polyamide 410/polyamide 6/CNT nanocomposites. Polymers, 10(9), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10090986
  • Özdemir, F., & Özğan, A. O. (2023). Yumurta kabuğu içeriğinin odun plastik kompozit malzemenin yanma dayanımı üzerine etkisi. Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 26(1), 98–107.
  • Pagacz, J., Raftopoulos, K. N., Leszczyńska, A., & Pielichowski, K. (2016). Bio-polyamides based on renewable raw materials: Glass transition and crystallinity studies. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 123(2), 1225–1237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4929-x
  • Rajak, D. K., Wagh, P. H., & Linul, E. (2021). Manufacturing technologies of carbon/glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites and their properties: A review. Polymers, 13(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213721
  • Ruehle, D. A., Perbix, C., Castañeda, M., Dorgan, J. R., Mittal, V., Halley, P., & Martin, D. (2013). Blends of biorenewable polyamide-11 and polyamide-6,10. Polymer, 54(26), 6961–6970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.10.013
  • Safari, M., Otaegi, I., Aramburu, N., Wang, Y., Liu, G., Dong, X., Wang, D., Guerrica-Echevarria, G., & Müller, A. J. (2021). Composition dependent miscibility in the crystalline state of polyamide 6 /polyamide 4,10 blends: From single to double crystalline blends. Polymer, 219(February), 123570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123570
  • Sallem-Idrissi, N., Van Velthem, P., & Sclavons, M. (2018). Fully Bio-Sourced Nylon 11/Raw Lignin Composites: Thermal and Mechanical Performances. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 26(12), 4405–4414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-018-1311-7
  • Shi, Y. (2016). Phase behavior of polyamide 6/612 blends. Plastics Engineering, 72(4), 46–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2016.tb01515.x
  • Turkmen, E., Yetgin, S.H., & Gülesen, M. (2017). Investigation of Properties of Glass Fiber and Rubber Filled PA6 Polymer, 7575, 15–23.
  • Wang, Y., Cheng, L., Cui, X., & Guo, W. (2019). Crystallization behavior and properties of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Polymers, 11(7), 14–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071198
  • Yan, C., Yan, P., Xu, H., Liu, D., Chen, G., Cai, G., & Zhu, Y. (2022). Preparation of continuous glass fiber/polyamide 6 composites containing hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene: Mechanical properties, thermal stability, and flame retardancy. Polymer Composites, 43(2), 1022–1037. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26431
  • Zhong, Y., Liu, P., Pei, Q., Sorkin, V., Louis Commillus, A., Su, Z., Guo, T., Thitsartarn W., Lin, T., He, C., & Zhang, Y. W. (2020). Elastic properties of injection molded short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. Composite Structures, 254(April), 112850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112850 Zuhudi, N. Z. M., Lin, R. J., & Jayaraman, K. (2016). Flammability, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of bamboo–glass hybrid composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 29(9), 1210–1228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705714563118
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Polymer Science and Technologies, Composite and Hybrid Materials
Journal Section Chemical Engineering
Authors

Bedriye Üçpınar Durmaz 0000-0002-4446-6086

Elnura Artykbaeva 0000-0003-0579-7605

Ayşe Aytac 0000-0002-9566-7881

Project Number FYL-2021-2659
Publication Date March 3, 2024
Submission Date October 10, 2023
Acceptance Date November 21, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024Volume: 27 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Üçpınar Durmaz, B., Artykbaeva, E., & Aytac, A. (2024). LİGNİN İLAVESİNİN CAM ELYAF TAKVİYELİ POLİAMİD 6/POLİAMİD 610 KOMPOZİTLERİNİN ÖZELLİKLERİNE ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(1), 213-221. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1373989
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