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INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF INCREASE OF GROUND FLOOR HEIGHT ON SOFT STORY IRREGULARITY IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

Year 2025, Volume: 28 Issue: 4, 1662 - 1672, 03.12.2025

Burak Çakil , Ozan İnce , Ömer Faruk Osmanlı , Ömer Faruk Taş , Muhammet Karaton , Erkut Sayın

Abstract

Most structural damages during earthquakes are caused by structural irregularities such as soft-story irregularities. Under earthquake loads, the durability of structures with soft story irregularities decreases significantly, leading to catastrophic damages. Evidence from past earthquakes shows that the development and implementation of design standards for the prevention of soft story irregularities is of critical importance. In this study, ground floor heights of ground + 3 storey residential reinforced concrete buildings are designed as 3 m, 3.5 m, 4 m, 4.5 m and 5 m. The other storey heights were kept constant and determined as 3 m in all analyses. The analyses were performed using SAP2000 finite element software and nonlinear static pushover analyses were applied. Within the scope of the study, the period values of the structures were evaluated by comparing the ground floor and peak displacements. In addition, the plastic hinges in the structures were analysed, damage zones were determined and the differences between the plastic hinges were compared in detail. In conclusion, the increase in ground floor height has significantly affected the natural vibration periods, horizontal displacements, and damage distribution of structures. As ground floor height increases, more pronounced horizontal displacements in the seismic behavior of structures and greater damage to ground floor columns have been observed.

Keywords

Reinforced concrete buildings Fiber element method Soft storey Time-history analysis

References

  • AFAD (2024), Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. https://tadas.afad.gov.tr/
  • Akansel, V. H. (2017). Effect of Soft Storey on Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Middle East Technical University, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Civil Engineering Department, Ph.D. Thesis.
  • Akkar, S., Boore, D. M., & Gülkan, P. (2005). An evaluation of the strong ground motion recorded during the May 1, 2003 Bingöl Turkey, Earthquake. Journal of earthquake engineering, 9(2), 173-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460509350538
  • Arslan, M. H., Korkmaz, H. H., & Gulay, F. G. (2006). Damage and failure pattern of prefabricated structures after major earthquakes in Turkey and shortfalls of the Turkish Earthquake code. Engineering Failure Analysis, 13(4), 537-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2005.02.006
  • Ates, S., Kahya, V., Yurdakul, M., & Adanur, S. (2013). Damages on reinforced concrete buildings due to consecutive earthquakes in Van. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 53, 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.06.006
  • Avcil, F., Işık, E., İzol, R., Büyüksaraç, A., Arkan, E., Arslan, M. H., ... & Harirchian, E. (2024). Effects of the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquake on structures in Kahramanmaraş city. Natural Hazards, 120(3), 2953-2991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06314-1
  • Bakala, P. I. B., Mısır, İ. S., & Aldemir, Ö. Betonarme Çerçevelerde Yumuşak Kat Etkilerinin Yeni Nesil Dolgu Duvarlar ile Azaltılması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 26(77), 192-199. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2024267701
  • Bayrak, O. F., Bikçe, M., & Erdem, M. M. (2021). Failures of structures during the January 24, 2020, Sivrice (Elazığ) Earthquake in Turkey. Natural hazards, 108(2), 1943-1969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04764-z
  • Caglar, N., Vural, I., Kirtel, O., Saribiyik, A., & Sumer, Y. (2023). Structural damages observed in buildings after the January 24, 2020 Elazığ-Sivrice earthquake in Türkiye. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e01886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01886
  • Demir, A., & Altıok, T. Y. (2021). Numerical assessment of a slender structure damaged during October 30, 2020, İzmir earthquake in Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 19(14), 5871-5896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01197-8
  • Dogan, G., Ecemis, A. S., Korkmaz, S. Z., Arslan, M. H., & Korkmaz, H. H. (2021). Buildings damages after Elazığ, Turkey earthquake on January 24, 2020. Natural hazards, 109(1), 161-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04831-5
  • Doǧangün, A. (2004). Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the May 1, 2003 Bingöl Earthquake in Turkey. Engineering Structures, 26(6), 841-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.02.005
  • El-Tawil, S., & Deierlein, G. G. (2001). Nonlinear analysis of mixed steel-concrete frames. I: Element formulation. Journal of Structural engineering, 127(6), 647-655. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:6(647)
  • Günaydin, M., Atmaca, B., Demir, S., Altunişik, A. C., Hüsem, M., Adanur, S., ... & Angin, Z. (2021). Seismic damage assessment of masonry buildings in Elazığ and Malatya following the 2020 Elazığ-Sivrice earthquake, Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 19, 2421-2456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01073-5
  • Ince, O. (2024). Structural Damage Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Adıyaman after Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Earthquakes on 6 February 2023. Eng. Fail. Anal. 156, 107799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107799
  • Isik, E., Aydin, M. C., & Buyuksarac, A. (2020). 24 January 2020 Sivrice (Elazığ) earthquake damages and determination of earthquake parameters in the region. Earthquakes and Structures, 19(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.19.2.145
  • Mander, J. B., Priestley, M. J., & Park, R. (1988). Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete. Journal of structural engineering, 114(8), 1804-1826. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)
  • Pesaralanka, V., Challagulla, S. P., Vicencio, F., Chandra Babu, P. S., Hossain, I., Jameel, M., & Ramakrishna, U. (2023). Influence of a soft story on the seismic response of non-structural components. Sustainability, 15(4), 2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042860
  • Saatcioglu, M., Mitchell, D., Tinawi, R., Gardner, N. J., Gillies, A. G., Ghobarah, A., ... & Lau, D. (2001). The August 17, 1999, Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake damage to structures. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 28(4), 715-737. https://doi.org/10.1139/l01-043
  • SAP2000 V.24.0.0, Computers and Structures, Inc., http://www.csiberkeley.com, 1995 University Avenue Berkeley, California 94704 USA,. 1978-2010
  • Sayın, E., Yön, B., Onat, O., Gör, M., Öncü, M. E., Tuğrul Tunç, E., ... & Calayır, Y. (2021). 24 January 2020 Sivrice-Elazığ, Turkey earthquake: geotechnical evaluation and performance of structures. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 19, 657-684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-01018-4
  • Sezen, H., & Whittaker, A. S. (2006). Seismic performance of industrial facilities affected by the 1999 Turkey earthquake. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 20(1), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2006)20:1(28
  • Sezen, H., Whittaker, A. S., Elwood, K. J., & Mosalam, K. M. (2003). Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake, and seismic design and construction practise in Turkey. Engineering Structures, 25(1), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00121-9
  • Özmen, A., İnce, O., Taş, Ö. F., Atar, M., Ozbulut, O. E., & Sayın, E. (2025). Seismic performance assessment of structures in Malatya Province after 6 February 2023 Turkey earthquake sequences. Natural Hazards, 121, 5293–5326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-07017-x
  • Taskin, B., Sezen, A., Tugsal, U. M., & Erken, A. (2013). The aftermath of 2011 Van earthquakes: evaluation of strong motion, geotechnical and structural issues. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 11, 285-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9356-9
  • TBDY (2018), Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, Ankara. Yön, B. (2021). Identification of Failure Mechanisms in Existing Unreinforced Masonry Buildings in Rural Areas after April 4, 2019 Earthquake in Turkey. J. Build. Eng. 43, 102586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102586

BETONARME BİNALARDA ZEMİN KAT YÜKSEKLİĞİNDEKİ ARTIŞIN YUMUŞAK KAT DÜZENSİZLİĞİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2025, Volume: 28 Issue: 4, 1662 - 1672, 03.12.2025

Burak Çakil , Ozan İnce , Ömer Faruk Osmanlı , Ömer Faruk Taş , Muhammet Karaton , Erkut Sayın

Abstract

Depremler sırasında meydana gelen yapı hasarlarının büyük bir bölümü, yumuşak kat düzensizliği gibi yapısal düzensizliklerden kaynaklanmaktadır. Deprem yükleri altında yumuşak kat düzensizliğine sahip yapıların dayanıklılığı önemli ölçüde azalarak yıkıcı hasarlara yol açmaktadır. Geçmiş depremlerden elde edilen bulgular, yumuşak kat düzensizliklerinin önlenmesine yönelik tasarım standartlarının geliştirilmesinin ve uygulanmasının kritik bir öneme sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, zemin + 3 katlı konut tipi betonarme yapılar, zemin kat yüksekliği 3 m, 3.5 m, 4 m, 4.5 m ve 5 m olacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Diğer kat yükseklikleri ise tüm analizlerde sabit tutulmuş ve 3 m olarak belirlenmiştir. Analizler, SAP2000 sonlu elemanlar yazılımı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş ve doğrusal olmayan statik itme analizleri uygulanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, yapıların periyot değerleri, zemin kat ve tepe deplasmanları karşılaştırılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, yapılarda oluşan plastik mafsallar incelenmiş, hasar bölgeleri belirlenmiş ve plastik mafsallar arasındaki farklılıklar detaylı bir şekilde kıyaslanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, zemin kat yüksekliğinin artışı, yapıların doğal titreşim periyotları, yatay deplasmanları ve hasar dağılımları üzerinde önemli bir etki yaratmıştır. Zemin kat yüksekliği arttıkça, yapıların deprem davranışında daha belirgin yatay yer değiştirmeler ve zemin kat kolonlarında daha fazla hasarların meydana geldiği gözlemlenmiştir.

Keywords

Betonarme binalar Fiber eleman yöntemi Yumuşak kat Zaman tanım alanında analiz

References

  • AFAD (2024), Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. https://tadas.afad.gov.tr/
  • Akansel, V. H. (2017). Effect of Soft Storey on Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Middle East Technical University, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Civil Engineering Department, Ph.D. Thesis.
  • Akkar, S., Boore, D. M., & Gülkan, P. (2005). An evaluation of the strong ground motion recorded during the May 1, 2003 Bingöl Turkey, Earthquake. Journal of earthquake engineering, 9(2), 173-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460509350538
  • Arslan, M. H., Korkmaz, H. H., & Gulay, F. G. (2006). Damage and failure pattern of prefabricated structures after major earthquakes in Turkey and shortfalls of the Turkish Earthquake code. Engineering Failure Analysis, 13(4), 537-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2005.02.006
  • Ates, S., Kahya, V., Yurdakul, M., & Adanur, S. (2013). Damages on reinforced concrete buildings due to consecutive earthquakes in Van. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 53, 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.06.006
  • Avcil, F., Işık, E., İzol, R., Büyüksaraç, A., Arkan, E., Arslan, M. H., ... & Harirchian, E. (2024). Effects of the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquake on structures in Kahramanmaraş city. Natural Hazards, 120(3), 2953-2991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06314-1
  • Bakala, P. I. B., Mısır, İ. S., & Aldemir, Ö. Betonarme Çerçevelerde Yumuşak Kat Etkilerinin Yeni Nesil Dolgu Duvarlar ile Azaltılması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 26(77), 192-199. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2024267701
  • Bayrak, O. F., Bikçe, M., & Erdem, M. M. (2021). Failures of structures during the January 24, 2020, Sivrice (Elazığ) Earthquake in Turkey. Natural hazards, 108(2), 1943-1969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04764-z
  • Caglar, N., Vural, I., Kirtel, O., Saribiyik, A., & Sumer, Y. (2023). Structural damages observed in buildings after the January 24, 2020 Elazığ-Sivrice earthquake in Türkiye. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, e01886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e01886
  • Demir, A., & Altıok, T. Y. (2021). Numerical assessment of a slender structure damaged during October 30, 2020, İzmir earthquake in Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 19(14), 5871-5896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01197-8
  • Dogan, G., Ecemis, A. S., Korkmaz, S. Z., Arslan, M. H., & Korkmaz, H. H. (2021). Buildings damages after Elazığ, Turkey earthquake on January 24, 2020. Natural hazards, 109(1), 161-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04831-5
  • Doǧangün, A. (2004). Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the May 1, 2003 Bingöl Earthquake in Turkey. Engineering Structures, 26(6), 841-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.02.005
  • El-Tawil, S., & Deierlein, G. G. (2001). Nonlinear analysis of mixed steel-concrete frames. I: Element formulation. Journal of Structural engineering, 127(6), 647-655. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:6(647)
  • Günaydin, M., Atmaca, B., Demir, S., Altunişik, A. C., Hüsem, M., Adanur, S., ... & Angin, Z. (2021). Seismic damage assessment of masonry buildings in Elazığ and Malatya following the 2020 Elazığ-Sivrice earthquake, Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 19, 2421-2456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01073-5
  • Ince, O. (2024). Structural Damage Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Adıyaman after Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) Earthquakes on 6 February 2023. Eng. Fail. Anal. 156, 107799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107799
  • Isik, E., Aydin, M. C., & Buyuksarac, A. (2020). 24 January 2020 Sivrice (Elazığ) earthquake damages and determination of earthquake parameters in the region. Earthquakes and Structures, 19(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2020.19.2.145
  • Mander, J. B., Priestley, M. J., & Park, R. (1988). Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete. Journal of structural engineering, 114(8), 1804-1826. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)
  • Pesaralanka, V., Challagulla, S. P., Vicencio, F., Chandra Babu, P. S., Hossain, I., Jameel, M., & Ramakrishna, U. (2023). Influence of a soft story on the seismic response of non-structural components. Sustainability, 15(4), 2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042860
  • Saatcioglu, M., Mitchell, D., Tinawi, R., Gardner, N. J., Gillies, A. G., Ghobarah, A., ... & Lau, D. (2001). The August 17, 1999, Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake damage to structures. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 28(4), 715-737. https://doi.org/10.1139/l01-043
  • SAP2000 V.24.0.0, Computers and Structures, Inc., http://www.csiberkeley.com, 1995 University Avenue Berkeley, California 94704 USA,. 1978-2010
  • Sayın, E., Yön, B., Onat, O., Gör, M., Öncü, M. E., Tuğrul Tunç, E., ... & Calayır, Y. (2021). 24 January 2020 Sivrice-Elazığ, Turkey earthquake: geotechnical evaluation and performance of structures. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 19, 657-684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-01018-4
  • Sezen, H., & Whittaker, A. S. (2006). Seismic performance of industrial facilities affected by the 1999 Turkey earthquake. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 20(1), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2006)20:1(28
  • Sezen, H., Whittaker, A. S., Elwood, K. J., & Mosalam, K. M. (2003). Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake, and seismic design and construction practise in Turkey. Engineering Structures, 25(1), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00121-9
  • Özmen, A., İnce, O., Taş, Ö. F., Atar, M., Ozbulut, O. E., & Sayın, E. (2025). Seismic performance assessment of structures in Malatya Province after 6 February 2023 Turkey earthquake sequences. Natural Hazards, 121, 5293–5326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-07017-x
  • Taskin, B., Sezen, A., Tugsal, U. M., & Erken, A. (2013). The aftermath of 2011 Van earthquakes: evaluation of strong motion, geotechnical and structural issues. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 11, 285-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9356-9
  • TBDY (2018), Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, Ankara. Yön, B. (2021). Identification of Failure Mechanisms in Existing Unreinforced Masonry Buildings in Rural Areas after April 4, 2019 Earthquake in Turkey. J. Build. Eng. 43, 102586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102586
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Structural Dynamics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Burak Çakil 0000-0002-4972-8874

Ozan İnce 0000-0002-6319-1129

Ömer Faruk Osmanlı 0000-0002-9799-3103

Ömer Faruk Taş 0000-0002-1431-5316

Muhammet Karaton 0000-0002-1498-4659

Erkut Sayın 0000-0003-0266-759X

Publication Date December 3, 2025
Submission Date January 3, 2025
Acceptance Date June 4, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 28 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Çakil, B., İnce, O., Osmanlı, Ö. F., … Taş, Ö. F. (2025). BETONARME BİNALARDA ZEMİN KAT YÜKSEKLİĞİNDEKİ ARTIŞIN YUMUŞAK KAT DÜZENSİZLİĞİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(4), 1662-1672.
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