Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

VAN GÖLÜNDEN ÇIKARILAN DİP ÇAMURLARININ KARAKTERİZASYONU VE ÇEVRESEL AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

Year 2025, Volume: 28 Issue: 4, 2093 - 2109, 03.12.2025

Mehmet Türkmenoğlu , Ayşe Özgüven , Elif Erdeve Özvan , Dilara Öztürk

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Van Gölü kıyısında yer alan Van Merkez İleri biyolojik atıksu arıtma tesisi çıkış sularının deşarj edildiği noktadan alınan dip çamurlarının klasik kurutma yöntemi ve geotekstil tüp sistemiyle susuzlaştırılması sonrası fiziksel, kimyasal özellikleri ve potansiyel çevresel etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Orijinal çamurun nem içeriği %31,7 olarak belirlenmiştir. Klasik ve geotekstil tüp ile kurutma yönteminde bu oran sıfıra inmiş, kuru madde %68,3, kül oranı %59,16, organik madde içeriği ise %2,73 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Arsenik (As), kadmiyum (Cd), krom (Cr), bakır (Cu), nikel (Ni), kurşun (Pb) ve çinko (Zn) gibi bazı ağır metallerin konsantrasyonları hem klasik hem de geotekstil tüp uygulaması ile susuzlaştırma sonrası belirlenmiştir. Analizi yapılan ağır metaller Türkiye’deki ilgili yönetmelik sınır değerlerinin altında bulunmuştur. Kurutulmuş çamur numunesinde silisyum dioksit (SiO₂) oranı %46,11 ve karbon oranı %3,25 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Geotekstil tüp yöntemi ile susuzlaştırılan örnekte organik madde (%4,18) ve elementel azot (%1,15) oranlarının klasik yönteme göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre dip çamurunun organik madde içeriğinin düşük olması ve inorganik madde oranının ise yüksek olması enerji geri kazanımı açısından uygun olmadığını; ancak dolgu malzemesi veya tarımsal iyileştirmede kullanılması gibi bazı alternatif bertaraf yöntemlerine uygunluk sağladığını göstermektedir.

Keywords

Çevresel etki dip çamuru karakterizasyon Van Gölü

References

  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007) Toxicological Profile for Lead. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. US Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ATSDR (2012). Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. In Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; Public Health Service U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 1–487.
  • Akono, D.F., Assomo, P.S., Atangana, J.N., Nkongho, A.E., Belinga, C.B, Ekomane, E. (2022). Assessment of traces metals in sediment from Ebolowa Municipal Lake basin (central-africa): potential risk and provenance. Heliyon 8(8).
  • Alemdaroğlu, T., Onur, E., & Erkakan, F. (2003). Trace metal levels in surficial sediments of lake Manyas, Turkey and Tributary Rivers. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 60(3), 287-298.
  • Aljahdali,M.H., El-Kahawy,R.M., Ghandour, I.M., Jones, B.G., Quicksall, A.N., Bantan, R.A., Abu-Zied, R.H., Mabrouk, M. (2025). Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediments of Qarun Lake, Faiyum, Egypt: Spatial Distribution, Sources and Ecological Risk Assessment. Earth Systems and Environment, Earth Systems and Environment, 1-30.
  • Alloway, B. J. (2012). Heavy metals in soils: trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability; Springer Science & Business Media, Vol. 22.
  • Aparicio Ardila, M. A., Souza, S. T. D., Silva, J. L. D., Valentin, C. A., & Dantas, A. D. B. (2020). Geotextile tube dewatering performance assessment: An experimental study of sludge dewatering generated at a water treatment plant. Sustainability, 12(19), 8129.
  • Apaydın, S., Cuci, Y., Keskin, V., (2025). Erçek Gölü Sularının Fiziksel Özellikleri ve İz Element Konsantrasyon Değişimlerinin Mekânsal Analizi (Erçek-Van). Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(2), 485-499.
  • Appels, L., Baeyens, J., Degrève, J., & Dewil, R. (2008). Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 34(6), 755-781.
  • Aung, P.P., Mao, Y., Hu, T., Qi, S., Tian, Q., Chen, Z., Xing, X. (2019). Metal concentrations and pollution assessment in bottom sediments from Inle Lake, Myanmar. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 207, 106357.
  • Bianchini, A., Bonfiglioli, L., Pellegrini, M., & Saccani, C. (2016). Sewage sludge management in Europe: a critical analysis of data quality. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 18(3), 226-238.
  • Binici, A., Pulatsü, S., & Bursa, N. (2021). Mogan Gölü’nde (Ankara, Türkiye) Sediment Tarama Uygulamalarının Sedimentteki Ağır Metal Konsantrasyonları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Journal of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, 4(2), 159-167.
  • Bölükbaşı Başaran, V. (2011). Seyfe Gölü Su Kalitesi ve Dip Çamuru Ağır Metal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Bilimleri ABD Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
  • Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) (1999d) Canadian soil quality guidelines for the protection of environmental and human health: lead (1999). In: Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, 1999, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg.
  • Chang, Z., Long, G., Zhou, J. L., & Ma, C. (2020). Valorization of sewage sludge in the fabrication of construction and building materials: A review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 154, 104606.
  • Christensen, E.R., Hoang, T.C., Li, A. (2025). Metals in sediments of the Great Lakes of North America determined by factor analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 966, 178724.
  • Cifuentes, G.R., Jim´enez-Mill´an, J., Quevedo, C.P., G´alvez, A., Rozo, J.C., Espinosa, R.J. (2021). Trace element fixation in sediments rich in organic matter from a saline lake in tropical latitude with hydrothermal inputs (Sochagota Lake, Colombia): The role of bacterial communities. Science of the Total Environment, 762, 143113.
  • Çevik, F., Göksu, M. Z. L., Derici, O. B., & Fındık, Ö. (2009). An assessment of metal pollution in surface sediments of Seyhan dam by using enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index and statistical analyses. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 152(1), 309-317.
  • Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı. (2010). Toprak Kirliliğinin Kontrolü ve Noktasal Kaynaklı Kirlenmiş Sahalara Dair Yönetmelik. Resmî Gazete, 27605. Ankara: Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı.
  • Degens, E. T., Wong, H. K., Kempe, S., & Kurtman, F. J. G. R. (1984). A geological study of Lake Van, eastern Turkey. Geologische Rundschau, 73(2), 701-734.
  • Devlin, M., & Brodie, J. (2023). Nutrients and eutrophication. In Marine pollution–monitoring, management and mitigation, 4, 75-100.
  • Donohue, I., & Garcia Molinos, J. (2009). Impacts of increased sediment loads on the ecology of lakes. Biological reviews, 84(4), 517-531.
  • EPA, A. (1995). Guide to the Biosolids Risk Assessments for the EPA Part 503 Rule. Washington DC.
  • Erenturk, S., Yusan, S., Turkozu, D. A., Camtakan, Z., Olgen, M. K., Aslani, M. A., Aytaş, Ş., & Isik, M. A. (2014). Spatial distribution and risk assessment of radioactivity and heavy metal levels of sediment, surface water and fish samples from Lake Van, Turkey. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 300(3), 919-931.
  • European Commission (1986). Council directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture, OJ L 181, 4.7.1986, pp. 6–12.
  • European Commission (2000). European Commission Working Document on Sludge. Third Draft, Brussels 27 April 2000, DG Environment.
  • European Commission (2018). European Commission. A Sustainable Bioeconomy for Europe: Strengthening the Connection between Economy, Society and the Environment.
  • Flocks, J., Kindinger, J., Marot, M., & Holmes, C. (2009). Sediment characterization and dynamics in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. Journal of Coastal Research, (10054), 113-126.
  • Förstner, U., & Wittmann, G. T. (2012). Metal pollution in the aquatic environment. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Fytili, D., & Zabaniotou, A. (2008). Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(1), 116-140.
  • Heiri, O., Lotter, A. F., & Lemcke, G. (2001). Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology, 25(1), 101-110. https://www.agilent.com. Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2025.
  • Hussaina, S.M., Anbalaganb, S., Suresh Kumara, K., Neelavannanb, K., Pradhapa, D., Radhakrishnana, K., Godsonc, P.S., Krishnakumar, S. (2020). A baseline study on elemental concentration and potential ecological risk status of the surface sediments of Ashtamudi Lake, southwest coast of India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 158, 111410.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), (2012). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 100C. Arsenic, Metals, Fibres and Dusts.
  • İleri, S. (2010). Uluabat Gölü Su ve Sediment Kalitesinin Fiziko-Kimyasal Parametreler Açısından Değerlendirilmesi ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi Ortamında Analizlenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 235 s, Bursa.
  • Jaishankar, M., Tseten, T., Anbalagan, N., Mathew, B. B., & Beeregowda, K. N. (2014). Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary toxicology, 7(2), 60.
  • Juste, C., & Mench, M. (2017). Long-term application of sewage sludge and its effect on metal uptake by crops. In Biogeochemistry of trace metals (pp. 171-206). CRC Press.
  • Kabata-Pendias, A. (2000). Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC press. Boca Raton, FL, USA.
  • Kaptan, H., Tekin-Özan, S. (2014). Eğirdir Gölü’nün (Isparta) Suyunda, Sedimentinde ve Gölde Yaşayan Sazan’ın (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) Bazı Doku ve Organlarındaki Ağır Metal Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Arts and Science Journal of Science, 9 (2): 44-60.
  • Karadoğan, Ü. (2021). Haliç dip tarama çamuru ve maden atığının geotekstil tüp ile susuzlaştırılması ve geoteknik mühendisliği açısından değerlendirilmesi. Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi. Lisansüstü Egitim Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi.
  • Kayakökü, H., & Doğru, M. (2020). Radiological hazard assessment of natural radionuclides and heavy metal pollution in deep mud samples of Van Lake, Turkey. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 324(3), 1339-1350.
  • Keskin, N. (2024) Göksu nehri dip tarama çamurlarının geotekstil tüp ve santrifüj yöntemleri ile susuzlaştırma performansının araştırılması ve karşılaştırılması. Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi. Lisansüstü Egitim Enstitüsü, Yüksek lisans Tezi.
  • Khan, S., Cao, Q., Zheng, Y. M., Huang, Y. Z., & Zhu, Y. G. (2008). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environmental pollution, 152(3), 686-692.
  • Kırkan, B., & Şençimen, H. (2021). Eğirdir Gölü Dip Sedimentinde Ağır Metal Fraksiyonlarının İncelenmesi. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 9(4), 1224-1235.
  • Kükrer, S. (2018). Vertical and horizontal distribution, source identification, ecological and toxic risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Lake Aygır, Kars, Turkey. Environmental Forensics, 19:2, 122-133.
  • Li, D., Yu, R., Chen, J., Leng, X., Zhao, D., Jia, H., & An, S. (2022). Ecological risk of heavy metals in lake sediments of China: A national-scale integrated analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 334,130206.
  • Meda, S. R., Sharma, S. K., & Tyagi, G. D. (2021). Utilization of waste sludge as a construction material-a review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46, 4195-4202.
  • Metcalf & Eddy (2014). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery, 5th ed, McGraw-Hill Education, New York, NY.
  • Narin İ., Soylak, M., Elçi L., Doğan M. (2009, Kasım). Analize Yaklaşım ve Karasu, Sarmısaklı Çayı Kızılırmak Nehrindeki Pb, Cu, Ni, Co ve Cd Kirliliğinin Araştırılması, 1.Tıbbi Jeoloji Çalıştayı, 1.Tıbbi Jeoloji Çalıştayı, Ürgüp/ Nevşehir.
  • Özaktaş, T. (2020). Van Gölü Sediment Bakterilerinin Ağır Metal Karakterizasyonu. Doğu Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 1-8.
  • Pereira, A. C., & Mulligan, C. N. (2023). Practices for eutrophic shallow lake water remediation and restoration: A critical literature review. Water, 15(12), 2270.
  • Reimer, A., Landmann, G., & Kempe, S. (2009). Lake Van, eastern Anatolia, hydrochemistry and history. Aquatic Geochemistry, 15(1), 195-222.
  • Resmi Gazete, (2010). Evsel ve Kentsel Arıtma Çamurlarının Toprakta Kullanılmasına Dair Yönetmelik. Resmi Gazete sayı No: 27661, yürürlük tarihi: 03/08/2010.
  • Rulkens, W. (2008). Sewage sludge as a biomass resource for the production of energy: overview and assessment of the various options. Energy & Fuels, 22(1), 9-15.
  • Schindler, D. W., Hecky, R. E., Findlay, D. L., Stainton, M. P., Parker, B. R., Paterson, M. J., Beaty, K.G., Lyng, M., & Kasian, S. (2008). Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input: results of a 37-year whole-ecosystem experiment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(32), 11254-11258.
  • Singh, A., & Prasad, S. M. (2015). Remediation of heavy metal contaminated ecosystem: an overview on technology advancement. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(1), 353-366.
  • Smith, S. R. (2009). A critical review of the bioavailability and impacts of heavy metals in municipal solid waste composts compared to sewage sludge. Environment international, 35(1), 142-156.
  • Sojka, M., Jaskula, J., Barabach, J., Ptak, M., Zhu, S., (2022). Heavy metals in lake surface sediments in protected areas in Poland: concentration, pollution, ecological risk, sources and spatial distribution. Scientific Reports,12:15006.
  • Şener, Ş., & Şener, E. (2015). Kovada Gölü (Isparta) dip sedimanlarında ağır metal dağılımı ve kirliliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(2), 86-96.
  • Şener, E., Şener, Ş., Bulut, C. (2023). Assessment of heavy metal pollution and quality in lake water and sediment by various index methods and GIS: A case study in Beysehir Lake, Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 192, 115101.
  • Şener, Ş., Şener, E., & Bulut, C. (2023). Appraisal of heavy metal contents, spatial–temporal variation, toxic metal pollution, and health risk in water and sediment of Uluabat Lake (Ramsar Site, Turkey). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(54), 115246-115265.
  • Tepe, Y., Şimşek, A., Ustaoğlu, F., & Taş, B. (2022). Spatial–temporal distribution and pollution indices of heavy metals in the Turnasuyu Stream sediment, Turkey. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 194(11), 818.
  • TS EN 13656 (15.02.2021) “Toprak, İşlem görmüş Biyoatık, Çamur ve Atık – Elementlerin sonraki Tayini için Hidroklorik (HCl), Nitrik (HNO3), tetrafloroborik (HBF4) veya Hidroflorik (HF) asit karışımı ile Parçalanması”
  • TS EN 15934 (12.06.2013) “Çamur, Arıtılmış Biyoatık, Toprak ve Atık – Kuru Kalıntı veya Su İçeriği Belirlenmesinden Sonra Kuru Madde Oranının Hesaplanması”
  • TS EN 15935 (30.09.2021) “Toprak, Atık, Arıtılmış Biyoatık ve Çamur – Yakmadaki Kaybın Belirlenmesi”
  • TS EN ISO 5667-13 (13.12.2011) “Su Kalitesi – Numune Alma – Bölüm 13: Çamur Numunesi alma Kılavuzu”
  • TS EN ISO 5667-15 (19.01.2010) “Su Kalitesi – Numune Alma – Bölüm 15: Çamur ve Sediment Örneklerinin Koruma ve Taşıma Rehberi”
  • TS EN ISO 22036 (04.03.2024) “Çevresel Katı Ortamlar – İndüktif Olarak Eşleştirilmiş Plazma Optik Emisyon Spektrometri (ICP-OES) Kullanılarak Elementlerin Tayini”
  • Toprak Kirliliğinin Kontrolü ve Noktasal Kaynaklı Kirlenmiş Sahalara Dair Yönetmelik, (2010). 27605 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
  • Turovskiy, I. S., & Mathai, P. K. (2006). Wastewater sludge processing. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Turovskiy, I.S.; Mathai, P.K. Wastewater Sludge Processing; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NY, USA, 2005; ISBN 0471700541.
  • Ustaoğlu, F., Islam, Md.S., Tokatlı, C. (2022). Ecological and probabilistic human health hazard assessment of heavy metals in Sera Lake Nature Park sediments (Trabzon, Turkey). Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15: 597.
  • Ünlü, S., Alpar, B. (2016). An assessment of trace element contamination in the freshwater sediments of Lake Iznik (NW Turkey). Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(2), 140.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2003). Chromium in Drinking-Water. Background Document for Preparation of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Worley, J. W., Bass, T. M., & Vendrell, P. F. (2004). Field test of geotextile tube for dewatering dairy lagoon sludge. In 2004 ASAE Annual Meeting (p. 1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
  • Varol, M. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 195, 355-364.
  • Varol, M., Canpolat, Ö., Eriş, K.K., Çağlar, M. (2020). Trace metals in core sediments from a deep lake in eastern Turkey: Vertical concentration profiles, eco-environmental risks and possible sources. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 189,110060.
  • Yee, T. W., Lawson, C. R., Wang, Z. Y., Ding, L., & Liu, Y. (2012). Geotextile tube dewatering of contaminated sediments, Tianjin Eco-City, China. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 31, 39-50.
  • Yetiş, A. D., & Özgüven, A. (2020). Van Gölü edremit kiyisi yüzey sularinda ağir metal kirliliğinin araştirilmasi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 831-848.
  • Yıldız, N., & Yener, G. (2010). Van Gölü'nde sediment birikim hızı, radyoaktif ve ağır metal kirliliğinin tarihlemesi. Ekoloji, 19(77), 80-87.
  • Yiğit, A., İrak, Z. T., Öztürk, D., Öztürk, E., Alpaslan, D., Şahan, T., & Aktaş, N. (2017). Van gölü suyunun iyon karakterizasyonuyla su kalitesinin belirlenmesi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 7(4), 169-179.
  • Yozukmaz, A.; Yabanlı, M. (2023). Heavy Metal Contamination and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment in Sediments of Lake Bafa (Turkey). Sustainability, 15, 9969.
  • Zhao, F. J., McGrath, S. P., & Meharg, A. A. (2010). Arsenic as a food chain contaminant: mechanisms of plant uptake and metabolism and mitigation strategies. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61(1), 535-559.
  • Zhou, H., Zhang, W., Li, L., Zhang, M., & Wang, D. (2021). Environmental impact and optimization of lake dredged-sludge treatment and disposal technologies based on life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 787, 147703.
  • Zhu, L., Xue, P., Meadows, G. A., Huang, C., Ge, J., Troy, C. D., & Wu, C. H. (2024). Trends of sediment resuspension and budget in southern Lake Michigan under changing wave climate and hydrodynamic environment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 129(4), e2023JC020180.

CHARACTERIZATION OF AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF BOTTOM SLUDGE EXTRACTED FROM LAKE VAN

Year 2025, Volume: 28 Issue: 4, 2093 - 2109, 03.12.2025

Mehmet Türkmenoğlu , Ayşe Özgüven , Elif Erdeve Özvan , Dilara Öztürk

Abstract

In this study, the physical and chemical properties and potential environmental effects of bottom sludge taken from the point where the effluent from the Van Central Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant, located on the shores of Lake Van, was discharged were evaluated after dewatering using the classical drying method and a geotextile tube system. The moisture content of the original sludge was determined to be 31.7%. In the classical and geotextile tube drying methods, this ratio decreased to zero; dry matter was determined as 68.3%, ash content as 59.16%, and organic matter content as 2.73%. The concentrations of some heavy metals, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), were determined after dewatering with both classical and geotextile tube applications. The analyzed heavy metals were found to be below the relevant regulatory limit values in Turkey. The silicon dioxide (SiO₂) content in the dried sludge sample was 46.11%, and the carbon content was 3.25%. It was determined that the organic matter (4.18%) and elemental nitrogen (1.15%) rates were higher in the sample dewatered with the geotextile tube method compared to the classical method. According to the results obtained, the low organic matter content and high inorganic matter ratio of bottom sludge indicate that it is not suitable for energy recovery; however, it is suitable for some alternative disposal methods, such as use as filling material or in agricultural improvement.

Keywords

Bottom sludge characterization environmental impact Lake Van

References

  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007) Toxicological Profile for Lead. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. US Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ATSDR (2012). Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. In Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; Public Health Service U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 1–487.
  • Akono, D.F., Assomo, P.S., Atangana, J.N., Nkongho, A.E., Belinga, C.B, Ekomane, E. (2022). Assessment of traces metals in sediment from Ebolowa Municipal Lake basin (central-africa): potential risk and provenance. Heliyon 8(8).
  • Alemdaroğlu, T., Onur, E., & Erkakan, F. (2003). Trace metal levels in surficial sediments of lake Manyas, Turkey and Tributary Rivers. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 60(3), 287-298.
  • Aljahdali,M.H., El-Kahawy,R.M., Ghandour, I.M., Jones, B.G., Quicksall, A.N., Bantan, R.A., Abu-Zied, R.H., Mabrouk, M. (2025). Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediments of Qarun Lake, Faiyum, Egypt: Spatial Distribution, Sources and Ecological Risk Assessment. Earth Systems and Environment, Earth Systems and Environment, 1-30.
  • Alloway, B. J. (2012). Heavy metals in soils: trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability; Springer Science & Business Media, Vol. 22.
  • Aparicio Ardila, M. A., Souza, S. T. D., Silva, J. L. D., Valentin, C. A., & Dantas, A. D. B. (2020). Geotextile tube dewatering performance assessment: An experimental study of sludge dewatering generated at a water treatment plant. Sustainability, 12(19), 8129.
  • Apaydın, S., Cuci, Y., Keskin, V., (2025). Erçek Gölü Sularının Fiziksel Özellikleri ve İz Element Konsantrasyon Değişimlerinin Mekânsal Analizi (Erçek-Van). Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(2), 485-499.
  • Appels, L., Baeyens, J., Degrève, J., & Dewil, R. (2008). Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 34(6), 755-781.
  • Aung, P.P., Mao, Y., Hu, T., Qi, S., Tian, Q., Chen, Z., Xing, X. (2019). Metal concentrations and pollution assessment in bottom sediments from Inle Lake, Myanmar. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 207, 106357.
  • Bianchini, A., Bonfiglioli, L., Pellegrini, M., & Saccani, C. (2016). Sewage sludge management in Europe: a critical analysis of data quality. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 18(3), 226-238.
  • Binici, A., Pulatsü, S., & Bursa, N. (2021). Mogan Gölü’nde (Ankara, Türkiye) Sediment Tarama Uygulamalarının Sedimentteki Ağır Metal Konsantrasyonları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Journal of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, 4(2), 159-167.
  • Bölükbaşı Başaran, V. (2011). Seyfe Gölü Su Kalitesi ve Dip Çamuru Ağır Metal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Bilimleri ABD Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
  • Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) (1999d) Canadian soil quality guidelines for the protection of environmental and human health: lead (1999). In: Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, 1999, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg.
  • Chang, Z., Long, G., Zhou, J. L., & Ma, C. (2020). Valorization of sewage sludge in the fabrication of construction and building materials: A review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 154, 104606.
  • Christensen, E.R., Hoang, T.C., Li, A. (2025). Metals in sediments of the Great Lakes of North America determined by factor analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 966, 178724.
  • Cifuentes, G.R., Jim´enez-Mill´an, J., Quevedo, C.P., G´alvez, A., Rozo, J.C., Espinosa, R.J. (2021). Trace element fixation in sediments rich in organic matter from a saline lake in tropical latitude with hydrothermal inputs (Sochagota Lake, Colombia): The role of bacterial communities. Science of the Total Environment, 762, 143113.
  • Çevik, F., Göksu, M. Z. L., Derici, O. B., & Fındık, Ö. (2009). An assessment of metal pollution in surface sediments of Seyhan dam by using enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index and statistical analyses. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 152(1), 309-317.
  • Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı. (2010). Toprak Kirliliğinin Kontrolü ve Noktasal Kaynaklı Kirlenmiş Sahalara Dair Yönetmelik. Resmî Gazete, 27605. Ankara: Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı.
  • Degens, E. T., Wong, H. K., Kempe, S., & Kurtman, F. J. G. R. (1984). A geological study of Lake Van, eastern Turkey. Geologische Rundschau, 73(2), 701-734.
  • Devlin, M., & Brodie, J. (2023). Nutrients and eutrophication. In Marine pollution–monitoring, management and mitigation, 4, 75-100.
  • Donohue, I., & Garcia Molinos, J. (2009). Impacts of increased sediment loads on the ecology of lakes. Biological reviews, 84(4), 517-531.
  • EPA, A. (1995). Guide to the Biosolids Risk Assessments for the EPA Part 503 Rule. Washington DC.
  • Erenturk, S., Yusan, S., Turkozu, D. A., Camtakan, Z., Olgen, M. K., Aslani, M. A., Aytaş, Ş., & Isik, M. A. (2014). Spatial distribution and risk assessment of radioactivity and heavy metal levels of sediment, surface water and fish samples from Lake Van, Turkey. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 300(3), 919-931.
  • European Commission (1986). Council directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture, OJ L 181, 4.7.1986, pp. 6–12.
  • European Commission (2000). European Commission Working Document on Sludge. Third Draft, Brussels 27 April 2000, DG Environment.
  • European Commission (2018). European Commission. A Sustainable Bioeconomy for Europe: Strengthening the Connection between Economy, Society and the Environment.
  • Flocks, J., Kindinger, J., Marot, M., & Holmes, C. (2009). Sediment characterization and dynamics in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. Journal of Coastal Research, (10054), 113-126.
  • Förstner, U., & Wittmann, G. T. (2012). Metal pollution in the aquatic environment. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Fytili, D., & Zabaniotou, A. (2008). Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods—A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(1), 116-140.
  • Heiri, O., Lotter, A. F., & Lemcke, G. (2001). Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology, 25(1), 101-110. https://www.agilent.com. Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2025.
  • Hussaina, S.M., Anbalaganb, S., Suresh Kumara, K., Neelavannanb, K., Pradhapa, D., Radhakrishnana, K., Godsonc, P.S., Krishnakumar, S. (2020). A baseline study on elemental concentration and potential ecological risk status of the surface sediments of Ashtamudi Lake, southwest coast of India. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 158, 111410.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), (2012). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 100C. Arsenic, Metals, Fibres and Dusts.
  • İleri, S. (2010). Uluabat Gölü Su ve Sediment Kalitesinin Fiziko-Kimyasal Parametreler Açısından Değerlendirilmesi ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi Ortamında Analizlenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 235 s, Bursa.
  • Jaishankar, M., Tseten, T., Anbalagan, N., Mathew, B. B., & Beeregowda, K. N. (2014). Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary toxicology, 7(2), 60.
  • Juste, C., & Mench, M. (2017). Long-term application of sewage sludge and its effect on metal uptake by crops. In Biogeochemistry of trace metals (pp. 171-206). CRC Press.
  • Kabata-Pendias, A. (2000). Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC press. Boca Raton, FL, USA.
  • Kaptan, H., Tekin-Özan, S. (2014). Eğirdir Gölü’nün (Isparta) Suyunda, Sedimentinde ve Gölde Yaşayan Sazan’ın (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) Bazı Doku ve Organlarındaki Ağır Metal Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Arts and Science Journal of Science, 9 (2): 44-60.
  • Karadoğan, Ü. (2021). Haliç dip tarama çamuru ve maden atığının geotekstil tüp ile susuzlaştırılması ve geoteknik mühendisliği açısından değerlendirilmesi. Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi. Lisansüstü Egitim Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi.
  • Kayakökü, H., & Doğru, M. (2020). Radiological hazard assessment of natural radionuclides and heavy metal pollution in deep mud samples of Van Lake, Turkey. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 324(3), 1339-1350.
  • Keskin, N. (2024) Göksu nehri dip tarama çamurlarının geotekstil tüp ve santrifüj yöntemleri ile susuzlaştırma performansının araştırılması ve karşılaştırılması. Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi. Lisansüstü Egitim Enstitüsü, Yüksek lisans Tezi.
  • Khan, S., Cao, Q., Zheng, Y. M., Huang, Y. Z., & Zhu, Y. G. (2008). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environmental pollution, 152(3), 686-692.
  • Kırkan, B., & Şençimen, H. (2021). Eğirdir Gölü Dip Sedimentinde Ağır Metal Fraksiyonlarının İncelenmesi. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 9(4), 1224-1235.
  • Kükrer, S. (2018). Vertical and horizontal distribution, source identification, ecological and toxic risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Lake Aygır, Kars, Turkey. Environmental Forensics, 19:2, 122-133.
  • Li, D., Yu, R., Chen, J., Leng, X., Zhao, D., Jia, H., & An, S. (2022). Ecological risk of heavy metals in lake sediments of China: A national-scale integrated analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 334,130206.
  • Meda, S. R., Sharma, S. K., & Tyagi, G. D. (2021). Utilization of waste sludge as a construction material-a review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46, 4195-4202.
  • Metcalf & Eddy (2014). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery, 5th ed, McGraw-Hill Education, New York, NY.
  • Narin İ., Soylak, M., Elçi L., Doğan M. (2009, Kasım). Analize Yaklaşım ve Karasu, Sarmısaklı Çayı Kızılırmak Nehrindeki Pb, Cu, Ni, Co ve Cd Kirliliğinin Araştırılması, 1.Tıbbi Jeoloji Çalıştayı, 1.Tıbbi Jeoloji Çalıştayı, Ürgüp/ Nevşehir.
  • Özaktaş, T. (2020). Van Gölü Sediment Bakterilerinin Ağır Metal Karakterizasyonu. Doğu Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 1-8.
  • Pereira, A. C., & Mulligan, C. N. (2023). Practices for eutrophic shallow lake water remediation and restoration: A critical literature review. Water, 15(12), 2270.
  • Reimer, A., Landmann, G., & Kempe, S. (2009). Lake Van, eastern Anatolia, hydrochemistry and history. Aquatic Geochemistry, 15(1), 195-222.
  • Resmi Gazete, (2010). Evsel ve Kentsel Arıtma Çamurlarının Toprakta Kullanılmasına Dair Yönetmelik. Resmi Gazete sayı No: 27661, yürürlük tarihi: 03/08/2010.
  • Rulkens, W. (2008). Sewage sludge as a biomass resource for the production of energy: overview and assessment of the various options. Energy & Fuels, 22(1), 9-15.
  • Schindler, D. W., Hecky, R. E., Findlay, D. L., Stainton, M. P., Parker, B. R., Paterson, M. J., Beaty, K.G., Lyng, M., & Kasian, S. (2008). Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input: results of a 37-year whole-ecosystem experiment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(32), 11254-11258.
  • Singh, A., & Prasad, S. M. (2015). Remediation of heavy metal contaminated ecosystem: an overview on technology advancement. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 12(1), 353-366.
  • Smith, S. R. (2009). A critical review of the bioavailability and impacts of heavy metals in municipal solid waste composts compared to sewage sludge. Environment international, 35(1), 142-156.
  • Sojka, M., Jaskula, J., Barabach, J., Ptak, M., Zhu, S., (2022). Heavy metals in lake surface sediments in protected areas in Poland: concentration, pollution, ecological risk, sources and spatial distribution. Scientific Reports,12:15006.
  • Şener, Ş., & Şener, E. (2015). Kovada Gölü (Isparta) dip sedimanlarında ağır metal dağılımı ve kirliliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(2), 86-96.
  • Şener, E., Şener, Ş., Bulut, C. (2023). Assessment of heavy metal pollution and quality in lake water and sediment by various index methods and GIS: A case study in Beysehir Lake, Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 192, 115101.
  • Şener, Ş., Şener, E., & Bulut, C. (2023). Appraisal of heavy metal contents, spatial–temporal variation, toxic metal pollution, and health risk in water and sediment of Uluabat Lake (Ramsar Site, Turkey). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(54), 115246-115265.
  • Tepe, Y., Şimşek, A., Ustaoğlu, F., & Taş, B. (2022). Spatial–temporal distribution and pollution indices of heavy metals in the Turnasuyu Stream sediment, Turkey. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 194(11), 818.
  • TS EN 13656 (15.02.2021) “Toprak, İşlem görmüş Biyoatık, Çamur ve Atık – Elementlerin sonraki Tayini için Hidroklorik (HCl), Nitrik (HNO3), tetrafloroborik (HBF4) veya Hidroflorik (HF) asit karışımı ile Parçalanması”
  • TS EN 15934 (12.06.2013) “Çamur, Arıtılmış Biyoatık, Toprak ve Atık – Kuru Kalıntı veya Su İçeriği Belirlenmesinden Sonra Kuru Madde Oranının Hesaplanması”
  • TS EN 15935 (30.09.2021) “Toprak, Atık, Arıtılmış Biyoatık ve Çamur – Yakmadaki Kaybın Belirlenmesi”
  • TS EN ISO 5667-13 (13.12.2011) “Su Kalitesi – Numune Alma – Bölüm 13: Çamur Numunesi alma Kılavuzu”
  • TS EN ISO 5667-15 (19.01.2010) “Su Kalitesi – Numune Alma – Bölüm 15: Çamur ve Sediment Örneklerinin Koruma ve Taşıma Rehberi”
  • TS EN ISO 22036 (04.03.2024) “Çevresel Katı Ortamlar – İndüktif Olarak Eşleştirilmiş Plazma Optik Emisyon Spektrometri (ICP-OES) Kullanılarak Elementlerin Tayini”
  • Toprak Kirliliğinin Kontrolü ve Noktasal Kaynaklı Kirlenmiş Sahalara Dair Yönetmelik, (2010). 27605 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
  • Turovskiy, I. S., & Mathai, P. K. (2006). Wastewater sludge processing. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Turovskiy, I.S.; Mathai, P.K. Wastewater Sludge Processing; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NY, USA, 2005; ISBN 0471700541.
  • Ustaoğlu, F., Islam, Md.S., Tokatlı, C. (2022). Ecological and probabilistic human health hazard assessment of heavy metals in Sera Lake Nature Park sediments (Trabzon, Turkey). Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15: 597.
  • Ünlü, S., Alpar, B. (2016). An assessment of trace element contamination in the freshwater sediments of Lake Iznik (NW Turkey). Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(2), 140.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2003). Chromium in Drinking-Water. Background Document for Preparation of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Worley, J. W., Bass, T. M., & Vendrell, P. F. (2004). Field test of geotextile tube for dewatering dairy lagoon sludge. In 2004 ASAE Annual Meeting (p. 1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
  • Varol, M. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 195, 355-364.
  • Varol, M., Canpolat, Ö., Eriş, K.K., Çağlar, M. (2020). Trace metals in core sediments from a deep lake in eastern Turkey: Vertical concentration profiles, eco-environmental risks and possible sources. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 189,110060.
  • Yee, T. W., Lawson, C. R., Wang, Z. Y., Ding, L., & Liu, Y. (2012). Geotextile tube dewatering of contaminated sediments, Tianjin Eco-City, China. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 31, 39-50.
  • Yetiş, A. D., & Özgüven, A. (2020). Van Gölü edremit kiyisi yüzey sularinda ağir metal kirliliğinin araştirilmasi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 831-848.
  • Yıldız, N., & Yener, G. (2010). Van Gölü'nde sediment birikim hızı, radyoaktif ve ağır metal kirliliğinin tarihlemesi. Ekoloji, 19(77), 80-87.
  • Yiğit, A., İrak, Z. T., Öztürk, D., Öztürk, E., Alpaslan, D., Şahan, T., & Aktaş, N. (2017). Van gölü suyunun iyon karakterizasyonuyla su kalitesinin belirlenmesi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 7(4), 169-179.
  • Yozukmaz, A.; Yabanlı, M. (2023). Heavy Metal Contamination and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment in Sediments of Lake Bafa (Turkey). Sustainability, 15, 9969.
  • Zhao, F. J., McGrath, S. P., & Meharg, A. A. (2010). Arsenic as a food chain contaminant: mechanisms of plant uptake and metabolism and mitigation strategies. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61(1), 535-559.
  • Zhou, H., Zhang, W., Li, L., Zhang, M., & Wang, D. (2021). Environmental impact and optimization of lake dredged-sludge treatment and disposal technologies based on life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 787, 147703.
  • Zhu, L., Xue, P., Meadows, G. A., Huang, C., Ge, J., Troy, C. D., & Wu, C. H. (2024). Trends of sediment resuspension and budget in southern Lake Michigan under changing wave climate and hydrodynamic environment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 129(4), e2023JC020180.
There are 85 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Environmental Pollution and Prevention
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Türkmenoğlu 0000-0001-6088-4416

Ayşe Özgüven 0000-0003-1071-2813

Elif Erdeve Özvan 0000-0002-3355-3432

Dilara Öztürk 0000-0003-2689-560X

Publication Date December 3, 2025
Submission Date August 28, 2025
Acceptance Date October 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 28 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Türkmenoğlu, M., Özgüven, A., Erdeve Özvan, E., Öztürk, D. (2025). VAN GÖLÜNDEN ÇIKARILAN DİP ÇAMURLARININ KARAKTERİZASYONU VE ÇEVRESEL AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRMESİ. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(4), 2093-2109.
 Download Cover Image