INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF NANOPARTICLE ADDITIVES ON THE REFRACTIVE INDEX AND DENSITY OF GASOLINE
Abstract
In this study, the use of Al2O3 and TiO2 nano particles with a size of 12 nm and a purity of 99.9% as gasoline fuel additives was investigated. Fuel mixtures were prepared using a 3-level factorial design technique, and density and refractive index values were determined. Al2O3 nano particles, due to their high surface area, increased the density by 0.17% (3.5 ppm) and 1.22% (7 ppm), while TiO2 nano particles increased the density by 0.22% (3.5 ppm) and 1.26% (7 ppm). It was observed that the nano particle with a higher surface area had a less significant effect on density. The refractive index values decreased by 0.11% (3.5 ppm) and 0.14% (7 ppm) for Al2O3 nano particles, and by 0.21% (3.5 ppm) and 0.24% (7 ppm) for TiO2 nano particles. This study highlighted the importance of particle size, purity, and surface area in the selection of nano particles. Based on the evaluations and preliminary tests, nano particle levels above 15 ppm exhibited a tendency for agglomeration in the fuel. It is crucial to limit the total concentration to 15 ppm, especially for nano particles with a high surface area like Al2O3, to achieve homogeneous fuel.
Project Number
21211039
References
- Acaroğlu, M., Aydoğan, H., & Özçelik, A. E. (2018). Yakıtlar ve Yanma. Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık.
- Dehhaghi, M., Kazemi Shariat Panahi, H., Aghbashlo, M., Lam, S. S., & Tabatabaei, M. (2021). The effects of nanoadditives on the performance and emission characteristics of spark-ignition gasoline engines: A critical review with a focus on health impacts. Energy, 225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120259
- Gahlyan, S., Bhagat, P., Devi, R., Verma, S., Rani, M., & Maken, S. (2020). Thermodynamics of ternary mixtures with gasoline additive: Volumetric, acoustic and optical properties. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112740
- Hatami, M., Hasanpour, M., & Jing, D. (2020). Recent developments of nanoparticles additives to the consumables liquids in internal combustion engines: Part I: Nano-fuels. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 318, 114250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114250
- Karmakar, S. (2012). Energetic Nanoparticles as Fuel Additives for Enhanced Performance in Propulsion Systems (Issue August) [Doctoral Dissertation]. Lousiana State University.
- Khan, S., Dewang, Y., Raghuwanshi, J., Shrivastava, A., & Sharma, V. (2022). Nanoparticles as fuel additive for improving performance and reducing exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines. In International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry (Vol. 102, Issue 2, pp. 319–341). Taylor and Francis Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1722810
- Kotia, A., Chowdary, K., Srivastava, I., Ghosh, S. K. ve Ali, M. K. A., 2020, Experimental investigation the effect of Mn2O3 nanoparticle on the performance and emission of SI gasoline fueled with mixture of ethanol and gasoline, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 310.
- Naito, M., Yokoyama, T., Hosokawa, K., & Nogi, K. (2018). Nanoparticle Technology Handbook. In Elseiver (3.). Elsevier.
- Nikolaev, V. F., Tabrisov, I. I., Penkovsky, A. I., & Sultanova, R. B. (2015). Express method for total content assessment of aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygen in finished gasolines by refractometry and densimetry. Fuel, 142, 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.10.042
- Nita, I., Iulian, O., Geacai, E., & Osman, S. (2016). Physico-chemical Properties of the Pseudo-binary Mixture Gasoline + 1 - Butanol. Energy Procedia, 95, 330–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.017
- Reif, K. (2015). Gasoline Engine Management Systems and Components. In Springer Vieweg. Springer Vieweg. Srivastava, S. P., & Hancsók, J. (2014). Fuels and Fuel-Additives. In John Wiley & Sons. John Wiley & Sons.
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, 12 nm boyutunda ve %99.9 saflıktaki Al2O3 ve TiO2 nano partiküllerinin benzin yakıt katkı maddesi olarak kullanımı incelenmiştir. Partikül ilave edilen yakıt karışımlarının yoğunluk ve kırılma indisi değerleri benzin yakıtıyla karşılaştırılmıştır. 3 seviyeli faktöriyel tasarım tekniği kullanılarak yakıt karışımları elde edilmiş, yoğunluk ve kırılma indisi değerleri belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, Al2O3 nano partikülünün yüksek yüzey alanı nedeniyle yoğunluğu %0,17 (3.5 ppm) ve %1,22 (7 ppm) oranında artırdığını göstermiştir. TiO2 nano partikülünün ise yoğunluğu %0,22 (3.5 ppm) ve %1,26 (7 ppm) oranında artırdığı belirlenmiştir. Yüzey alanı yüksek olan nano partikülün yoğunluk üzerinde daha az etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Kırılma indisi değerleri ise Al2O3 nano partikülünde %0,11 (3.5 ppm) ve %0,14 (7 ppm) azalırken, TiO2 nano partikülünde ise %0,21 (3.5 ppm) ve %0,24 (7 ppm) azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, nano partikül seçiminde boyut, saflık ve yüzey alanının önemli olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Yapılan değerlendirmeler ve ön testler neticesinde, 15 ppm üzerindeki nano partikül seviyelerinin yakıt içerisinde topaklanma eğilimi göstermektedir. Özellikle yüksek yüzey alanına sahip Al2O3 gibi nano partiküller için toplam oranın 15 ppm'yi aşmaması homojen bir yakıt elde edilmesi için önemli bir parametredir.
Supporting Institution
Selçuk Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü
Project Number
21211039
Thanks
Bu çalışma Selçuk Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri koordinatörlüğü tarafından 21211039 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir.
References
- Acaroğlu, M., Aydoğan, H., & Özçelik, A. E. (2018). Yakıtlar ve Yanma. Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık.
- Dehhaghi, M., Kazemi Shariat Panahi, H., Aghbashlo, M., Lam, S. S., & Tabatabaei, M. (2021). The effects of nanoadditives on the performance and emission characteristics of spark-ignition gasoline engines: A critical review with a focus on health impacts. Energy, 225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120259
- Gahlyan, S., Bhagat, P., Devi, R., Verma, S., Rani, M., & Maken, S. (2020). Thermodynamics of ternary mixtures with gasoline additive: Volumetric, acoustic and optical properties. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112740
- Hatami, M., Hasanpour, M., & Jing, D. (2020). Recent developments of nanoparticles additives to the consumables liquids in internal combustion engines: Part I: Nano-fuels. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 318, 114250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114250
- Karmakar, S. (2012). Energetic Nanoparticles as Fuel Additives for Enhanced Performance in Propulsion Systems (Issue August) [Doctoral Dissertation]. Lousiana State University.
- Khan, S., Dewang, Y., Raghuwanshi, J., Shrivastava, A., & Sharma, V. (2022). Nanoparticles as fuel additive for improving performance and reducing exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines. In International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry (Vol. 102, Issue 2, pp. 319–341). Taylor and Francis Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1722810
- Kotia, A., Chowdary, K., Srivastava, I., Ghosh, S. K. ve Ali, M. K. A., 2020, Experimental investigation the effect of Mn2O3 nanoparticle on the performance and emission of SI gasoline fueled with mixture of ethanol and gasoline, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 310.
- Naito, M., Yokoyama, T., Hosokawa, K., & Nogi, K. (2018). Nanoparticle Technology Handbook. In Elseiver (3.). Elsevier.
- Nikolaev, V. F., Tabrisov, I. I., Penkovsky, A. I., & Sultanova, R. B. (2015). Express method for total content assessment of aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygen in finished gasolines by refractometry and densimetry. Fuel, 142, 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.10.042
- Nita, I., Iulian, O., Geacai, E., & Osman, S. (2016). Physico-chemical Properties of the Pseudo-binary Mixture Gasoline + 1 - Butanol. Energy Procedia, 95, 330–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.017
- Reif, K. (2015). Gasoline Engine Management Systems and Components. In Springer Vieweg. Springer Vieweg. Srivastava, S. P., & Hancsók, J. (2014). Fuels and Fuel-Additives. In John Wiley & Sons. John Wiley & Sons.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Mechanical Engineering (Other) |
| Journal Section | Mechanical Engineering |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 21211039 |
| Publication Date | December 12, 2023 |
| Submission Date | August 9, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 |