Araştırma Makalesi
Ev Tozunda Bulunan Ağır Metallerin İnsan Sindirim Sisteminin Değişik Basamaklarında Biyolojik Olarak Alınabilirliği
Öz
Bu çalışmada 2012 yılında İstanbul’un farklı bölgelerinde bulunan evlerden
toplanan ev tozu örneklerinde ağır metallerin tespitine yönelik çalışmalar
yapılmıştır. Şubat-Mart 2012 tarihleri arasında önceden belirlenmiş olan
evlerden elektrik süpürgesi vasıtasıyla toplamda 39 adet toz örneği alınmıştır.
Toplanan toz örnekleri, insan sindirim sisteminin ağız, mide ve bağırsak
aşamalarında devreye giren vücut sıvılarını temsil ediecek şekilde hazırlanan
yapay çözeltiler ile muamele edildikten sonra asitle tam yakma işlemine tabi tutulmuş ve indüktif eşleşmiş plazma kütle spektrometre cihazı
(ICP-MS) kullanılarak ağır metaller tayin edilmiştir. Sindirim
sisteminin her bir aşamasında ağır metallerin biyolojik alınabilirlik
miktarları (Bioavailability-BA) ayrı ayrı olarak tespit edilmiş, elde edilen
sonuçlar doğrultusunda ağır metaller için kanserojen ve kanserojen olmayan risk
değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Ağır metal türüne bağlı olarak ortalama
konsantrasyon seviyelerinin 0,450 ila 620 µg/g arasında değiştiği tespit
edilirken, biyolojik alınabilirlik değerlerinin ise %45 ile %65 arasında
değiştiği belirlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Arslan, H. (2001). Heavy Metals In Street Dust In Bursa, Turkey, Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques, 19, 439-445.Burroughs, H.E., ve Hansen, S.J. (2011). Managing indoor air quality, Fairmont Press, Lilburn, GA.Cetinkaya, Z., Fidan, F., Unlu, M., Hasenekoglu, I., Tetik, L., Demirel, R. (2005). Assessment of Indoor Air Fungi in Western-Anatolia, Turkey, Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol, 23, 87-92. Chattopadhyay, G., Lin, K.C.P., Feitz, A.J. (2003). Household Dust Metal Levels in the Sydney Metropolitan Area, Environ Res., 93, 301–307.Chirenje, T., Ma, L.Q., Lu, L. (2006). Retention of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn By Wood Ash, Lime, And Fume Dust, Water Air Soil Pollut., 171, 301-314.Darus, F. M., Nasir, R. A., Sumari, S. M., Ismail, Z. S., ve Omar, N. A. (2012). Heavy Metals Composition if İndoor Dust in Nursery Schools Building, Procedia of Social Behaviour Science, 38, 169–175.Defra and Environment Agency. (2002). Contamination in soil: Collation of toxicological data and intake values for humans, R&D Publication CLR 9, Cited In: EAUK, 2005b.Deshommes, E., Tardif, R., Edwards, M., Sauve, S., Prevost, M. (2012). Experimental Determination of the Oral Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility of Lead Particles, Chemistry Central Journal, 1-31.Divrikli, U., Soylak, M., Elci, L., Dogan, M. (2003). Trace Heavy Metal Levels in Street Dust Samples from Yozgat City Center, Turkey, Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques, 21, 351-361.Dündar, M.S. (2006). Vanadium Concentrations in Settled Outdoor Dust Particles, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 123, 345-350.Dündar, M.S. ve Pala M.F. (2003). Monitoring of Lead, Zinc, Cadmium, Nickel, Chromium And Copper in Street Dust Samples in Adapazarı, Turkey, After Earthquake, Trace Elements and Electrolytes, 20, 104-107.Dündar, M.S., Ozdemir, F. (2005). Heavy Metal Contents of Indoor Airdust Particulate Matter from Adapazari, Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 14, 189-193.Ellickson, K. M., Schopfer, C. J., ve Lioy, P. J. (2002).The Bioaccessibility of Low-Level Radionuclides from Two Savannah River Site Soils, Health Physics, 83, 476–484.Grzetic, I. and Ghariani, R.H.A. (2008). Potential Health Risk Assessment for Soil Heavy Metal Contamination in the Central Zone of Belgrade (Serbia), J Serb Chem Soc., 73, 923.Hamel, S. C., Ellickson, K. M., ve Lioy, P. J. (1999). The Estimation of the Bioaccessibility of Heavy Metals in Soils Using Artificial Biofluids by Two Novel Methods: Mass-Balance and Soil Recapture. Science of the Total Environment, 243/244, 273–283.Hassan, S.K.M. (2000). A Study on Indoor Air Quality in Greater Cairo, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, M.Sc. Thesis.Hu, X., Zhang, Y., Luo, J., Wang, T., Lian, H., Ding, Z. (2011). Bioaccessibility and Health Risk of Arsenic, Mercury and Other Metals in Urban Dusts From A Mega-City, Nanjing, China, Environmental Pollution, 159, 1215-1221.Hunt, A., Johnson, D.L., Watt, J.M., Thornton, I. (1992). Characterizing The Sources of Particulate Lead in House Dust by Automated Scanning Electron Microscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol.. 26, 1513-1523.Inyang, H.I., Bae, S. (2006). Impacts of Dust on Environmental Systems and Human Health. J. Hazard. Mater. 132, 5-6.Kang, S., Zhu, J. (2015). Total Lead Content and Its Bioaccessibilty in Base Materials of Low-Cost Plastic Toys Bought on The Beijing Market, J. mater Cycles Manag, 17, 63-71.Kurt-Karakus, P.B. (2012). Determination of Heavy Metals in İndoor Dust from Istanbul, Turkey: Estimation of the Health Risk, Environment International, 50, 47–55.Layton, D.W., Beamer P.I. (2009). Migration of Contaminated Soil and Airborne Particulates to Indoor Dust. Environ Sci Technol, 43, 8199–205.Lidia, M. (2004). Indoor Particles, Combustion Products and Fibres, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 117–47.Lisiewicz, M., Heimburger, R., Golimowski, J. (2000). Granulometry and The Content of Toxic and Potentially Toxic Elements in Vacuumcleaner Collected, Indoor Dusts of The City of Warsaw, Sci. Total Environ., 263, 69-78.Mentese, S., Gullu, G. (2006). Variations and Sources of Formaldehyde Levels in Residential Indoor Air in Ankara, Turkey, Indoor and Built Environment, 15, 273-281.Mielke, H.W., Gonzales, C.R., Smith, M.K., Mielke, P.W. (1999). The Urban Environment and Children’s Health: Soils as an Integrator of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, Environ. Res,. A81, 117-129.Mitchell, C.S., Zhang, J.J., Sigsgaard, T., Jantunen, M., Lioy, P.J., Samson, R. (2007). Current State of the Science: Health Effects and Indoor Environmental Quality, Environ Health Perspect, 115, 958–964.Nastov, J., Tan, R., Dingle, P. (2003). The use of Fibre Technology to Control Surface Dust and Bacteria Contamination, 1. Environ Sci., Report Series, Australia.Oomen, A.G., Hack, A., Minekus, M., Zeijdner, E., Cornelis, C., Schoeters, G., Verstraete, W., Van de Wiele, T., Wragg, J., Rompelberg, C.J.M., Sips, A.J.A.M., Van Wijnen, J.H. (2002). Comparison of Five In Vitro Digestion Models To Study the Bioaccessibility of Soil Contaminants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3326-3334.Raghunath, R., Tripathi, R.M., Kumar, A.V., Sathe, A.P., Khandekar, R.N., Nambi, K.S.V. (1999). Assessment of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn Exposures of 6- to 10-Year-Old Children in Mumbai, Environ. Res., 80, 215-221.Rasmussen, P. E., Subramanian, K. S., Jessiman, B. J. (2001). A Multielement Profile of House Dust in Relation to Exterior Dust and Soils in the City of Ottawa, Canada, Sci. Total Environ., 267, 125-140.Roberts J.W., Wallace L.A., Camann D.E., Dickey P., Gilbert S.G., Lewis R.G. (2009). Monitoring and Reducing Exposure of Infants to Pollutants in House Dust, Rev Environ Contam Toxicol., 201, 1-39. Ruby, M.V., Davis, A., Link, T.E., Schoof, R., Chaney, R.L., Freeman, G.B., Bergstrom, P.D. (1993). Development of an In Vitro Screening Test to Evaluate the In Vivo Bioaccessibility of Ingested Mine-Waste Lead. Environmental Science and Technology, 27, 2870-2877.Schmidt, C.W. (2010). Lead in Air Adjusting to a New Standard, Environ Health Perspect, 117, 76-79.Tokalıoğlu, Ş., Kartal, Ş. (2006). Multivariate Analysis of the Data And Speciation of Heavy Metals in Street Dust Samples from the Organized Industrial District in Kayseri (Turkey), Atmospheric Environment, 40, 2797–2805.Tong, S.T.Y., Lam, K.C. (2000). Home Sweet Home? A Case Study of Household Dust Contamination in Hong Kong, Sci Total Environ, 256, 115– 123.Turner, A., Simmonds, L. (2006). Elemental Concentrations and Metal Bioaccessibility in Ukhousehold Dust, Sci. Total Environ., 371, 74-81.Tüzen, M. (2003). Investigation of Heavy Metal Levels in Street Dust Samples in Tokat, Turkey, Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques, 21, 513-521.US EPA. (1989). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Human health evaluation Manual Part A, Inerim Final, Vol. I, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/540/1-89/002.US EPA. (2001). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume III-Part A. Process for conducting probabilistic risk assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA 540-R-02-002.US EPA. (2002). Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,. OSWER 9355/4-24.US EPA. (2007b). Estimation of Relative Bioavailability of Lead in Soil and Soil-Like Materials Using in Vivo and in Vitro Methods. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, OSWER 9285.7e77.US EPA. (2008). Standard Operating Procedure for an in Vitro Bioaccessibility Assay for Lead in Soil, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA 9200.1e86.US EPA. (2011). Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition (Final), US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-09/052F.Vaizoğlu, S.A., Aycan, S., Deveci, M.A., Acer, T., Bulut, B., Bayraktar, U.D., Akyollu, B., Celik, M., Arslan, U., Akpınar, F., Barıs, Z., Arslan, S., Deniz, E., Evci, D, Güler, C. (2003). Determining Domestic Formaldehyde Levels in Ankara, Turkey, Indoor and Built Environment, 12, 329-336.Yáñez, L., Garcia-Nieto, E., Rojas, E., Carrizales, L., Mejfa, J., Calderón, J. (2003). DNA Damage in Blood Cells from Children Exposed to Arsenic and Lead in a Mining Area, Environ. Res., 93, 231-240.Zheng, N., Liu, J.H., Wang, Q.C., Liang, Z.Z. (2010). Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Exposure to Street Dust in the Zinc Smelting District, Northeast of China. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 726-733.Zia, M.H., Eton, Codling, E., Scheckel, K.G., Chaney, R.L. (2011). In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches for the Measurement of Oral Bioavailability of Lead (Pb) in Contaminated Soils: A Review, Environmental Pollution, 159, 2320-2327.
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3, 235 - 245, 23.10.2018
Öz
Kaynakça
- Arslan, H. (2001). Heavy Metals In Street Dust In Bursa, Turkey, Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques, 19, 439-445.Burroughs, H.E., ve Hansen, S.J. (2011). Managing indoor air quality, Fairmont Press, Lilburn, GA.Cetinkaya, Z., Fidan, F., Unlu, M., Hasenekoglu, I., Tetik, L., Demirel, R. (2005). Assessment of Indoor Air Fungi in Western-Anatolia, Turkey, Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol, 23, 87-92. Chattopadhyay, G., Lin, K.C.P., Feitz, A.J. (2003). Household Dust Metal Levels in the Sydney Metropolitan Area, Environ Res., 93, 301–307.Chirenje, T., Ma, L.Q., Lu, L. (2006). Retention of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn By Wood Ash, Lime, And Fume Dust, Water Air Soil Pollut., 171, 301-314.Darus, F. M., Nasir, R. A., Sumari, S. M., Ismail, Z. S., ve Omar, N. A. (2012). Heavy Metals Composition if İndoor Dust in Nursery Schools Building, Procedia of Social Behaviour Science, 38, 169–175.Defra and Environment Agency. (2002). Contamination in soil: Collation of toxicological data and intake values for humans, R&D Publication CLR 9, Cited In: EAUK, 2005b.Deshommes, E., Tardif, R., Edwards, M., Sauve, S., Prevost, M. (2012). Experimental Determination of the Oral Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility of Lead Particles, Chemistry Central Journal, 1-31.Divrikli, U., Soylak, M., Elci, L., Dogan, M. (2003). Trace Heavy Metal Levels in Street Dust Samples from Yozgat City Center, Turkey, Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques, 21, 351-361.Dündar, M.S. (2006). Vanadium Concentrations in Settled Outdoor Dust Particles, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 123, 345-350.Dündar, M.S. ve Pala M.F. (2003). Monitoring of Lead, Zinc, Cadmium, Nickel, Chromium And Copper in Street Dust Samples in Adapazarı, Turkey, After Earthquake, Trace Elements and Electrolytes, 20, 104-107.Dündar, M.S., Ozdemir, F. (2005). Heavy Metal Contents of Indoor Airdust Particulate Matter from Adapazari, Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 14, 189-193.Ellickson, K. M., Schopfer, C. J., ve Lioy, P. J. (2002).The Bioaccessibility of Low-Level Radionuclides from Two Savannah River Site Soils, Health Physics, 83, 476–484.Grzetic, I. and Ghariani, R.H.A. (2008). Potential Health Risk Assessment for Soil Heavy Metal Contamination in the Central Zone of Belgrade (Serbia), J Serb Chem Soc., 73, 923.Hamel, S. C., Ellickson, K. M., ve Lioy, P. J. (1999). The Estimation of the Bioaccessibility of Heavy Metals in Soils Using Artificial Biofluids by Two Novel Methods: Mass-Balance and Soil Recapture. Science of the Total Environment, 243/244, 273–283.Hassan, S.K.M. (2000). A Study on Indoor Air Quality in Greater Cairo, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, M.Sc. Thesis.Hu, X., Zhang, Y., Luo, J., Wang, T., Lian, H., Ding, Z. (2011). Bioaccessibility and Health Risk of Arsenic, Mercury and Other Metals in Urban Dusts From A Mega-City, Nanjing, China, Environmental Pollution, 159, 1215-1221.Hunt, A., Johnson, D.L., Watt, J.M., Thornton, I. (1992). Characterizing The Sources of Particulate Lead in House Dust by Automated Scanning Electron Microscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol.. 26, 1513-1523.Inyang, H.I., Bae, S. (2006). Impacts of Dust on Environmental Systems and Human Health. J. Hazard. Mater. 132, 5-6.Kang, S., Zhu, J. (2015). Total Lead Content and Its Bioaccessibilty in Base Materials of Low-Cost Plastic Toys Bought on The Beijing Market, J. mater Cycles Manag, 17, 63-71.Kurt-Karakus, P.B. (2012). Determination of Heavy Metals in İndoor Dust from Istanbul, Turkey: Estimation of the Health Risk, Environment International, 50, 47–55.Layton, D.W., Beamer P.I. (2009). Migration of Contaminated Soil and Airborne Particulates to Indoor Dust. Environ Sci Technol, 43, 8199–205.Lidia, M. (2004). Indoor Particles, Combustion Products and Fibres, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 117–47.Lisiewicz, M., Heimburger, R., Golimowski, J. (2000). Granulometry and The Content of Toxic and Potentially Toxic Elements in Vacuumcleaner Collected, Indoor Dusts of The City of Warsaw, Sci. Total Environ., 263, 69-78.Mentese, S., Gullu, G. (2006). Variations and Sources of Formaldehyde Levels in Residential Indoor Air in Ankara, Turkey, Indoor and Built Environment, 15, 273-281.Mielke, H.W., Gonzales, C.R., Smith, M.K., Mielke, P.W. (1999). The Urban Environment and Children’s Health: Soils as an Integrator of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, Environ. Res,. A81, 117-129.Mitchell, C.S., Zhang, J.J., Sigsgaard, T., Jantunen, M., Lioy, P.J., Samson, R. (2007). Current State of the Science: Health Effects and Indoor Environmental Quality, Environ Health Perspect, 115, 958–964.Nastov, J., Tan, R., Dingle, P. (2003). The use of Fibre Technology to Control Surface Dust and Bacteria Contamination, 1. Environ Sci., Report Series, Australia.Oomen, A.G., Hack, A., Minekus, M., Zeijdner, E., Cornelis, C., Schoeters, G., Verstraete, W., Van de Wiele, T., Wragg, J., Rompelberg, C.J.M., Sips, A.J.A.M., Van Wijnen, J.H. (2002). Comparison of Five In Vitro Digestion Models To Study the Bioaccessibility of Soil Contaminants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3326-3334.Raghunath, R., Tripathi, R.M., Kumar, A.V., Sathe, A.P., Khandekar, R.N., Nambi, K.S.V. (1999). Assessment of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn Exposures of 6- to 10-Year-Old Children in Mumbai, Environ. Res., 80, 215-221.Rasmussen, P. E., Subramanian, K. S., Jessiman, B. J. (2001). A Multielement Profile of House Dust in Relation to Exterior Dust and Soils in the City of Ottawa, Canada, Sci. Total Environ., 267, 125-140.Roberts J.W., Wallace L.A., Camann D.E., Dickey P., Gilbert S.G., Lewis R.G. (2009). Monitoring and Reducing Exposure of Infants to Pollutants in House Dust, Rev Environ Contam Toxicol., 201, 1-39. Ruby, M.V., Davis, A., Link, T.E., Schoof, R., Chaney, R.L., Freeman, G.B., Bergstrom, P.D. (1993). Development of an In Vitro Screening Test to Evaluate the In Vivo Bioaccessibility of Ingested Mine-Waste Lead. Environmental Science and Technology, 27, 2870-2877.Schmidt, C.W. (2010). Lead in Air Adjusting to a New Standard, Environ Health Perspect, 117, 76-79.Tokalıoğlu, Ş., Kartal, Ş. (2006). Multivariate Analysis of the Data And Speciation of Heavy Metals in Street Dust Samples from the Organized Industrial District in Kayseri (Turkey), Atmospheric Environment, 40, 2797–2805.Tong, S.T.Y., Lam, K.C. (2000). Home Sweet Home? A Case Study of Household Dust Contamination in Hong Kong, Sci Total Environ, 256, 115– 123.Turner, A., Simmonds, L. (2006). Elemental Concentrations and Metal Bioaccessibility in Ukhousehold Dust, Sci. Total Environ., 371, 74-81.Tüzen, M. (2003). Investigation of Heavy Metal Levels in Street Dust Samples in Tokat, Turkey, Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques, 21, 513-521.US EPA. (1989). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Human health evaluation Manual Part A, Inerim Final, Vol. I, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/540/1-89/002.US EPA. (2001). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume III-Part A. Process for conducting probabilistic risk assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA 540-R-02-002.US EPA. (2002). Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,. OSWER 9355/4-24.US EPA. (2007b). Estimation of Relative Bioavailability of Lead in Soil and Soil-Like Materials Using in Vivo and in Vitro Methods. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, OSWER 9285.7e77.US EPA. (2008). Standard Operating Procedure for an in Vitro Bioaccessibility Assay for Lead in Soil, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA 9200.1e86.US EPA. (2011). Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition (Final), US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-09/052F.Vaizoğlu, S.A., Aycan, S., Deveci, M.A., Acer, T., Bulut, B., Bayraktar, U.D., Akyollu, B., Celik, M., Arslan, U., Akpınar, F., Barıs, Z., Arslan, S., Deniz, E., Evci, D, Güler, C. (2003). Determining Domestic Formaldehyde Levels in Ankara, Turkey, Indoor and Built Environment, 12, 329-336.Yáñez, L., Garcia-Nieto, E., Rojas, E., Carrizales, L., Mejfa, J., Calderón, J. (2003). DNA Damage in Blood Cells from Children Exposed to Arsenic and Lead in a Mining Area, Environ. Res., 93, 231-240.Zheng, N., Liu, J.H., Wang, Q.C., Liang, Z.Z. (2010). Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Exposure to Street Dust in the Zinc Smelting District, Northeast of China. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 726-733.Zia, M.H., Eton, Codling, E., Scheckel, K.G., Chaney, R.L. (2011). In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches for the Measurement of Oral Bioavailability of Lead (Pb) in Contaminated Soils: A Review, Environmental Pollution, 159, 2320-2327.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Çevre Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 23 Ekim 2018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 9 Temmuz 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3 |