Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Denizli Güneydoğusundaki (GB Türkiye) Kömürlerin Hidrokarbon Türetme Potansiyeli ve Biyomarker Özellikleri

Yıl 2018, , 20 - 42, 30.03.2018

Demet Koralay

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.326929

Öz

Çalışma alanı Denizli ilinin yaklaşık 45 km güneydoğusundaki
Serinhisar ilçesine bağlı Yatağan yöresidir. Çalışma materyalini oluşturan kömürler
karasal ve gölsel özellik gösteren birimler içerisinde yer almakta olup,
yayılımları ve kalınlıkları azdır. Yatağan Formasyonu olarak adlandırılan birim
kırıntılı ve karbonat kayalardan oluşan iki farklı litolojiden meydana
gelmiştir ve kömürler karbonat kayalar içerisinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada,
Yatağan (Serinhisar/Denizli) kömürlerine ait organik petrografik ve organik
jeokimyasal veriler ile biyomarker parametreleri değerlendirilerek kömürlerin hidrokarbon
türetme potansiyeli ve çökelme ortamına ait bilgiler elde edilmeye
çalışılmıştır. Çalışma alanına ait kömür örneklerinde toplam organik karbon
(TOC) ve Rock Eval piroliz analizi ile ince tabaka kromatografi (TLC/FID), gaz
kromatografi (GC) ve gaz kromatografi-kütle spektrometri (GC-MS) analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Ayrıca kömürün organik ve inorganik bileşenleri organik petrografi ve X-ışınları
difraksiyonu (XRD) çalışmaları ile belirlenmiştir. İncelenen örneklerin TOC değerleri % 0.59 ile % 48.30 arasındadır.
Çoğunlukla Tip III kerojen hakim olup, Tmax değerleri 418 oC ile 440
oC arasında değişmektedir. Yatağan (Serinhisar/Denizli) kömürleri,
olgunlaşmanın düşük olması ve sığ gömülme nedeniyle hidrokarbon türümü
açısından yetersizdir. Organik jeokimyasal veriler Yatağan Formasyonu
kömürlerinin oksik ortam koşullarında
çökeldiğine işaret etmektedir. Hidrokarbon
gruplarının % miktarları; polar + asfaltenler % 73.21-% 98.7, doymuş
hidrokarbonlar % 1.09 - % 21.87 ve aromatik hidrokarbonlar % 0.21-% 7.71 olarak
belirlenmiştir. İncelenen örneklerde nC27, nC29 ve nC31
gibi tek sayılı n-alkanların baskın oluşu yüksek karasal bitkilerin bolluğu ile
açıklanabilir. Ayrıca oldukça yüksek Ʃ(nC21-nC31)/Ʃ(nC15-nC20)
oranları ile yüksek karbon tercih indeksi (CPI) ve yüksek karasal/sucul oranı
(TAR), tricyclic terpanların baskın olmayışı, C29Ts bileşeninin
varlığı, C29Ts/C29Ts + Norhopan oranı ve C29
steran oranının yüksek olması gibi parametreler yüksek karasal bitki kökenli
organik maddenin varlığını gösterir. Yüksek moretan/hopan oranı ve oldukça
düşük Ts/Ts+Tm oranı ise ısısal olarak olgunlaşmamış organik maddeye işaret
etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kömür Yatağan Denizli Biyomarker Organik Jeokimya Rock-Eval Piroliz Analizi Çökelme Ortamı

Kaynakça

  • Affouri, H., Montacer, M., Disnar, J-R. (2013). Organic geochemistry of the Cenomanian-Turonian Bahloul Formation petroleum source rock, central and northern Tunisia, Resource Geology, 63 (3), 262-287.
  • Akgün, F., Sözbilir, H. (2001). A palynostratigraphic approach to the SW Anatolian molasse basin: Kale-Tavas molasse and Denizli molasse, Geodynamica Acta, 14 (1-3), 71-93.
  • Altunsoy, M., Özçelik, O. (1992). The characteristics of organic facies of the Bozbel Formation (Lutetian), Southern Hafik (Sivas) Turkey, International work-shop, work in progress on the geology of Türkiye, Keele University, İngiltere, p. 16.
  • Andrew, D. H., Bradley, D. R., David, Z. J., Moldowan, M., and Ulderico, B. (2001). Upper Oligocene lacustrine source rocks and petroleum systems of the northern Qaidan Basin, northwest China, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 85, 601-619.
  • Atalay, M., Karayiğit, A.İ. (2010). Kale-Kurbalık (Denizli-Türkiye) kömürlerinin jeolojik konumu, mineralojisi ve petrografisi, 63. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası, Ankara, 266-267.
  • Baban, D.H., Shadan, M.A. (2008). Biomarker indicators of source and depositional environment for the organic matters within Barsarin Formation (Upper Jurassic) in Kirkuk and Taq Taq oil fields, Northern Iraq, Journal of Kirkuk University-Scientific Studies, 3 (1), 51-72.
  • Bakr, M.M.Y. (2009). Molecular organic geochemistry of crude oil from Shushan and Abu Gharadig Basins, Western Desert, Egypt, Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Earth Science, 20 (2), 97-125.
  • Bordenave, M. L., (1993). Applied petroleum geochemistry. Ėditions Technip, Paris.
  • Bourbonniere, R.A., Meyers, P.A. (1996). Sedimentary geolipid records of historical changes in the watersheds and productivities of Lakes Ontario and Erie, Limnology and Oceanography, 41 (2), 352-359.
  • Bray, E.E., and Evans, E.D. (1965). Hydrocarbons in nonreservoir-rock source beds: Part 1, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 49, 248-257.
  • Connan, J. and Cassou, A.M. (1980). Properties of gases and petroleum liquids derived from terrestrial kerogen at various maturation levels, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44, 1-23.
  • Czochanska, Z., Gilbert, T.D., Philp, R.P., Sheppard, C.M., Weston, R.J., Wood, T.A. and Woolhouse, A.D. (1988). Geochemical application of sterane and triterpane biomarkers to a description of oil from the Taranaki Basin in New Zealand, Organic Geochemistry, 12, 123-135.
  • Deniz, V., Kibici, Y., Yamık, A., Çilek, E.C. (1996). Çivril (Denizli) linyitlerinden flotasyon ile kükürdün uzaklaştırılması, Türkiye 10. Kömür Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 93-102.
  • Ercan, T., Güney, E., ve Baş, H. (1983). Denizli volkanitlerinin petrolojisi ve plaka tektoniği açısından bölgesel yorumu, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 26 (2), 153-159.
  • Espitalie, J., Deroo, G., and Marquis, F. (1985). Rock-Eval pyrolysis and its applications. Institut Francais du Petrole, 40, 563-784.
  • Flores, D. (2002). Organic facies and depositional palaeoenvironment of lignites from Rio Maior Basin (Portugal), International Journal of Coal Geology, 48, 181-195.
  • Gedik, F. ve Tunç, M. (2004). Denizli yöresindeki denizel Oligosen çökellerinin bentik foraminiferleri ve onların biyostratigrafisi, 57. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 217-218.
  • Göktaş, F., Çakmakoğlu, A., Tarı, E., Sütçü, Y. F. ve Sarıkaya, H. (1989). Çivril-Çardak arasının jeolojisi, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No. 8701, Ankara.
  • Grantham, P.J. (1986). Sterane isomerization and moretane/hopanes ratios in crude oils derived from Tertiary source rocks, Organic Geochemistry, 9, 293-304.
  • Gür, F. (2006). Batı Anadolu termik santralleri çevresinde radyoaktif ve ağır metal kirliliğinin biyomonitörlerle saptanması, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bornova-İzmir.
  • Hakyemez, Y. (1989). Geology and stratigraphy of the Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in the Kale-Kurbalık area, Denizli, southwestern Turkey, MTA Bulletin, 109, 1-14.
  • Hedberg, H.D. (1968). Significance of high-wax oil with respect to genesis of petroleum, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52, 736-750.
  • Helvacı, C., Alçiçek, M.C., Gündoğan, İ. and Gemici, Ü. (2013). Tectonosedimentary development and palaeoenvironmental changes in the Acıgöl shallow-perennial playa-lake basin, SW Anatolia, Turkey, Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 22, 173-190.
  • Helvacı, C., Yağmurlu, F. (1995). Geological setting and economic potential of the lignite and evaporite-bearing Neogene basins of western Anatolia, Turkey, International Journal of Earth Science, 44, 91-105.
  • Hunt, J.M. (1996). Petroleum geochemistry and geology (Second Edition). W. H. Freeman and Company. New York.
  • İnaner, H., Nakoman, E., Karayiğit, A.İ. (2008). Coal resource estimation in the Bayir field, Yatağan-Muğla, SW Turkey, Energy Sources, Part A, 30, 1005-1015.
  • İnci, U. (2002). Depositional evolution of Miocene coal successions in the Soma coalfield, Western Turkey, International Journal of Coal Geology, 51, 1– 29.
  • İslamoğlu, Y., Atay, G., Gedik, F., Aydın, A., Hakyemez, A., Babayiğit, S., Sarıkaya, H. (2005). Batı Toroslardaki Denizel Oligo-Miyosen Çökellerinin Biyostratigrafisi (Denizli), Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, Rapor no. 10763, Ankara.
  • Jackson, K. S., Hawkins, P. J., and Bennet, A. J. R. (1985). Regional facies and geochemical evaluation of southern Denison Trough, APEA Journal, 20, 143-158.
  • Jones, R.W. (1987). Organic Facies. Academic Press, London.
  • Jones, R.W., Demaison, G.J. (1982). Organic Facies – Stratigraphic concept and exploration tool. Asean Council on Petroleum, Saldivar-Sali, A. (ed.), Manila, Philippines, Proceedings of the Second ASCOPE Conference and Exhibition, 7-11.
  • Karayigit, A.I., Gayer, R.A., Querol, X., Onacak, T. (2000). Contents of major and trace elements in feed coals from Turkish coal-fired power plants, International Journal of Coal Geology, 44(2), 169-184.
  • Karayiğit, A.İ., Whateley, M.K.G. (1997). Properties of a lacustrine subbituminous (k1) seam, with special reference to the contact metamorphism, Soma-Turkey, International Journal of Coal Geology, 34, 131-155.
  • Kıral, N., Kadir, S., Çağlı, S., Karakaya, Y., Özsoy, S. (2002). Kocapınar ve Kuyucak (Serinhisar ve Acıpayam İlçeleri/Denizli) Sepiyolit/Sepiyolitik Kil Yatakları Maden Jeoloji Raporu, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Proje No. 98-18, Ankara.
  • Kolattukudy, P.E. (1980). Biopolyester membranes of plants: cutin and suberin, Science, 208, 990-1000.
  • Koralay, T. (2000). Niyazlar Köyü (Yeşilova-Burdur) ile Tefenni Yaylası (Tefenni-Burdur) Ofiyolitlerinin Jeolojik, Petrografik ve Petrokimyasal İncelemesi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli.
  • Kroon, J., Castle, J.W. (2011). Biomarkers in the Upper Devonian Lower Huron Shale as indicators of biological source of organic matter, depositional environment, and thermal maturity, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Eastern Section Meeting, Washington, DC.
  • Langford, F.F. and Blanc-Valleron, M.-M. (1990). Interpreting Rock-Eval pyrolysisdata using graphs of pyrolizable hydrocarbons versus total organic carbon, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 74, 799-804.
  • Mackenzie, A.S., Lamb, N.A. and Maxwell, J.R. (1982). Steroid hydrocarbons and the thermal history of sediments, Nature, 295, 223-226.
  • Meyers, P.A. (1997). Organic geochemical proxies of paleoceanographic, paleolimnologic, and paleoclimatic processes, Organic Geochemistry, 27 (5-6), 213-250.
  • Moldowan, J.M., Sundararaman, P., Schoell, M. (1986). Sensitivity of biomarker properties to depositional environment and/or source input in the Lower Toarcian of S.W. Germany, Organic Geochemistry, 10, 915-926.
  • Mukhopadhyay, P.K., Wade, J.A., Kruge, M.A. (1995). Organic facies and maturation of Jurassic/Cretaceous rocks, and possible oil-source rock correlation based onpyrolysis of asphaltenes, Scotion Basin, Canada, Organic Geochemistry, 22, 85-104.
  • Nakoman, E., İnaner, H. (1990). Lignite deposits of southwestern Turkey, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeoloji Mühendisligi Bölümü, İzmir.
  • Okay, A. İ. (1986). Denizli-Tavas Arasındaki Bölgenin Jeolojisi, İTÜ Yerbilimleri ve Yer altı Kaynakları Uygulama-Araştırma Merkezi, Rapor No. 2128, İstanbul.
  • Okay, A. İ. (1989). Denizli’ nin güneyinde Menderes Masifi ve Likya Naplarının jeolojisi, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 109, 45-58.
  • Ourisson, G., Albrecht, P. and Rohmer, M. (1979). The hopanoids. Paleochemistry and biochemistry of a group of natural products, Pure Applied Chemistry, 5, 709-729.
  • Özçelik, O. (2002). Beypazarı (Ankara) kuzeyinde Miyosen yaşlı bitümlü birimlerin organik jeokimyasal özellikleri, Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 45 (1), 1-18.
  • Palacas, J.G., Anders, D.E., King, J.D. (1984). South Florida Basin: A prime example of carbonate source rocks of petroleum, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin Special Voumes: Petroleum Geochemistry and Source Rock Potential of Carbonate Rocks, 71-96.
  • Peakman, T.M., Maxwell, J.R. (1988). Early diagenetic pathways of steroid alkenes, Organic Geochemistry, 13, 583-592.
  • Pekuz, Ü. (1998). Honaz (Denizli) Çevresinde Evaporit İçeren Neojen Tortullarının Stratigrafisi ve Depolanma Özellikleri, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  • Peters, K. E. (1986). Guidelines for evaluating petroleum source rock using programmed pyrolysis, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 70 (3), 318-329.
  • Peters, E. K., and Cassa, M. R. (1994). Applied source rock geochemistry, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin Memoir, 60, 93-120.
  • Peters, K.E., Walters, C.C., and Moldowan, J. M. (2005). The biomarker guide volume 1 (Second edition). Cambridge University Press, UK.
  • Peters, K.E., Moldowan, J.M. (1993). The biomarker guide: İnterpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediment. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • Peters, K.E., Moldowan, J.M. and Sundararaman, P. (1990). Effects of hydrous pyrolyssis on biomarker thermal maturity parameters: Monterey phosphatic and siliceous members, Organic Geochemistry, 15, 249-265.
  • Philip, R.P. and Gilbert, T.D. (1986). Biomarker distributions in oil predominantly derived from terrigenous source material. Advances in Organic Geochemistry, Leythaeuser, D. and Rulkotter, J. (eds.), Pergamon Press, 10, 73-84.
  • Pickel, W., Kus, J., Flores, D., Kalaitzidis, S., Christanis, K., Cardott, B.J., Misz-Kennan, M., Rodrigues, S., Hentschel, A., Hamor-Vido, M., Crosdale, P., Wagner, N., ICCP. (2017). Classification of liptinite – ICCP System 1994, International Journal of Coal Geology, 169, 40-61.
  • Powell, T.G., Foscolos, A.E., Gunther, P.R., Snowdon, I.R. (1978). Diagenesis of organic matter and fine clay minerals: a comparative study, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42, 1181-1197.
  • Sarı, A., Akkaya, P., Özakar, E. (2016). Kürnüç/Göynük-Bolu sahası Alt Eosen bitümlü kayaçlarının depolanma ortamı ve organik jeokimyasal karakteristikleri, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 152, 185-200.
  • Sarıkaya, H. (1986). Denizli M22-c2-c3-c4-d3 paftalarının jeoloji haritaları, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Say, N.P. (2006). Lignite-fired thermal power plants and SO2 pollution in Turkey, Energy Policy, 2690-2701.
  • Stach, E., Mackowsky, M-Th., Teichmuller, M., Taylor, G.H., Chandra, D., Teichmuller, R. (1982). Coal Petrology. Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin - Stuttgart.
  • Stanley, R. G., McLean, H., Pawlewicz, M. J. (1990). Petroleum Source Potential and Thermal Maturity of the Tertiary Usibelli Group of Suntrana, Central Alaska. Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U. S. Geological Survey, Dover, J. H., Galloway, J. P. (eds.), United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 65-76.
  • Sun, S. (1990). Denizli – Uşak arasının jeolojisi ve linyit olanakları, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Yayınları, Rapor No. 9985, Ankara.
  • Sýkorová, I., Pickel, W., Christanis, K., Wolf, M., Taylor, G.H., Flores, D. (2005). Classification of huminite - ICCP System 1994, International Journal of Coal Geology, 62, 85-106.
  • Şengüler, İ. (2010). Lignite explorations in Turkey: New projects and new reserves, Twenty-Seventh Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Şimşek, Ş. (1984). Denizli-Kızıldere-Tekkehamam-Tosunlar-Buldan-Yenice alanının jeolojisi ve jeotermal enerji olanakları, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Yayınları, Rapor No. 7846, Ankara.
  • Taylor, G.H., Teichmüller, M., Davis, A., Diessel, C.F.K., Littke, R., Robert, P. (1998). Organic Petrology. Bornträger, Berlin, Stuttgart.
  • Tırpan, K. (2011). Soma kömür havzasında kömürleşme ve hidrokarbon oluşumunun modellenmesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Tissot, B.P., Welte, D.H. (1978). Petroleum formation and occurrence (1st edition). Springer- Verlag, Berlin.
  • Tissot, B.P., Welte, D.H. (1984). Petroleum formation and occurrence (2nd edition). Springer- Verlag, Heidelberg.
  • Tissot, B.P., Pelet, R., Rouach, J., Combaz, A. (1977). Utilisation des alcanes comme fossiles géochimiques indicateurs des environnements géologiques, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 55, 2177-2193. Tyson, R.V. (1995). Sedimentary Organic Matter. Organic facies and palynofacies. Chapman and Hall, London.
  • Tyson, R.V. (1996). Sequence-stratigraphical interpretation of organic facies variations in marine siliciclastic systems: General principles and application to the onshore Kimmeridge Clay Formation, UK. Geological Society Special Publications, 103, 75-96.

Hydrocarbon Production Potential and Biomarker Characteristics of Coals from Southeast of Denizli (SW Turkey)

Yıl 2018, , 20 - 42, 30.03.2018

Demet Koralay

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.326929

Öz

Study area is from Yatağan locality, which is situated
as a part of Serinhisar country almost 45 km on the southeast of Denizli. The
study materials are composed of coal from the study field is located in units which show
terrestrial and lacustrine features and their expansion and thickness is
slight. The units called Yatağan Formation are composed of two different
lithologies that are formed by clastic and carbonate rocks. Coal which is among
carbonate rocks from Yatağan Formation. The purpose of this study is to find
out the hyrocarbon production potential and information about the depositional
environment of coals using organic petrographic and organic geochemical datas, and
biomarker parameters. Total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock Eval pyrolysis
analysis, and thin layer chromatography (TLC/FID), gas chromatography (GC) and
gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses is applied to coal
samples from the study field. Organic and inorganic compounds of the coal were
also determined by the method of organic petrography and X-ray diffraction
(XRD) analyses. The TOC values of the
examined samples are between 0.59 % wt. and 48.30 % wt. Coal samples
contain dominantly Type III kerogen, and Tmax values are between 418 oC
ile 440 oC. Yatağan (Serinhisar/Denizli) coals are insufficient in
terms of hydrocarbon production due to the low maturation and shallow burial.
Organic geochemical datas indicate that oxic depositional environment conditions
are dominant in the Yatağan Formation. Hydrocarbon groups are determined as follows; polar +
asphaltens between 73.21 % - 98.7 %, saturate hydrocarbons between 21.87 % -
1.09 % and aromatic hydrocarbons between 7.71 % - 0.21 %. The dominance of the
odd numbered n-alkanes like n-C27, n-C29 and n-C31
can be interpreted with the abundance of highly terrestrial plants. Also,
parameters like quite high ratios of Ʃ(nC21-nC31)/Ʃ(nC15-nC20),
high carbon preference index (CPI) and high terrigenous/aquatic ratio (TAR),
the lack of tricyclic terpanes as dominant peaks, the existence of C29Ts
component, C29Ts/C29Ts + Norhopane ratio and the high
level of C29 sterane ratio indicate the presence of organic
materials originated
from highly terrestrial plants. High moretane/hopane ratio and quite low
Ts/Ts+Tm ratio show thermally immature organic materials.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Coal Yatağan Denizli Biomarker Organic Geochemistry Rock-Eval Pyrolysis Analysis Depositional Environment

Kaynakça

  • Affouri, H., Montacer, M., Disnar, J-R. (2013). Organic geochemistry of the Cenomanian-Turonian Bahloul Formation petroleum source rock, central and northern Tunisia, Resource Geology, 63 (3), 262-287.
  • Akgün, F., Sözbilir, H. (2001). A palynostratigraphic approach to the SW Anatolian molasse basin: Kale-Tavas molasse and Denizli molasse, Geodynamica Acta, 14 (1-3), 71-93.
  • Altunsoy, M., Özçelik, O. (1992). The characteristics of organic facies of the Bozbel Formation (Lutetian), Southern Hafik (Sivas) Turkey, International work-shop, work in progress on the geology of Türkiye, Keele University, İngiltere, p. 16.
  • Andrew, D. H., Bradley, D. R., David, Z. J., Moldowan, M., and Ulderico, B. (2001). Upper Oligocene lacustrine source rocks and petroleum systems of the northern Qaidan Basin, northwest China, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 85, 601-619.
  • Atalay, M., Karayiğit, A.İ. (2010). Kale-Kurbalık (Denizli-Türkiye) kömürlerinin jeolojik konumu, mineralojisi ve petrografisi, 63. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası, Ankara, 266-267.
  • Baban, D.H., Shadan, M.A. (2008). Biomarker indicators of source and depositional environment for the organic matters within Barsarin Formation (Upper Jurassic) in Kirkuk and Taq Taq oil fields, Northern Iraq, Journal of Kirkuk University-Scientific Studies, 3 (1), 51-72.
  • Bakr, M.M.Y. (2009). Molecular organic geochemistry of crude oil from Shushan and Abu Gharadig Basins, Western Desert, Egypt, Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Earth Science, 20 (2), 97-125.
  • Bordenave, M. L., (1993). Applied petroleum geochemistry. Ėditions Technip, Paris.
  • Bourbonniere, R.A., Meyers, P.A. (1996). Sedimentary geolipid records of historical changes in the watersheds and productivities of Lakes Ontario and Erie, Limnology and Oceanography, 41 (2), 352-359.
  • Bray, E.E., and Evans, E.D. (1965). Hydrocarbons in nonreservoir-rock source beds: Part 1, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 49, 248-257.
  • Connan, J. and Cassou, A.M. (1980). Properties of gases and petroleum liquids derived from terrestrial kerogen at various maturation levels, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 44, 1-23.
  • Czochanska, Z., Gilbert, T.D., Philp, R.P., Sheppard, C.M., Weston, R.J., Wood, T.A. and Woolhouse, A.D. (1988). Geochemical application of sterane and triterpane biomarkers to a description of oil from the Taranaki Basin in New Zealand, Organic Geochemistry, 12, 123-135.
  • Deniz, V., Kibici, Y., Yamık, A., Çilek, E.C. (1996). Çivril (Denizli) linyitlerinden flotasyon ile kükürdün uzaklaştırılması, Türkiye 10. Kömür Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 93-102.
  • Ercan, T., Güney, E., ve Baş, H. (1983). Denizli volkanitlerinin petrolojisi ve plaka tektoniği açısından bölgesel yorumu, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 26 (2), 153-159.
  • Espitalie, J., Deroo, G., and Marquis, F. (1985). Rock-Eval pyrolysis and its applications. Institut Francais du Petrole, 40, 563-784.
  • Flores, D. (2002). Organic facies and depositional palaeoenvironment of lignites from Rio Maior Basin (Portugal), International Journal of Coal Geology, 48, 181-195.
  • Gedik, F. ve Tunç, M. (2004). Denizli yöresindeki denizel Oligosen çökellerinin bentik foraminiferleri ve onların biyostratigrafisi, 57. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 217-218.
  • Göktaş, F., Çakmakoğlu, A., Tarı, E., Sütçü, Y. F. ve Sarıkaya, H. (1989). Çivril-Çardak arasının jeolojisi, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No. 8701, Ankara.
  • Grantham, P.J. (1986). Sterane isomerization and moretane/hopanes ratios in crude oils derived from Tertiary source rocks, Organic Geochemistry, 9, 293-304.
  • Gür, F. (2006). Batı Anadolu termik santralleri çevresinde radyoaktif ve ağır metal kirliliğinin biyomonitörlerle saptanması, Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bornova-İzmir.
  • Hakyemez, Y. (1989). Geology and stratigraphy of the Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in the Kale-Kurbalık area, Denizli, southwestern Turkey, MTA Bulletin, 109, 1-14.
  • Hedberg, H.D. (1968). Significance of high-wax oil with respect to genesis of petroleum, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52, 736-750.
  • Helvacı, C., Alçiçek, M.C., Gündoğan, İ. and Gemici, Ü. (2013). Tectonosedimentary development and palaeoenvironmental changes in the Acıgöl shallow-perennial playa-lake basin, SW Anatolia, Turkey, Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 22, 173-190.
  • Helvacı, C., Yağmurlu, F. (1995). Geological setting and economic potential of the lignite and evaporite-bearing Neogene basins of western Anatolia, Turkey, International Journal of Earth Science, 44, 91-105.
  • Hunt, J.M. (1996). Petroleum geochemistry and geology (Second Edition). W. H. Freeman and Company. New York.
  • İnaner, H., Nakoman, E., Karayiğit, A.İ. (2008). Coal resource estimation in the Bayir field, Yatağan-Muğla, SW Turkey, Energy Sources, Part A, 30, 1005-1015.
  • İnci, U. (2002). Depositional evolution of Miocene coal successions in the Soma coalfield, Western Turkey, International Journal of Coal Geology, 51, 1– 29.
  • İslamoğlu, Y., Atay, G., Gedik, F., Aydın, A., Hakyemez, A., Babayiğit, S., Sarıkaya, H. (2005). Batı Toroslardaki Denizel Oligo-Miyosen Çökellerinin Biyostratigrafisi (Denizli), Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, Rapor no. 10763, Ankara.
  • Jackson, K. S., Hawkins, P. J., and Bennet, A. J. R. (1985). Regional facies and geochemical evaluation of southern Denison Trough, APEA Journal, 20, 143-158.
  • Jones, R.W. (1987). Organic Facies. Academic Press, London.
  • Jones, R.W., Demaison, G.J. (1982). Organic Facies – Stratigraphic concept and exploration tool. Asean Council on Petroleum, Saldivar-Sali, A. (ed.), Manila, Philippines, Proceedings of the Second ASCOPE Conference and Exhibition, 7-11.
  • Karayigit, A.I., Gayer, R.A., Querol, X., Onacak, T. (2000). Contents of major and trace elements in feed coals from Turkish coal-fired power plants, International Journal of Coal Geology, 44(2), 169-184.
  • Karayiğit, A.İ., Whateley, M.K.G. (1997). Properties of a lacustrine subbituminous (k1) seam, with special reference to the contact metamorphism, Soma-Turkey, International Journal of Coal Geology, 34, 131-155.
  • Kıral, N., Kadir, S., Çağlı, S., Karakaya, Y., Özsoy, S. (2002). Kocapınar ve Kuyucak (Serinhisar ve Acıpayam İlçeleri/Denizli) Sepiyolit/Sepiyolitik Kil Yatakları Maden Jeoloji Raporu, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Proje No. 98-18, Ankara.
  • Kolattukudy, P.E. (1980). Biopolyester membranes of plants: cutin and suberin, Science, 208, 990-1000.
  • Koralay, T. (2000). Niyazlar Köyü (Yeşilova-Burdur) ile Tefenni Yaylası (Tefenni-Burdur) Ofiyolitlerinin Jeolojik, Petrografik ve Petrokimyasal İncelemesi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli.
  • Kroon, J., Castle, J.W. (2011). Biomarkers in the Upper Devonian Lower Huron Shale as indicators of biological source of organic matter, depositional environment, and thermal maturity, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Eastern Section Meeting, Washington, DC.
  • Langford, F.F. and Blanc-Valleron, M.-M. (1990). Interpreting Rock-Eval pyrolysisdata using graphs of pyrolizable hydrocarbons versus total organic carbon, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 74, 799-804.
  • Mackenzie, A.S., Lamb, N.A. and Maxwell, J.R. (1982). Steroid hydrocarbons and the thermal history of sediments, Nature, 295, 223-226.
  • Meyers, P.A. (1997). Organic geochemical proxies of paleoceanographic, paleolimnologic, and paleoclimatic processes, Organic Geochemistry, 27 (5-6), 213-250.
  • Moldowan, J.M., Sundararaman, P., Schoell, M. (1986). Sensitivity of biomarker properties to depositional environment and/or source input in the Lower Toarcian of S.W. Germany, Organic Geochemistry, 10, 915-926.
  • Mukhopadhyay, P.K., Wade, J.A., Kruge, M.A. (1995). Organic facies and maturation of Jurassic/Cretaceous rocks, and possible oil-source rock correlation based onpyrolysis of asphaltenes, Scotion Basin, Canada, Organic Geochemistry, 22, 85-104.
  • Nakoman, E., İnaner, H. (1990). Lignite deposits of southwestern Turkey, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Jeoloji Mühendisligi Bölümü, İzmir.
  • Okay, A. İ. (1986). Denizli-Tavas Arasındaki Bölgenin Jeolojisi, İTÜ Yerbilimleri ve Yer altı Kaynakları Uygulama-Araştırma Merkezi, Rapor No. 2128, İstanbul.
  • Okay, A. İ. (1989). Denizli’ nin güneyinde Menderes Masifi ve Likya Naplarının jeolojisi, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 109, 45-58.
  • Ourisson, G., Albrecht, P. and Rohmer, M. (1979). The hopanoids. Paleochemistry and biochemistry of a group of natural products, Pure Applied Chemistry, 5, 709-729.
  • Özçelik, O. (2002). Beypazarı (Ankara) kuzeyinde Miyosen yaşlı bitümlü birimlerin organik jeokimyasal özellikleri, Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 45 (1), 1-18.
  • Palacas, J.G., Anders, D.E., King, J.D. (1984). South Florida Basin: A prime example of carbonate source rocks of petroleum, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin Special Voumes: Petroleum Geochemistry and Source Rock Potential of Carbonate Rocks, 71-96.
  • Peakman, T.M., Maxwell, J.R. (1988). Early diagenetic pathways of steroid alkenes, Organic Geochemistry, 13, 583-592.
  • Pekuz, Ü. (1998). Honaz (Denizli) Çevresinde Evaporit İçeren Neojen Tortullarının Stratigrafisi ve Depolanma Özellikleri, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  • Peters, K. E. (1986). Guidelines for evaluating petroleum source rock using programmed pyrolysis, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 70 (3), 318-329.
  • Peters, E. K., and Cassa, M. R. (1994). Applied source rock geochemistry, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin Memoir, 60, 93-120.
  • Peters, K.E., Walters, C.C., and Moldowan, J. M. (2005). The biomarker guide volume 1 (Second edition). Cambridge University Press, UK.
  • Peters, K.E., Moldowan, J.M. (1993). The biomarker guide: İnterpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediment. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • Peters, K.E., Moldowan, J.M. and Sundararaman, P. (1990). Effects of hydrous pyrolyssis on biomarker thermal maturity parameters: Monterey phosphatic and siliceous members, Organic Geochemistry, 15, 249-265.
  • Philip, R.P. and Gilbert, T.D. (1986). Biomarker distributions in oil predominantly derived from terrigenous source material. Advances in Organic Geochemistry, Leythaeuser, D. and Rulkotter, J. (eds.), Pergamon Press, 10, 73-84.
  • Pickel, W., Kus, J., Flores, D., Kalaitzidis, S., Christanis, K., Cardott, B.J., Misz-Kennan, M., Rodrigues, S., Hentschel, A., Hamor-Vido, M., Crosdale, P., Wagner, N., ICCP. (2017). Classification of liptinite – ICCP System 1994, International Journal of Coal Geology, 169, 40-61.
  • Powell, T.G., Foscolos, A.E., Gunther, P.R., Snowdon, I.R. (1978). Diagenesis of organic matter and fine clay minerals: a comparative study, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42, 1181-1197.
  • Sarı, A., Akkaya, P., Özakar, E. (2016). Kürnüç/Göynük-Bolu sahası Alt Eosen bitümlü kayaçlarının depolanma ortamı ve organik jeokimyasal karakteristikleri, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 152, 185-200.
  • Sarıkaya, H. (1986). Denizli M22-c2-c3-c4-d3 paftalarının jeoloji haritaları, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Say, N.P. (2006). Lignite-fired thermal power plants and SO2 pollution in Turkey, Energy Policy, 2690-2701.
  • Stach, E., Mackowsky, M-Th., Teichmuller, M., Taylor, G.H., Chandra, D., Teichmuller, R. (1982). Coal Petrology. Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin - Stuttgart.
  • Stanley, R. G., McLean, H., Pawlewicz, M. J. (1990). Petroleum Source Potential and Thermal Maturity of the Tertiary Usibelli Group of Suntrana, Central Alaska. Geologic Studies in Alaska by the U. S. Geological Survey, Dover, J. H., Galloway, J. P. (eds.), United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 65-76.
  • Sun, S. (1990). Denizli – Uşak arasının jeolojisi ve linyit olanakları, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Yayınları, Rapor No. 9985, Ankara.
  • Sýkorová, I., Pickel, W., Christanis, K., Wolf, M., Taylor, G.H., Flores, D. (2005). Classification of huminite - ICCP System 1994, International Journal of Coal Geology, 62, 85-106.
  • Şengüler, İ. (2010). Lignite explorations in Turkey: New projects and new reserves, Twenty-Seventh Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Şimşek, Ş. (1984). Denizli-Kızıldere-Tekkehamam-Tosunlar-Buldan-Yenice alanının jeolojisi ve jeotermal enerji olanakları, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Yayınları, Rapor No. 7846, Ankara.
  • Taylor, G.H., Teichmüller, M., Davis, A., Diessel, C.F.K., Littke, R., Robert, P. (1998). Organic Petrology. Bornträger, Berlin, Stuttgart.
  • Tırpan, K. (2011). Soma kömür havzasında kömürleşme ve hidrokarbon oluşumunun modellenmesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Tissot, B.P., Welte, D.H. (1978). Petroleum formation and occurrence (1st edition). Springer- Verlag, Berlin.
  • Tissot, B.P., Welte, D.H. (1984). Petroleum formation and occurrence (2nd edition). Springer- Verlag, Heidelberg.
  • Tissot, B.P., Pelet, R., Rouach, J., Combaz, A. (1977). Utilisation des alcanes comme fossiles géochimiques indicateurs des environnements géologiques, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 55, 2177-2193. Tyson, R.V. (1995). Sedimentary Organic Matter. Organic facies and palynofacies. Chapman and Hall, London.
  • Tyson, R.V. (1996). Sequence-stratigraphical interpretation of organic facies variations in marine siliciclastic systems: General principles and application to the onshore Kimmeridge Clay Formation, UK. Geological Society Special Publications, 103, 75-96.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Jeoloji Mühendisliği
Yazarlar

Demet Koralay

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Temmuz 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018

Kaynak Göster

APA Koralay, D. (2018). Denizli Güneydoğusundaki (GB Türkiye) Kömürlerin Hidrokarbon Türetme Potansiyeli ve Biyomarker Özellikleri. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(1), 20-42. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.326929