ARITMA ÇAMURU, LÜLE TAŞI (SEPIYOLIT) VE YUMURTA KABUĞU ATIKLARININ POLİMER KOMPOZİT PLAKA ÜRETİMİNDE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, kağıt endüstrisi
arıtma çamurunun yine atık materyaller olan yumurta kabuğu ve lületaşı (sepiyolit)
tozu ile birlikte polipropilen (PP) bazlı termoplastik plaka üretiminde
değerlendirilmesi ve elde edilen termoplastik kompozit plakanın radyasyon
geçirgenlik ve mekanik dayanım (eğilme direnci, çekme direnci, dinamik eğilme
direnci, kopmada uzama ve darbe direnci) özelliklerinin belirlenmesidir. Atık
materyaller kütlece %20-50 oranlarında kompozit levha üretimine katılmış, tüm
kompozit plakalar standart sıcak presleme yöntemi ile üretilmiş ve katkı
maddeli polimer kompozitlerin özellikleri standart polipropilenden üretilen
levha ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlarda yumurta kabuğu katkılı
kompozit levhanın radyasyon geçirgenliğini azalttığı, çekme direncini
artırdığı, arıtma çamurunun çekme direncini düşürdüğü ve arıtma çamurunda
bulunan liflerin ve lületaşı tozunun elastikiyet modülünü artırdığı tespit
edilmiştir. Katkı maddeleri kompoziti daha gevrek hale getirerek kopmada uzama
ve eğilme direnci modülü değerlerini azaltmıştır. Eğilmede elastikiyet modülü
değerleri ise arıma çamuru ve sepiyolit ilavesi ile artış göstermiştir. Üretilen
PP kompozitlerin tamamı ASTM D 6662’de istenilen değerlerden daha yüksek eğilme
direnci ve eğilmede elastikiyet modülü değerleri sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmanın
sonuçları, günlük atılım miktarları çok yüksek olan arıtma çamuru, yumurta
kabuğu ve lüle taşı gibi atık maddelerin “sıfır atık” yaklaşımı ile yeniden
değerlendirilmelerinin sağlayarak kompozit levha üretiminde kullanılabileceğini
ve ülke ekonomisi açısından faydalı malzeme üretiminin
gerçekleştirilebileceğini ortaya koymuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Arıtma çamuru Geri kazanım Kompozit levha Lüle taşı Yumurta kabuğu
Teşekkür
Bu çalışmanın gerçekleştirilmesinde büyük desteği olan KSÜ Orman Fakültesi Orman Endüstri Bölümü Laboratuvarlarına ve Prof.Dr. Fatih Mengeloğlu’na teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- Bajpai, P. (2015). Management of pulp and paper mill waste. In Management of Pulp and Paper Mill Waste. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11788-1
- Bootklad, M., & Kaewtatip, K. (2013). Biodegradation of thermoplastic starch/eggshell powder composites. Carbohydrate Polymers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.030
- Boumbimba, R. M., Wang, K., Hablot, E., Bahlouli, N., Ahzi, S., & Avérous, L. (2017). Renewable biocomposites based on cellulose fibers and dimer fatty acid polyamide: Experiments and modeling of the stress–strain behavior. Polymer Engineering and Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.24390
- Chan, C. M., Wu, J., Li, J. X., & Cheung, Y. K. (2002). Polypropylene/calcium carbonate nanocomposites. Polymer. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00120-9
- Cho, Y. B., & Seo, G. (2010). High activity of acid-treated quail eggshell catalysts in the transesterification of palm oil with methanol. Bioresource Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.082
- Deng, Q., Li, J., Yang, J., & Li, D. (2014). Optical and flexible α-chitin nanofibers reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite film: Fabrication and property. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.08.013
- Gao, W., Ma, X., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhu, Y. (2013). Effect of calcium carbonate on PET physical properties and thermal stability. Powder Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2013.04.008
- Glenn, G. M., Orts, W. J., & Nobes, G. A. R. (2001). Starch, fiber and CaCo3 effects on the physical properties of foams made by a baking process. Industrial Crops and Products. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(01)00085-1
- Hablot, E., Matadi, R., Ahzi, S., & Avérous, L. (2010). Renewable biocomposites of dimer fatty acid-based polyamides with cellulose fibres: Thermal, physical and mechanical properties. Composites Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.12.001
- Islam, K. N., Bakar, M. Z. B. A., Noordin, M. M., Hussein, M. Z. Bin, Rahman, N. S. B. A., & Ali, M. E. (2011). Characterisation of calcium carbonate and its polymorphs from cockle shells (Anadara granosa). Powder Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2011.07.031
- Ji, G., Zhu, H., Qi, C., & Zeng, M. (2009). Mechanism of interactions of eggshell microparticles with epoxy resins. Polymer Engineering and Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.21339
- Kargarzadeh, H., Huang, J., Lin, N., Ahmad, I., Mariano, M., Dufresne, A., … Gałęski, A. (2018). Recent developments in nanocellulose-based biodegradable polymers, thermoplastic polymers, and porous nanocomposites. Progress in Polymer Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.07.008
- Klungsuwan, P., Jarerat, A., & Poompradub, S. (2013). Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability of Cuttlebone/NR Composites. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-012-0555-x
- Liotier, P. J., Pucci, M. F., Le Duigou, A., Kervoelen, A., Tirilló, J., Sarasini, F., & Drapier, S. (2019). Role of interface formation versus fibres properties in the mechanical behaviour of bio-based composites manufactured by Liquid Composite Molding processes. Composites Part B: Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.10.103
- Mahmood, T., & Elliott, A. (2006). A review of secondary sludge reduction technologies for the pulp and paper industry. Water Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.04.001
- Matsuda, D. K. M., Verceheze, A. E. S., Carvalho, G. M., Yamashita, F., & Mali, S. (2013). Baked foams of cassava starch and organically modified nanoclays. Industrial Crops and Products. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.08.032
- Mohamad, N., Latiff, A. A., Maulod, H. E. A., Azam, M. A., & Manaf, M. E. A. (2014). A Sustainable Polymer Composite from Recycled Polypropylene Filled with Shrimp Shell Waste. Polymer - Plastics Technology and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2013.843704
- Nikolic, M. S., Petrovic, R., Veljovic, D., Cosovic, V., Stankovic, N., & Djonlagic, J. (2017). Effect of sepiolite organomodification on the performance of PCL/sepiolite nanocomposites. European Polymer Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.10.010
- Poompradub, S., Ikeda, Y., Kokubo, Y., & Shiono, T. (2008). Cuttlebone as reinforcing filler for natural rubber. European Polymer Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.09.015
- Pushpadass, H. A., Babu, G. S., Weber, R. W., & Hanna, M. A. (2008). Extrusion of starch-based loose-fill packaging foams#: Effects of temperature, moisture and talc on physical properties. Packaging Technology and Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.809
- Reulier, M., & Avérous, L. (2015). Elaboration, morphology and properties of renewable thermoplastics blends, based on polyamide and polyurethane synthesized from dimer fatty acids. European Polymer Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.036
- Reulier, M., Boumbimba, R. M., Rasselet, D., & Avérous, L. (2016). Renewable thermoplastic multiphase systems from dimer fatty acids, with mineral microfillers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.43055
- Son, J., Yang, H. S., & Kim, H. J. (2004). Physico-mechanical properties of paper sludge-thermoplastic polymer composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705704038471
- Tsai, W. T., Yang, J. M., Lai, C. W., Cheng, Y. H., Lin, C. C., & Yeh, C. W. (2006). Characterization and adsorption properties of eggshells and eggshell membrane. Bioresource Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.050
- Yoo, S., Hsieh, J. S., Zou, P., & Kokoszka, J. (2009). Utilization of calcium carbonate particles from eggshell waste as coating pigments for ink-jet printing paper. Bioresource Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.112
- Zhao, L., Zhang, Y., Miao, Y., & Nie, L. (2016). Controlled synthesis, characterization and application of hydrophobic calcium carbonate nanoparticles in PVC. Powder Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.11.001
EVALUATION of TREATMENT SLUDGE, SEPIOLITE and EGG SHELLS in THE PRODUCTION of POLYMER COMPOSITE PLATES
Öz
The aim of this study is to produce thermoplastic
composite plates containing waste materials using additives such as industrial
sewage sludge, eggshells and sepiolite, to determine the mechanical properties
of these plates and to compare them with commercial polypropylene plates. These
fillers were added to the polypropylene (PP) based composite in an amount of
20-50% by weight (dry basis), and all composite plates were prepared using the
hot compression molding method. Mechanical properties (tensile strength,
tensile modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, elasticity of bending
coefficient, elongation and impact strength at break) and radiation
permeability of composites were investigated and it was determined that filler
type had an effect on mechanical properties significantly. It was found that
the addition of egg shells reduced the radiation permeability of the PP-based
composites and increased their tensile strength. Addition of sewage sludge to
composite production decreased the tensile strength while, it caused to
increase elasticity modulus in flexure because of its fibrous structure with
sepiolite. In the light of these results, it was determined that PP based
polymer composites produced with waste additives provide sufficient mechanical
properties than only PP based polymer composite plates.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Bajpai, P. (2015). Management of pulp and paper mill waste. In Management of Pulp and Paper Mill Waste. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11788-1
- Bootklad, M., & Kaewtatip, K. (2013). Biodegradation of thermoplastic starch/eggshell powder composites. Carbohydrate Polymers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.030
- Boumbimba, R. M., Wang, K., Hablot, E., Bahlouli, N., Ahzi, S., & Avérous, L. (2017). Renewable biocomposites based on cellulose fibers and dimer fatty acid polyamide: Experiments and modeling of the stress–strain behavior. Polymer Engineering and Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.24390
- Chan, C. M., Wu, J., Li, J. X., & Cheung, Y. K. (2002). Polypropylene/calcium carbonate nanocomposites. Polymer. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00120-9
- Cho, Y. B., & Seo, G. (2010). High activity of acid-treated quail eggshell catalysts in the transesterification of palm oil with methanol. Bioresource Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.082
- Deng, Q., Li, J., Yang, J., & Li, D. (2014). Optical and flexible α-chitin nanofibers reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite film: Fabrication and property. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.08.013
- Gao, W., Ma, X., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhu, Y. (2013). Effect of calcium carbonate on PET physical properties and thermal stability. Powder Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2013.04.008
- Glenn, G. M., Orts, W. J., & Nobes, G. A. R. (2001). Starch, fiber and CaCo3 effects on the physical properties of foams made by a baking process. Industrial Crops and Products. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(01)00085-1
- Hablot, E., Matadi, R., Ahzi, S., & Avérous, L. (2010). Renewable biocomposites of dimer fatty acid-based polyamides with cellulose fibres: Thermal, physical and mechanical properties. Composites Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.12.001
- Islam, K. N., Bakar, M. Z. B. A., Noordin, M. M., Hussein, M. Z. Bin, Rahman, N. S. B. A., & Ali, M. E. (2011). Characterisation of calcium carbonate and its polymorphs from cockle shells (Anadara granosa). Powder Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2011.07.031
- Ji, G., Zhu, H., Qi, C., & Zeng, M. (2009). Mechanism of interactions of eggshell microparticles with epoxy resins. Polymer Engineering and Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.21339
- Kargarzadeh, H., Huang, J., Lin, N., Ahmad, I., Mariano, M., Dufresne, A., … Gałęski, A. (2018). Recent developments in nanocellulose-based biodegradable polymers, thermoplastic polymers, and porous nanocomposites. Progress in Polymer Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.07.008
- Klungsuwan, P., Jarerat, A., & Poompradub, S. (2013). Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability of Cuttlebone/NR Composites. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-012-0555-x
- Liotier, P. J., Pucci, M. F., Le Duigou, A., Kervoelen, A., Tirilló, J., Sarasini, F., & Drapier, S. (2019). Role of interface formation versus fibres properties in the mechanical behaviour of bio-based composites manufactured by Liquid Composite Molding processes. Composites Part B: Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.10.103
- Mahmood, T., & Elliott, A. (2006). A review of secondary sludge reduction technologies for the pulp and paper industry. Water Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.04.001
- Matsuda, D. K. M., Verceheze, A. E. S., Carvalho, G. M., Yamashita, F., & Mali, S. (2013). Baked foams of cassava starch and organically modified nanoclays. Industrial Crops and Products. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.08.032
- Mohamad, N., Latiff, A. A., Maulod, H. E. A., Azam, M. A., & Manaf, M. E. A. (2014). A Sustainable Polymer Composite from Recycled Polypropylene Filled with Shrimp Shell Waste. Polymer - Plastics Technology and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2013.843704
- Nikolic, M. S., Petrovic, R., Veljovic, D., Cosovic, V., Stankovic, N., & Djonlagic, J. (2017). Effect of sepiolite organomodification on the performance of PCL/sepiolite nanocomposites. European Polymer Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.10.010
- Poompradub, S., Ikeda, Y., Kokubo, Y., & Shiono, T. (2008). Cuttlebone as reinforcing filler for natural rubber. European Polymer Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.09.015
- Pushpadass, H. A., Babu, G. S., Weber, R. W., & Hanna, M. A. (2008). Extrusion of starch-based loose-fill packaging foams#: Effects of temperature, moisture and talc on physical properties. Packaging Technology and Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.809
- Reulier, M., & Avérous, L. (2015). Elaboration, morphology and properties of renewable thermoplastics blends, based on polyamide and polyurethane synthesized from dimer fatty acids. European Polymer Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.036
- Reulier, M., Boumbimba, R. M., Rasselet, D., & Avérous, L. (2016). Renewable thermoplastic multiphase systems from dimer fatty acids, with mineral microfillers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.43055
- Son, J., Yang, H. S., & Kim, H. J. (2004). Physico-mechanical properties of paper sludge-thermoplastic polymer composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705704038471
- Tsai, W. T., Yang, J. M., Lai, C. W., Cheng, Y. H., Lin, C. C., & Yeh, C. W. (2006). Characterization and adsorption properties of eggshells and eggshell membrane. Bioresource Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.050
- Yoo, S., Hsieh, J. S., Zou, P., & Kokoszka, J. (2009). Utilization of calcium carbonate particles from eggshell waste as coating pigments for ink-jet printing paper. Bioresource Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.112
- Zhao, L., Zhang, Y., Miao, Y., & Nie, L. (2016). Controlled synthesis, characterization and application of hydrophobic calcium carbonate nanoparticles in PVC. Powder Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.11.001
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Çevre Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Kasım 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 22 Temmuz 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 |