YÜKSEK YOĞUNLUKLU POLİETİLEN ESASLI KOMPOZİTLERDE DOLGU MADDESİ OLARAK ODUN UNU VE TAVUK TÜYÜ KULLANIMININ ARAŞTIRILMASI

Büşra Avcı; İlkay Atar; Fatih Mengeloğlu

doi:10.17780/ksujes.1596646

EN TR

RESEARCH ON THE USE OF WOOD FLOUR AND CHICKEN FEATHER AS FILLER IN HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE BASED COMPOSITES

Abstract

In this study, the effects of wood flour addition and chicken feather usage rate on physical, mechanical and combustion properties in high-density (HDPE) based composites were investigated. Wood flour was used at a 0-15% rate and chicken feather at a 0-5-10-15% rate in composite production. Maleic anhydride-treated polyethyleneIn this study, the effects of wood flour addition and chicken feather usage rate on physical, mechanical and combustion properties in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) based composites were investigated. Wood flour was used at a 0-15% rate and chicken feather at a 0-5-10-15% rate in composite production. Maleic anhydride-treated polyethylene (MAPE) was used as a compatibilizer. Composite production was carried out in a total of 8 different combinations. The density value, tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength and horizontal burning rate values of the sample groups were determined. According to the test results, an increase occurred in the density value, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus with the use of wood flour. An increase was observed in tensile strength, elastic modulus and flexural strength values with the increase in the chicken feather usage rate. It was determined that the horizontal burning rates of the samples decreased with the addition of wood flour and the increase in the chicken feather usage rate. In particular, the flexural modulus in composites containing 15% wood flour and 15% chicken feather increased by more than 40% compared to the control group. This result shows that the mechanical performance of composite materials can be optimized with the synergistic effect of wood flour and chicken feather. (MAPE) was used as a compatibilizer. Composite production was carried out in a total of 8 different combinations. Density value, tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength and horizontal burning rate values of sample groups were determined. According to the test results, an increase occurred in the density value, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus with the use of wood flour. An increase was observed in tensile strength, elastic modulus and flexural strength values with the increase in the chicken feather usage rate. It was determined that the horizontal burning rates of the samples decreased with the addition of wood flour and the increase in the chicken feather usage rate.

Keywords

YÜKSEK YOĞUNLUKLU POLİETİLEN ESASLI KOMPOZİTLERDE DOLGU MADDESİ OLARAK ODUN UNU VE TAVUK TÜYÜ KULLANIMININ ARAŞTIRILMASI

Öz

Bu çalışmada yüksek yoğunluklu polietilen (YYPE) esaslı kompozitlerde odun unu ilavesi ve tavuk tüyü kullanım oranının fiziksel, mekanik ve yanma özellikleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Kompozit üretimlerinde odun unu %0-15 oranında, tavuk tüyü %0-5-10-15 oranlarında kullanılmıştır. Uyumlaştırıcı ajan olarak maleik anhidritle muamele edilmiş polietilen (MAPE) kullanılmıştır. Toplam 8 farklı kombinasyonda kompozit üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örnek gruplarının yoğunluk değeri, çekme direnci, çekmede elastikiyet modülü, kopmada uzama, eğilme direnci, eğilmede elastikiyet modülü, darbe direnci ve yatay yanma hızı değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Test sonuçlarına göre odun unu kullanımı ile yoğunluk değeri, çekmede elastikiyet modülü, eğilme direnci ve eğilmede elastikiyet modülü değerlerinde artış meydana gelmiştir. Tavuk tüyü kullanım oranının artması ile çekme direnci, elastikiyet modülü ve eğilme direnci değerlerinde artış görülmüştür. Odun unu ilavesi ve tavuk tüyü kullanım oranının artması ile örneklerin yatay yanma hızlarında düşüş olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, odun unu ve tavuk tüyü dolgu maddelerinin farklı oranlarda kullanımı, kompozit malzemelerin performansını önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Özellikle, %15 odun unu ve %15 tavuk tüyü içeren kompozitlerde eğilmede elastikiyet modülü, kontrol grubuna kıyasla %40’tan fazla artış göstermiştir. Bu sonuç, odun unu ve tavuk tüyünün sinerjik etkisiyle kompozit malzemelerin mekanik performansının optimize edilebileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

References

Ardyati, T., Sutoyo, S., & Suharjano, (2019). Screening of keratinolytic fungi for biodegradation agent of keratin from chicken feather waste. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 391, 012027, 1. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/391/1/012027.
ASTM D256, (2010). Standard test for determining the Izod pendulum impact resistance of plastics, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
ASTM D638, (2010). Standard test for tensile properties of plastics. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
ASTM D790, (2010). Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
ASTM D792-20 (2020). Standard Test Methods for density and specific gravity (Relativedensity) of Plastics by displacement. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
Atar, İ., Başboğa, İ.H., Karakuş, K., & Mengeloğlu F. (2021). Efect of waste tea (camellia sinensis) wood fibers and MAPE on some properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) based polymer composites. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 5(2), 606-619. https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.991612
Baba, B. O., & Özmen, U. (2017). Preparation and mechanical characterization of chicken feather/PLA composites. Polymer Composites, 38(5), 837-845. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23644
Başboğa, İ.H., Atar, İ., Karakuş, K., & Mengeloğlu, F. (2020). Determination of Some Technological Properties of Injection Molded Pulverized‑HDPE Based Composites Reinforced with Micronized Waste Tire Powder and Red Pine Wood Wastes. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 28, 1776–1794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01726-7

Başboğa, H. İ., Kılıç, İ., Atar, İ., & Mengeloğlu, F. (2022). The usage of wood of dahoma (Piptadeniastrum africanum), a tropic tree, in the production of wood plastic composite. Turkish Journal of Forestry Research, 9 (Special Issue), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.1091247
Başboğa, H. I. (2023). Polypropylene-based composites reinforced with waste tropic wood flours: Determination of accelerated weathering resistance, tribological, and thermal properties. BioResources, 18(4), 7251-7294. DOI: 10.15376/biores.18.4.7251-7294
Beaugranda, J., Nottez, M., Konnerth, J., and Bourmaud, A. (2014). “Multi-scale analysis of the structure and mechanical performance of woody hemp core and the dependence on the sampling location,” Industrial Crops and Products 60, 193-204. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.06.019
Bledzki, A., & Faruk, O. (2003). Wood fibre reinforced polypropylene composites: Effect of fibre geometry and coupling agent on physico-mechanical properties. Applied Composite Materials, 10, 365-379. DOI: 10.1023/A:1025741100628
Brostow, W., Datashvili, T., & Miller, H. (2010). Wood and Wood Derived Materials. J. Mater. Educ., Vol. 32, pp.125–138.
Borysiak, S., Paukszta, D., Batkowska, P., and Mankowski, J. (2011). “The structure, morphology, and mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites with ligncellulosic fiber,” in: Cellulose Fibers: Bio- and Nano-Polymer Composites, S. Kalia, B. S. Kaith, and I. Kaur (eds.), Springer Heidelberg, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 263-290. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-17370-7
Cheng, S., Lau, K., Liu, T., Zhao, Y., Lam, PM., & Yin, Y. (2009). Mechanical and thermal properties of chicken feather fiber/PLA green composites. Composites: Part B. 40, 650-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.04.011
Çavdar, A. D., Kalaycıoğlu, H., & Mengeloğlu, F. (2011). Tea mill waste fibers filled thermoplastic composites: The effects of plastic type and fiber loading. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 30(10), 833-844. DOI: 10.1177/0731684411408752
Çavuş, V. (2020). Selected properties of mahogany wood flour filled polypropylene composites: The effect of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP). BioResources, 15(2), 2227-2236. DOI: 10.15376/biores.15.2.2227-2236
Çavuş, V., & Mengeloğlu, F. (2020). Effect of wood particle size on selected properties of neat and recycled wood polypropylene composites. BioResources, 15(2), 3427-3442. DOI: 10.15376/biores.15.2.3427-3442
Çetin, N. S., Alma, M. H., & Baştürk, M. A. (2000). Yeni kompozitler üretmek amacıyla doğal lignoselülozik lifler ile sentetik polimerler arasında uyum sağlayan birleştirici maddeler ve metotlar. Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 3(2), 58-68.
Espinach, F. X., Julian, F., Verdaguer, N., Torres, L., Pelach, M. A., Vilaseca, F., & Mutje, P. (2013). Analysis of tensile and flexural modulus in hemp strands/ polypropylene composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 47, 339-343. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.11.021
Evazynajad, A., Kar, A., Veluswamy, S., McBride, H., & George, B. R. (2002). Production and characterization of yarns and fabrics utilizing Turkey feather fibers. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 702, 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-702-U1.2.1
Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science Advances, 3(7), e1700782. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782
Hong, C.K., & Wool, R.P. (2005). Development of a Bio-Based Composite Material from Soybean Oil and Keratin Fibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. Vol. 95: pp.1524–1538. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.21044
Kılıç, İ., Avcı, B., Atar, İ., Korkmaz, N., Yılmaz, G., & Mengeloğlu, F. (2023). Using furniture factory waste sawdust in wood plastic composite production and prototype sample production. BioResources, 18(4), 7212-7229. DOI: 10.15376/biores.18.4.7212-7229
Kılıç, İ., Avcı, B., Atar, İ., Korkmaz, N., Yılmaz, G., & Mengeloğlu, F. (2024). Utilization of flours from hemp stalks as reinforcement in polypropylene matrix. Bioresources, 19(1), 1494-1516. DOI: 10.15376/biores.19.1.1494-1516
Kim, J. K., and Pal, K. (2010). Recent Advances in the Processing of Wood–Plastic Composites, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Germany. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14877-4
Korley, L. T. J., Epps, T. H., Helms, B. A., & Ryan, A. J. (2021). Toward polymer upcycling—Adding value and tackling circularity. Science, 373(6550), 66–69. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg4503
Li, Q. & Matuana, L.M. (2003). Effectiveness of maleated and acryclic acid-functionalized polyolefin coupling agents for HDPE-wood-flour composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. 16, 551-564; DOI 10.1177/089270503033340.
Martínez-Hernández, A.L., Velasco-Santos, C., De Icaza, M., & Castaño, V.M. (2005a) Microstructural Characterization of Keratin Fibres from Chicken Feathers. International Journal of Environment and Pollution. Vol. 23: pp.162–178. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEP.2005.006858
Martínez-Hernández, A.L., Velasco-Santos, C., De Icaza, M., & Castaño, V.M. (2005b) Mechanical Properties Evaluation of New Composites with Protein Biofibers Reinforcing Poly (Methyl Methacylate). Polymer, Vol. 46: pp.8233–8238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.06.093
Maziero, R., Soares, K., Filho, A. I., Franco, A. R., & Rubio, J. C. C. (2019). Maleated polypropylene as coupling agent for polypropylene composites reinforced with eucalyptus and pinus particles. BioResources, 14(2), 4774-4791. DOI: 10.15376/biores.14.2.4774-4791
Meandro, N. A. (2010). Waste chicken feather as reinforcement in cement-bonded composites. Philippine Journal of Science, 139, 161-166.
Mengeloǧlu, F., & Karakuş, K., 2008. Some properties of eucalyptus wood flour filled recycled high density polyethylene polymer-composites. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 32:537–546. https ://doi.org/10.3906/tar-0801-7
Mengeloglu, F., and Karakuş, K. (2012). “Mechanical properties of injection-molded foamed wheat straw filled HDPE biocomposites: The effects of filler loading and coupling agent contents,” BioResources 7(3), 3293-3305. DOI: 10.15376/biores.7.3.3293-3305
Mengeloglu, F., Matuana, LM. & King, J. (2000). Effect of impact modifiers on properties of rigid PVC/ wood-fiber composites. Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology. 6: 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/vnl.10244
Meyers, M. A., Chen, P. Y., Lin, A. Y. M., & Seki, Y. (2008). Biological Materials: Structure and Mechanical Properties. Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 53: pp.1–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002
Mohanty, A. K., Misra, M., and Drzal, L. T., (2002). “Sustainable bio-composites from renewable resources: Opportunities and challenges in the green materials world,” Journal of Polymers and the Environment 10, 19-26
Salhi, S. S. A. B. A. (2012). Development of bio-composites based on polymer matrix and keratin fibres: Contribution to poultry biomass recycling. Materials Science Forum, 237-243.
Shih, J. C. H. (1993). Recent development in poultry waste digestion and feather utilization: A review. Poultry Science 72 (9), 1617–20. doi:10.3382/ps.0721617.
Soubhagya, M., A. Champati, H. K. Popalghat, P. Patel, & Sneha. K. R. (2019). Poultry waste management: an approach for sustainable development. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 4 (1):8–14.
Stark, N., & Berger, M. J., (1997). Effect of species and particle size on properties of wood-flour-filled polypropylene composites. Symposium of Functional Fillers for Thermoplastics and Thermosets, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 1-20.
Subramani, T., Krishnan, S., Ganesan, S. K., & Nagarajan, G. (2014). Investigation of mechanical properties in polyester and phenyl-ester composites reinforced with chicken feather fiber. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), 4(12), 93-104.
Summerscales, J., Dissanayake, P. J., Virk, A. S., and Hall, W. (2010). “A review of bast fibres and their composites. Part 1- Fibres as reinforcements,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 41(10), 1329-1335. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.06.001
UL 94, (2021). Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances. American National Standard.
Williams, C. M. (2013). Poultry waste management in developing countries. The Role of Poultry in Human Nutrition 46.
Winandy, J. E., Muehl, J. H., Micaels, J. A., & Raina, A. (2014). Potential of chicken feather fibre in Wood mdf Composites. Available online: http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2003/winan03d.pdf (accessed on 4 FEB 2016).
Yang, H.-S., Kim, H.-J., Son, J., Park, H. J., Lee, B. J., & Hwang, T. S. (2004). Rice- husk flour filled polypropylene composites; mechanical and morphological study. Composite Structures, 63, 305-312. DOI: 10.1016/S0263-8223(03)00179-X
Yang, H. S., Kim, H. J., Park, H. J., Lee, B. J., & Hwang, T. S. (2007). Effect of compatibilizing agents on rice-husk flour reinforced polypropylene composites. Composite Structures, 77, 45-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.06.005
Yuan, Q., Wu, D., Gotama, J., & Bateman, S. (2008). Wood fiber reinforced polyethylene and polypropylene composites with high modulus and impact strength. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 21(3), 195-208. DOI: 10.1177/0892705708089472
Zaini, M. J., Fuad, M. Y. A., Ismail, Z., Mansor, M. S., & Mustafah, J. (1996). The effect of filler content and size on the mechanical properties of polypropylene/oil palm wood flour composites. Polymer International, 40, 51-55. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0126(199605)
Zhan, M., & Wool, R.P. (2016). Mechanical properties of composites with chicken feather and glass fibers. Journal of Applied Polymer science. 133, 44013. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44013

Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Composite and Hybrid Materials , Polymers and Plastics

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Büşra Avcı
0000-0003-1710-2778
Türkiye

İlkay Atar ^*
0000-0001-9527-1791
Türkiye

Fatih Mengeloğlu
0000-0002-2614-3662
Türkiye

Publication Date

June 3, 2025

Submission Date

December 5, 2024

Acceptance Date

March 13, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 28 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1596646

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA54RS24TD

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Avcı, B., Atar, İ., & Mengeloğlu, F. (2025). YÜKSEK YOĞUNLUKLU POLİETİLEN ESASLI KOMPOZİTLERDE DOLGU MADDESİ OLARAK ODUN UNU VE TAVUK TÜYÜ KULLANIMININ ARAŞTIRILMASI. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(2), 690-701. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1596646