COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE EXTRACTION METHODS FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE FOR BIOMEDICAL DESIGN APPLICATIONS

Yahya Zouri; Özkan Özmen; Mehmet Doğan

EN TR

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE EXTRACTION METHODS FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE FOR BIOMEDICAL DESIGN APPLICATIONS

Abstract

This study compares eight extraction protocols for producing hydroxyapatite (HA) from chicken bone waste. Each method used a unique combination of preparation steps, such as separating bones by type, removing fat with acetone, and cleaning with hydrogen peroxide for different lengths of time, before heating the bones at 800–900 °C, as specified by the protocol. Separating the bone segments and applying chemical treatments together resulted in greater removal of organic material. The calcined powders showed clear differences in purity and color. The acetone + extended H₂O₂ treatment (Method H) produced the lightest and cleanest HA powder. FTIR analyses confirmed these results. In Method H, the loss of organic bands and the strong PO₄³⁻ vibrational peaks indicated the highest chemical purity. XRD and SEM analyses further confirmed that HA was the dominant phase in all powders, whereas Method H exhibited the highest crystallinity together with a submicron particle morphology characteristic of bone-derived HA. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Method H is the most effective approach for obtaining high-purity biogenic HA and suggest that this material may be a promising candidate for future biomedical design applications after further processing and validation, including polymer-based composites, tissue-mimicking structures, and other related biomedical systems.

Keywords

BİYOMEDİKAL TASARIM UYGULAMALARI İÇİN TAVUK KEMİĞİ ATIKLARINDAN HİDROKSİAPATİT EKSTRAKSİYON YÖNTEMLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Abstract

Bu çalışma, tavuk kemiği atıklarından hidroksiapatit (HA) üretmek için kullanılan sekiz farklı ekstraksiyon protokolünü karşılaştırmaktadır. Her bir yöntemde, kemiklerin türlerine göre ayrılması, yağın aseton ile uzaklaştırılması ve kemiklerin protokolde belirtildiği şekilde 800–900 °C’de ısıtılmasından önce, farklı sürelerde hidrojen peroksit ile temizlenmesi gibi kendine özgü hazırlık adımlarının bir kombinasyonu uygulanmıştır. Kemik segmentlerinin ayrılması ve kimyasal işlemlerin birlikte uygulanması, organik materyalin daha fazla uzaklaştırılmasını sağlamıştır. Kalsine edilen tozlar, saflık ve renk açısından belirgin farklılıklar göstermiştir. Aseton + uzatılmış H₂O₂ işlemi (Metot H), en açık renkli ve en temiz HA tozunu vermiştir. FTIR analizleri bu sonuçları doğrulamıştır. Metot H’de organik bantların kaybolması ve güçlü PO₄³⁻ titreşim pikleri, en yüksek kimyasal saflığa işaret etmiştir. XRD ve SEM analizleri ayrıca tüm tozlarda baskın fazın HA olduğunu doğrulamış, buna karşılık Metot H, kemik kökenli HA’ya özgü submikron parçacık morfolojisi ile birlikte en yüksek kristallilik derecesini sergilemiştir. Genel olarak bulgular, Metot H’nin yüksek saflıkta biyojenik HA elde etmek için en etkili yaklaşım olduğunu göstermekte ve bu malzemenin, polimer esaslı kompozitler, doku benzeri yapılar ve diğer ilgili biyomedikal sistemler dâhil olmak üzere, ilave işleme ve doğrulama çalışmalarının ardından gelecekteki biyomedikal tasarım uygulamaları için umut verici bir aday olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Keywords

Thanks

The authors would like to thank the Dean of Research at Erciyes University for providing the necessary infrastructure and laboratory facilities at the ArGePark research building.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Material Design and Behaviors

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Yahya Zouri
0009-0007-8534-6359
Türkiye

Özkan Özmen ^*
0000-0001-9746-3500
Türkiye

Mehmet Doğan
0000-0001-9157-6504
Türkiye

Publication Date

June 3, 2026

Submission Date

December 24, 2025

Acceptance Date

April 20, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 29 Number: 2

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA86SC48CP

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Zouri, Y., Özmen, Ö., & Doğan, M. (2026). COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE EXTRACTION METHODS FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE FOR BIOMEDICAL DESIGN APPLICATIONS. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(2), 709-719. https://izlik.org/JA86SC48CP

AMA

1.Zouri Y, Özmen Ö, Doğan M. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE EXTRACTION METHODS FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE FOR BIOMEDICAL DESIGN APPLICATIONS. KSU J. Eng. Sci. 2026;29(2):709-719. https://izlik.org/JA86SC48CP

Chicago

Zouri, Yahya, Özkan Özmen, and Mehmet Doğan. 2026. “COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE EXTRACTION METHODS FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE FOR BIOMEDICAL DESIGN APPLICATIONS”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 29 (2): 709-19. https://izlik.org/JA86SC48CP.

EndNote

Zouri Y, Özmen Ö, Doğan M (June 1, 2026) COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE EXTRACTION METHODS FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE FOR BIOMEDICAL DESIGN APPLICATIONS. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 29 2 709–719.

IEEE

[1]Y. Zouri, Ö. Özmen, and M. Doğan, “COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE EXTRACTION METHODS FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE FOR BIOMEDICAL DESIGN APPLICATIONS”, KSU J. Eng. Sci., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 709–719, June 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA86SC48CP

ISNAD

Zouri, Yahya - Özmen, Özkan - Doğan, Mehmet. “COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE EXTRACTION METHODS FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE FOR BIOMEDICAL DESIGN APPLICATIONS”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 29/2 (June 1, 2026): 709-719. https://izlik.org/JA86SC48CP.

JAMA

1.Zouri Y, Özmen Ö, Doğan M. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE EXTRACTION METHODS FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE FOR BIOMEDICAL DESIGN APPLICATIONS. KSU J. Eng. Sci. 2026;29:709–719.

MLA

Zouri, Yahya, et al. “COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE EXTRACTION METHODS FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE FOR BIOMEDICAL DESIGN APPLICATIONS”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 29, no. 2, June 2026, pp. 709-1, https://izlik.org/JA86SC48CP.

Vancouver

1.Yahya Zouri, Özkan Özmen, Mehmet Doğan. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HYDROXYAPATITE EXTRACTION METHODS FROM CHICKEN BONE WASTE FOR BIOMEDICAL DESIGN APPLICATIONS. KSU J. Eng. Sci. [Internet]. 2026 Jun. 1;29(2):709-1. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA86SC48CP