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CHARACTERIZATION OF CHANGES IN FUEL CONTENT AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 1 - 12, 03.03.2026

Hüseyin Korkmaz , Uğurcem Hasar , Kemal Delihacıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1609523
https://izlik.org/JA28JG95JH

Öz

Fuel quality is critical to maintaining efficiency in motor vehicles. In this study, a microwave sensor that is repeatable and applicable, exhibiting high sensitivity to changes in dielectric parameters, was proposed and examined in detail, particularly for the detection of compositional changes in diesel fuel due to kerosene. The proposed reflection-based sensor performs well by achieving a reflection response value of -64.96 dB at the 4.74 GHz resonance frequency. The performance of the sensor was tested by placing samples directly covering the entire sensor surface. The reflection response of the proposed sensor was determined by adulterating the pure diesel sample with different rates of kerosene. The proposed sensor observed resonance frequency shifts of 93 MHz, 189 MHz, and 234 MHz for 10%, 20%, and 30% doped samples, respectively, indicating that the sensor can effectively distinguish these adulterations. The proposed microwave sensor shows higher performance compared to existing sensors in the literature, with a quality factor of 4740, a normalized sensitivity of 6.33%, and a Figure of Merit value of 30004.2.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diesel gas oil microwave sensor characterization high quality

Kaynakça

  • Abdulkarim, Y. I., Deng, L., Karaaslan, M., & Unal, E. (2019). Determination of the liquid chemicals depending on the electrical characteristics by using metamaterial absorber based sensor. Chemical Physics Letters, 732, 136655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136655
  • Abdulkarim, Y. I., Deng, L., Karaaslan, M., Altıntaş, O., Awl, H. N., Muhammadsharif, F. F., ... & Luo, H. (2020). Novel metamaterials-based hypersensitized liquid sensor integrating omega-shaped resonator with microstrip transmission line. Sensors, 20(3), 943. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030943 Alahnomi, R. A., Zakaria, Z., Yussof, Z. M., Althuwayb, A. A., Alhegazi, A., Alsariera, H., & Rahman, N. A. (2021). Review of recent microwave planar resonator-based sensors: Techniques of complex permittivity extraction, applications, open challenges and future research directions. Sensors, 21(7), 2267. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072267
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  • Altintaş, O., Aksoy, M., Ünal, E., & Karaaslan, M. (2019). Chemical liquid and transformer oil condition sensor based on metamaterial-inspired labyrinth resonator. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 166(6), B482. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1101906jes
  • Altıntaş, O., Aksoy, M., & Ünal, E. (2020). Design of a metamaterial inspired omega shaped resonator based sensor for industrial implementations. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 116, 113734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2019.113734
  • Bakır, M., Karaaslan, M., Karadag, F., Dalgac, S., Ünal, E., & Akgöl, O. (2019). Metamaterial sensor for transformer oil, and microfluidics. The Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal (ACES), 799-806. https://aperta.ulakbim.gov.tr/records/70849
  • Bakır, M., & Yasar, İ. (2022). Metamalzeme Tabanlı Hassas Süt ve Sıvı Sensörü Uygulaması. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 10-16. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.778770 Ergin, T., Stenger, N., Brenner, P., Pendry, J. B., & Wegener, M. (2010). Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths. science, 328(5976), 337-339. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1186351
  • Farsakoglu, O. F., & Hasirci, H. Y. (2015). Energy optimization of low power LED drivers in indoor lighting. J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater., 17(5–6), 816-821. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218175154
  • Farsakoğlu, Ö. F., Aksoy, N., Hasirci, H. Y., & Adam, A. (2018, May). Design and application of solar dish-gamma type stirling system. In 2018 5th International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ICEEE) (pp. 242-246). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEEE2.2018.8391339
  • Hasar, U. C., Ozturk, H., Korkmaz, H., Izginli, M., & Karaaslan, M. (2022). Improved line–line method for propagation constant measurement of reflection-asymmetric networks. Measurement, 192, 110848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.110848
  • Hasar, U. C., Ozturk, H., Korkmaz, H., Tasdemir, A., Bute, M., Nis, A., ... & Ozkaya, M. A. (2023). Detection and quantification of alkali-silica-reaction (ASR) gel in cement-based mortars using microwave spectral and temporal transmission properties. Measurement, 214, 112800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2023.112800
  • Hasar, U. C., Hasar, H., Ozturk, H., Korkmaz, H., Kaya, Y., Ozkaya, M. A., ... & Ramahi, O. M. (2024). Simple and inexpensive microwave setup for industrial based applications: Quantification of flower honey adulteration as a case study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 8847. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59346-3
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  • Kanyathare, B., & Peiponen, K. E. (2018). Hand-held refractometer-based measurement and excess permittivity analysis method for detection of diesel oils adulterated by kerosene in field conditions. Sensors, 18(5), 1551. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051551
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MİKRODALGA FREKANSLARDA YAKIT İÇERİĞİNDEKİ DEĞİŞİMLERİN KARAKTERİZASYONU

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 1 - 12, 03.03.2026

Hüseyin Korkmaz , Uğurcem Hasar , Kemal Delihacıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1609523
https://izlik.org/JA28JG95JH

Öz

Motorlu araçlarda yakıt kalitesi verimliliğin sürdürülebilirliği açısından oldukça kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, tekrarlanabilir ve uygulanabilir olup dielektrik parametrelerdeki değişimlere yüksek duyarlılık gösteren bir mikrodalga sensör önerilmiş ve özellikle mazot içerisinde gaz yağına bağlı bileşim değişimlerinin tespiti amacıyla tasarlanarak ayrıntılı biçimde incelenmiştir. Önerilen yansıma tabanlı sensör, 4,74 GHz rezonans frekansında -64,96 dB'lik bir yansıma tepki değerine ulaşarak yüksek bir performans göstermektedir. Sensörün performansı, numunelerin sensör yüzeyinin tamamını doğrudan kaplayacak şekilde yerleştirilerek test edilmiştir. Saf mazot numunesine farklı oranlarda gaz yağı eklenerek önerilen sensörün yansıma tepkisi belirlenmiştir. Önerilen sensör ile sırasıyla %10, %20 ve %30 katkılı numuneler için 93 MHz, 189 MHz ve 234 MHz rezonans frekans kaymaları gözlemlenmiş olup, bu sonuçlar sensörün bu katkıları etkin bir şekilde ayırt edebildiğini göstermektedir. Önerilen mikrodalga sensör, 4740 kalite faktörü, %6,33 normalleştirilmiş hassasiyet ve 30004,2 başarım ölçümü ile literatürdeki mevcut sensörlere kıyasla daha yüksek bir performans göstermektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

mazot gaz yağı mikrodalga sensör karakterizasyon yüksek kalite

Kaynakça

  • Abdulkarim, Y. I., Deng, L., Karaaslan, M., & Unal, E. (2019). Determination of the liquid chemicals depending on the electrical characteristics by using metamaterial absorber based sensor. Chemical Physics Letters, 732, 136655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136655
  • Abdulkarim, Y. I., Deng, L., Karaaslan, M., Altıntaş, O., Awl, H. N., Muhammadsharif, F. F., ... & Luo, H. (2020). Novel metamaterials-based hypersensitized liquid sensor integrating omega-shaped resonator with microstrip transmission line. Sensors, 20(3), 943. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20030943 Alahnomi, R. A., Zakaria, Z., Yussof, Z. M., Althuwayb, A. A., Alhegazi, A., Alsariera, H., & Rahman, N. A. (2021). Review of recent microwave planar resonator-based sensors: Techniques of complex permittivity extraction, applications, open challenges and future research directions. Sensors, 21(7), 2267. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072267
  • Al-Mudhafar, A. A., & Ra’ed, A. M. (2022). High-precise microwave active antenna sensor (MAAS) formulated for sensing liquid properties.Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 341, 113567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2022.113567
  • Altintaş, O., Aksoy, M., Ünal, E., & Karaaslan, M. (2019). Chemical liquid and transformer oil condition sensor based on metamaterial-inspired labyrinth resonator. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 166(6), B482. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1101906jes
  • Altıntaş, O., Aksoy, M., & Ünal, E. (2020). Design of a metamaterial inspired omega shaped resonator based sensor for industrial implementations. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 116, 113734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2019.113734
  • Bakır, M., Karaaslan, M., Karadag, F., Dalgac, S., Ünal, E., & Akgöl, O. (2019). Metamaterial sensor for transformer oil, and microfluidics. The Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal (ACES), 799-806. https://aperta.ulakbim.gov.tr/records/70849
  • Bakır, M., & Yasar, İ. (2022). Metamalzeme Tabanlı Hassas Süt ve Sıvı Sensörü Uygulaması. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 10-16. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.778770 Ergin, T., Stenger, N., Brenner, P., Pendry, J. B., & Wegener, M. (2010). Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths. science, 328(5976), 337-339. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1186351
  • Farsakoglu, O. F., & Hasirci, H. Y. (2015). Energy optimization of low power LED drivers in indoor lighting. J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater., 17(5–6), 816-821. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218175154
  • Farsakoğlu, Ö. F., Aksoy, N., Hasirci, H. Y., & Adam, A. (2018, May). Design and application of solar dish-gamma type stirling system. In 2018 5th International Conference on Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ICEEE) (pp. 242-246). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEEE2.2018.8391339
  • Hasar, U. C., Ozturk, H., Korkmaz, H., Izginli, M., & Karaaslan, M. (2022). Improved line–line method for propagation constant measurement of reflection-asymmetric networks. Measurement, 192, 110848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.110848
  • Hasar, U. C., Ozturk, H., Korkmaz, H., Tasdemir, A., Bute, M., Nis, A., ... & Ozkaya, M. A. (2023). Detection and quantification of alkali-silica-reaction (ASR) gel in cement-based mortars using microwave spectral and temporal transmission properties. Measurement, 214, 112800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2023.112800
  • Hasar, U. C., Hasar, H., Ozturk, H., Korkmaz, H., Kaya, Y., Ozkaya, M. A., ... & Ramahi, O. M. (2024). Simple and inexpensive microwave setup for industrial based applications: Quantification of flower honey adulteration as a case study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 8847. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59346-3
  • Hasar, H., Hasar, U. C., Kaya, Y., Ozturk, H., Korkmaz, H., Yuzgulec, K., ... & Ramahi, O. M. (2025). Sensitive microwave sensor for detection and quantification of water in adulterated honey. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3545196
  • Hashempour-baltork, F., Zade, S. V., Mazaheri, Y., Alizadeh, A. M., Rastegar, H., Abdian, Z., ... & Damirchi, S. A. (2024). Recent methods in detection of olive oil adulteration: State-of-the-Art. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 16, 101123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101123
  • Hasırcı, H. Y., & Çelik, İ. (2019). Hydrogen Production by Artificial Leaf and Influence of Artificial Leaf on Renewable Energy. International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews, 3(2), 35-38. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/injirr/article/699549
  • Hudec, P., Raboch, J., Randus, M., Hoffmann, K., Holub, A., Svanda, M., & Polivka, M. (2009, September). Microwave radar sensors for active defense systems. In 2009 European Radar Conference (EuRAD) (pp. 581-584). IEEE. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5307180
  • Islam, M. T., Islam, M. R., Islam, M. T., Hoque, A., & Samsuzzaman, M. (2021). Linear regression of sensitivity for meander line parasitic resonator based on ENG metamaterial in the application of sensing. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 10, 1103-1121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.12.092
  • Islam, M., Bełkowska, L., Konieczny, P., Fornal, E., & Tomaszewska-Gras, J. (2022). Differential scanning calorimetry for authentication of edible fats and oils–What can we learn from the past to face the current challenges?. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 30(2), 185. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.3402
  • Islam, M. R., Islam, M. T., Hoque, A., Alshammari, A. S., Alzamil, A., Alsaif, H., ... & Soliman, M. S. (2023). Star enclosed circle split ring resonator-based metamaterial sensor for fuel and oil adulteration detection. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 67, 547-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2023.01.001
  • Kanyathare, B., & Peiponen, K. E. (2018). Hand-held refractometer-based measurement and excess permittivity analysis method for detection of diesel oils adulterated by kerosene in field conditions. Sensors, 18(5), 1551. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051551
  • Khalil, M. A., Yong, W. H., Islam, M. T., Hoque, A., Islam, M. S., Leei, C. C., & Soliman, M. S. (2023). Double-negative metamaterial square enclosed QSSR for microwave sensing application in S-band with high sensitivity and Q-factor. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 7373. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34514-z
  • Khursheed, M., Ahmad, A., Noor, S. E., García del Moral, L. F., & Martos Núñez, V. (2024). Chromatographic Techniques for the Detection and Identification of Olive Oil Adulteration. ReiDoCrea: Revista electrónica de investigación y docencia creativa. https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/86578
  • Knittel, C. R. (2012). Reducing petroleum consumption from transportation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(1), 93-118. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.1.93
  • Korkmaz, H., & Hasar, U. (2021). Wide band metamaterial absorber with lumped element. The International Journal of Materials and Engineering Technology, 4(1), 61-66. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tijmet/article/876664
  • Korkmaz, H., Hasar, U. C., & Ramahi, O. M. (2023). Thin-film MXene-based metamaterial absorber design for solar cell applications. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 55(6), 530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-04810-z
  • Korostynska, O., Mason, A., & Al-Shamma'a, A. (2014). Microwave sensors for the non-invasive monitoring of industrial and medical applications. Sensor Review, 34(2), 182-191. https://doi.org/10.1108/SR-11-2012-725
  • Krödel, S., Thomé, N., & Daraio, C. (2015). Wide band-gap seismic metastructures. Extreme Mechanics Letters, 4, 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2015.05.004
  • Lee, H. J., & Yook, J. G. (2008). Biosensing using split-ring resonators at microwave regime. Applied Physics Letters, 92(25). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2946656
  • Lee, Y., Kim, S. J., Park, H., & Lee, B. (2017). Metamaterials and metasurfaces for sensor applications. Sensors, 17(8), 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081726
  • Liang, F. Y., Ryvak, M., Sayeed, S., & Zhao, N. (2012). The role of natural gas as a primary fuel in the near future, including comparisons of acquisition, transmission and waste handling costs of as with competitive alternatives. Chemistry Central Journal, 6, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-6-S1-S4
  • Mehrotra, P., Chatterjee, B., & Sen, S. (2019). EM-wave biosensors: A review of RF, microwave, mm-wave and optical sensing. Sensors, 19(5), 1013. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19051013
  • Menegoz Ursol, L., & Moret, S. (2024). Evaluation of the impact of olive milling on the mineral oil contamination of extra‐virgin olive oils. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 126(3), 2300123. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.202300123
  • Mohd Bahar, A. A., Zakaria, Z., Md. Arshad, M. K., Isa, A. A. M., Dasril, Y., & Alahnomi, R. A. (2019). Real time microwave biochemical sensor based on circular SIW approach for aqueous dielectric detection. scientific reports, 9(1), 5467. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41702-3
  • Moolat, R., Mani, M., Viswanathan, A. P., & Pezholil, M. (2022). Compact microwave sensor for monitoring aging of oil and fuel adulteration. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer‐Aided Engineering, 32(5), e23095. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.23095
  • Musa, I. (2024). Investigation the optical properties of Palestinian olive oils for different geographical regions by optical spectroscopy technique. Food Chemistry Advances, 4, 100584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2023.100584
  • Nyfors, E. (2000). Industrial microwave sensors—A review. Subsurface Sensing Technologies and Applications, 1(1), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010118609079
  • Obaidullah, M., Esat, V., & Sabah, C. (2021). Multi-band (9, 4) chiral single-walled carbon nanotube based metamaterial absorber for solar cells. Optics & Laser Technology, 134, 106623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106623
  • Rueda, M. P., Domínguez-Vidal, A., Llorent-Martínez, E. J., Aranda, V., & Ayora-Cañada, M. J. (2024). Monitoring organic matter transformation of olive oil production residues in a full-scale composting plant by fluorescence spectroscopy. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 103695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2024.103695
  • Shi, Q., Dong, B., He, T., Sun, Z., Zhu, J., Zhang, Z., & Lee, C. (2020). Progress in wearable electronics/photonics—Moving toward the era of artificial intelligence and internet of things. InfoMat, 2(6), 1131-1162. https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12122
  • Shukla, A., Pekny, J., & Venkatasubramanian, V. (2011). An optimization framework for cost effective design of refueling station infrastructure for alternative fuel vehicles. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 35(8), 1431-1438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2011.03.018
  • Tamer, A., Alkurt, F. O., Altintas, O., Karaaslan, M., Unal, E., Akgol, O., ... & Sabah, C. (2018). Transmission line integrated metamaterial based liquid sensor. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 165(7), B251. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0191807jes
  • Tamer, A., Karadağ, F., Ünal, E., Abdulkarim, Y. I., Deng, L., Altintas, O., ... & Karaaslan, M. (2020). Metamaterial based sensor integrating transmission line for detection of branded and unbranded diesel fuel. Chemical Physics Letters, 742, 137169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137169
  • Tümkaya, M. A., Dinçer, F., Karaaslan, M., & Sabah, C. (2017). Sensitive metamaterial sensor for distinction of authentic and inauthentic fuel samples. Journal of Electronic Materials, 46, 4955-4962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-017-5485-x
  • Tümkaya, M. A., Karaaslan, M., & Sabah, C. (2018). Metamaterial-based high efficiency portable sensor application for determining branded and unbranded fuel oil. Bulletin of Materials Science, 41, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-018-1605-3
  • Tümkaya, M. A., Ünal, E., & Sabah, C. (2019). Metamaterial-based fuel sensor application with three rhombus slots. International Journal of Modern Physics B, 33(24), 1950276. https://doi.org/10.1142/s021797921950276x
  • Vélez, P., Su, L., Grenier, K., Mata-Contreras, J., Dubuc, D., & Martín, F. (2017). Microwave microfluidic sensor based on a microstrip splitter/combiner configuration and split ring resonators (SRRs) for dielectric characterization of liquids. IEEE Sensors Journal, 17(20), 6589-6598. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2017.2747764 Viskadourakis, Z., Theodosi, A., Katsara, K., Sevastaki, M., Fanourakis, G., Tsilipakos, O., ... & Kenanakis, G. (2024). Engraved Split-Ring Resonators as Potential Microwave Sensors for Olive Oil Quality Control. ACS Applied Electronic Materials. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.4c00430
  • Wu, B., Jiang, W., Jiang, J., Zhao, Z., Tang, Y., Zhou, W., & Chen, W. (2024). Wave manipulation in intelligent metamaterials: recent progress and prospects. Advanced Functional Materials, 2316745. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202316745
  • Yıldırım, M., & Gözel, M. A. (2023). Asimetrik eş-düzlemsel şerit beslemeli anten ile motor yağ seviye ve kullanım ömrü tespiti. SDU Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design/Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1236041
  • Yılmaz-Düzyaman, H., de la Rosa, R., Velasco, L., Núñez-Sánchez, N., & León, L. (2024). Oil Quality Prediction in Olive Oil by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Applications in Olive Breeding. Agriculture, 14(5), 721. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050721
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik Elektromanyetiği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hüseyin Korkmaz 0000-0002-3518-1943

Uğurcem Hasar 0000-0002-6098-7762

Kemal Delihacıoğlu 0000-0002-5837-1862

Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 2 Şubat 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1609523
IZ https://izlik.org/JA28JG95JH
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Korkmaz, H., Hasar, U., & Delihacıoğlu, K. (2026). MİKRODALGA FREKANSLARDA YAKIT İÇERİĞİNDEKİ DEĞİŞİMLERİN KARAKTERİZASYONU. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1609523