INVESTIGATION OF PASSIVE FLOW CONTROL ANALYSIS AND AERODYNAMIC SHAPE OPTIMIZATION VIA CFD SIMULATION

Ahmet Şumnu

doi:10.17780/ksujes.1661632

TR EN

PASİF AKIŞ KONTROL ANALİZİ VE AERODINAMIK ŞEKİL OPTİMİZASYONUNUN HAD SİMÜLASYON YOLUYLA ARAŞTIRILMASI

Öz

Bu çalışma, aerodinamik şekil optimizasyonunu kullanarak pasif kontrol uygulamalarının etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Girdap üreteçleri (VG) ve aerodinamik şekil optimizasyonu ile akış kontrol analizlerinin sunulduğu bu çalışma, literatürde az sayıda bulunan çalışmalar arasındadır. Bu çalışmada, Eppler 193 kanat profili seçilerek, analizler hem VG ile hem de VG olmadan yapılmıştır. Aerodinamik analizleri gerçekleştirmek için Hesaplamalı Akışkanlar Dinamiği (HAD) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Doğrulama çalışması, literatürde var olan deneysel bir çalışma ile karşılaştırılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, HAD çözümleri ile deneysel sonuçların uyum içinde olduğunu göstermiştir. VG'lerin optimum tasarım parametrelerini bulmak için Çok Amaçlı Genetik Algoritma (MOGA) kullanılmıştır. VG'nin uzunluğu ve yüksekliği, hücum kenarına göre konumu, konumlandırma açısı ve VG'ler arasındaki boşluk tasarım parametreleri olarak belirlenirken, sürükleme (CD) ve taşıma (CL) katsayıları çıktı parametreleri olarak seçilmiştir. Sonuçlar, VG uygulamasının akışkana momentum kazandırdığını ve kanat profilinin üst yüzeyinde yeniden akışın yüzeye tutunduğunu göstermiştir. Optimizasyon sonuçları CL/CD oranının, optimize edilmemiş VG’ li kanat profiline kıyasla yaklaşık %6.07'ye kadar iyileştiğini göstermiştir. VG'siz kanat profili (temel kanat profili geometrisi) ile karşılaştırıldığında ise toplam iyileşmenin yaklaşık %17.11 oranında elde edildiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

INVESTIGATION OF PASSIVE FLOW CONTROL ANALYSIS AND AERODYNAMIC SHAPE OPTIMIZATION VIA CFD SIMULATION

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the influence of passive control applications by employing aerodynamic shape optimization. Hence, the study, which is rare in the literature, presents flow control analyses with vortex generators (VG) and aerodynamic shape optimization. In this study, Eppler 193 airfoil was selected to perform aerodynamic analysis using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method for a wing with and without VGs. The validation study was carried out by comparing it with an experimental study reported in the literature. The results showed that CFD solutions were in good agreement with experimental results. Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) was used to find optimal design parameters of VGs. The length and height of VG, its position concerning the leading edge, its positioning angle, and spacing between VGs were determined as design parameters, while drag (CD) and lift (CL) coefficients were selected output parameters. The results showed that the application of VG at wake region gained momentum and provided reattached flow on the upper surface of the wing. Eventually, the optimization results showed that the CL/CD ratio improved to about 6.07% compared to the wing with baseline VG geometry. It was concluded that total improvement was obtained by about 17.11% when comparing wing without VG (baseline wing geometry).

Keywords

Kaynakça

Ali, H., Rasani, M. R., Harun, Z., & Shahid, M. A. (2025). CFD based design optimization of dimples induced on Blended Wing Body airframe using the Taguchi method. PloS one, 20(4), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320885
Benaouali A., & Kachel S. (2019). Multidisciplinary design optimization of aircraft wing using commercial software integration. Aerospace Science and Technology, 92, 766-776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.06.040
Bhattacharyya, A., Bashkawi, M., Kim, S. Y., Zheng, W., Saxton-Fox, T., & James, K. A. (2021). Computational design and experimental testing of a flexible bi-stable airfoil for passive flow control. In AIAA Aviation 2021 Forum (p. 3087). https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-3087
Box G.E., & Wilson K.B. (1951). On the experimental attainment of optimum conditions. Journal of the royal statistical society: Series b (Methodological), 13(1), 1-38.
Cui, K., Li, G., & Xiao, Y. (2015). Aerodynamic performance study of high pressure zone capture wing configurations. In 33rd AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference (p. 3388). https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-3388
De Tavernier D., Ferreira C., Viré A., LeBlanc B., & Bernardy S. (2021). Controlling dynamic stall using vortex generators on a wind turbine airfoil. Renewable Energy, 172, 1194-1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.019
Deb K. (1999). Multi-objective genetic algorithms: Problem difficulties and construction of test problems. Evolutionary computation 7(3), 205-230. https://doi.org/10.1162/evco.1999.7.3.205
Duarte Neto, J. B., Martinez, M. E. M., Reis, M. C. D., & Wehmann, C. F. (2020). Vortex generators project for an unmanned small airplane. 10.3895/rbfta.v7n1.11844

Ejeh, C. J., Akhabue, G. P., Boah, E. A., & Tandoh, K. K. (2019). Evaluating the influence of unsteady air density to the aerodynamic performance of a fixed wing aircraft at different angle of attack using computational fluid dynamics. Results in Engineering, 4, 100037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100037
Eraslan Y., & Oktay T. (2023). Multidisciplinary Performance Enhancement on a Fixed-wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle via Simultaneous Morphing Wing and Control System Design. Information Technology and Control, 52(4), 833-848. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.52.4.33527
Fluent (2009). ANSYS Fluent 12.0 Theory Guide. ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA.
Fouatih O.M., Medale M., Imine O., & Imine B. (2016). Design optimization of the aerodynamic passive flow control on NACA 4415 airfoil using vortex generators. European Journal of Mechanics-B/Fluids, 56, 82-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2015.11.006
Goldberg D.E. (1989). Genetic algorithms in search, optimization, and machine learning. Reading MA: Addison-Wesley
Gönül, A., Okbaz A., Kayaci N., & Dalkilic A.S. (2022). Flow optimization in a microchannel with vortex generators using genetic algorithm. Applied Thermal Engineering, 201, 117738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117738
Gyatt G. W. (1986). Development and testing of vortex generators for small horizontal axis wind turbines (No. DOE/NASA-0367-1; NASA-CR-179514; AV-FR-86/822). AeroVironment, Inc., Monrovia, CA (USA).
Holland J. (1975). Adaptation in natural and artificial systems: an introductory analysis with application to biology,” Control and artificial intelligence.
Hu H., Zhang G., Shi Y., Zhang Z., Sun T., & Zong Z. (2024). Influence of wingspan on aerodynamic properties of rectangular NACA4412 wing in ground effect. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 46(2), 71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-023-04629-5
Kallath, H., Lee, J. S., Kholi, F. K., Ha, M. Y., & Min, J. K. (2021). A multi-objective airfoil shape optimization study using mesh morphing and response surface method. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 35 (3) 1075~1086. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-021-0221-0
Karasu, İ., Özden, M., & Genç, M. S. (2018). Performance assessment of transition models for three-dimensional flow over NACA4412 wings at low Reynolds numbers. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 140(12), 121102. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4040228
Karkoulias, D. G., Bourdousi, P. V. N., & Margaris, D. P. (2023). Passive Control of Boundary Layer on Wing: Numerical and Experimental Study of Two Configurations of Wing Surface Modification in Cruise and Landing Speed. Computation, 11(3), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation11030067
Khuntia S.K., & Ahuja A.S. (2018). Optimal design and CFD analysis of wing of a small-scale UAV to obtain maximum efficiency. Journal of Aeronautics & Aerospace Engineering, 7(01). 10.4172/2168-9792.1000207
Kulshreshtha A., Gupta S.K., & Singhal P. (2020). FEM/CFD analysis of wings at different angle of attack. Materials Today: Proceedings, 26, 1638-1643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.342
Li, L., Zhang, Y., Bai, J., & Toropov, V. (2024). Morphing wing design of truss-braced-wing aircraft through aerodynamic shape optimization using the adjoint method. Engineering Optimization, 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2024.2420746
Li X. K., Liu,W., Zhang T.J., Wang P.M., & Wang X.D. (2019a). Analysis of the effect of vortex generator spacing on boundary layer flow separation control. Applied Sciences, 9(24), 5495. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245495
Li X., Yang K., & Wang X. (2019c). Experimental and numerical analysis of the effect of vortex generator height on vortex characteristics and airfoil aerodynamic performance. Energies, 12(5), 959. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12050959
Li X.K, Liu W, Zhang, T.J., Wang P.M., & Wang X.D. (2019b) Experimental and numerical analysis of the effect of vortex generator installation angle on flow separation control. Energies, 12(23) 4583. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234583
Liu, R.L., Zhao, Q., He, X.J., Yuan, X.Y., Wu, W.T., & Wu, M.Y. (2022). Airfoil optimization based on multi-objective bayesian. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 36 (11) (2022) 5561~5573. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-022-1020-y
Lyu Z., Kenway G.K., & Martins J.R. (2015). Aerodynamic shape optimization investigations of the common research model wing benchmark. AIAA journal, 53(4), 968-985. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J053318
Mader C.A., & Martins J.R. (2013). Stability-constrained aerodynamic shape optimization of flying wings. Journal of Aircraft, 50(5), 1431-1449. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C031956
Martinez D., Meaurio C., Alviso D., Chaparro J., Vargas E., & Rolon J.C. (2016). Design and Implementation of an Aerodynamic Balance in a Subsonic Wind Tunnel and Validation Through Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Lift and Drag Performances on Airfoils. 16 th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering November 07-10, 2016, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.
McCormick, D. C. (1993). Shock/boundary-layer interaction control with vortex generators and passive cavity. AIAA journal, 31(1), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.11323
McLean Doug (2012). Continuum Fluid Mechanics and the Navier-Stokes Equations. Understanding Aerodynamics: Arguing from the Real Physics. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 13–78. ISBN 9781119967514.
Munshi A., Sulaeman, E., Omar N., & Ali M.Y. (2018). CFD analysis on the effect of winglet cant angle on aerodynamics of ONERA M6 wing. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 45(1), 44-54.
Nabawy M.R., ElNomrossy M.M., Abdelrahman M.M., & ElBayoumi G.M. (2012). Aerodynamic shape optimisation, wind tunnel measurements and CFD analysis of a MAV wing. The Aeronautical Journal, 116(1181), 685-708. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000192400000717X
Namura N., Obayashi S., & Jeong S. (2016). Efficient global optimization of vortex generators on a supercritical infinite wing. Journal of Aircraft, 53(6), 1670-1679. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.C033753
Nikolaou, I. G., Politis, E. S., & Chaviaropoulos, P. K. (2005). Modelling the flow around airfoils equipped with vortex generators using a modified 2d navier–stokes solver. J. Sol. Energy Eng., 127(2), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1850486
Özden M, Genç M.S., & Koca K. (2023). Passive flow control application using single and double vortex generator on S809 wind turbine airfoil. Energies, 16(14), 5339. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145339
Pascual, J. M., & Zingg, D. W. (2025). Progress in the Application of an Aerodynamic Shape Optimization Capability Using Hybrid Laminar Flow Control to Airfoils and Infinite Swept Wings. In AIAA SCITECH 2025 Forum (p. 0484). https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2025-0484
Pouryoussefi S.G., Abdolali G., Bakhsheshizanjani M., Khoshnejad A., & Doostmahmoudi A. (2023). Experimental investigation of aerodynamic characteristics of an embedded wing-electric ducted fan boundary layer ingestion setup. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 45(6), 301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-023-04205-x
Selig M.S., Donovan J.F., Fraser D.B. (1989). Airfoils at low speeds. Virginia: H.A. Stokely.
Shi, J., Han, F., Li, T., & Liu, C. (2024). Numerical investigation of aerodynamic performance in a morphing wing with flexible leading edge using computational fluid dynamics. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 71(1), 229. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-024-00564-x
Sørensen, N. N., Zahle, F., Bak, C., & Vronsky, T. (2014, June). Prediction of the effect of vortex generators on airfoil performance. In Journal of physics: conference series (Vol. 524, No. 1, p. 012019). IOP Publishing. 10.1088/1742-6596/524/1/012019
Stanewsky, E. (2001). Adaptive wing and flow control technology. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 37(7), 583-667. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-0421(01)00017-3
Sumnu A., & Guzelbey I.H. (2021). CFD simulations and external shape optimization of missile with wing and tailfin configuration to improve aerodynamic performance. Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 14 (6) 1795-1807. https://doi.org/10.47176/jafm.14.06.32667
Suresh C., Ramesh K., & Paramaguru V. (2015). Aerodynamic performance analysis of a non-planar C-wing using CFD. Aerospace Science and Technology, 40, 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2014.10.014
UIUC (2020). Airfoil Database: © 2020 UIUC Applied Aerodynamics Group. [accessed 24 Oct 2016]. https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ ads/coord/e193.dat
Wilcox D.C. (1998). Turbulence modeling for CFD. Vol. 2, 103-217. La Canada, CA: DCW industries.
Yan X., Zhu J., Kuang M., & Wang X. (2019). Aerodynamic shape optimization using a novel optimizer based on machine learning techniques. Aerospace Science and Technology, 86, 826-835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2019.02.003
Yu Y., Lyu Z., Xu Z., & Martins J.R. (2018). On the influence of optimization algorithm and initial design on wing aerodynamic shape optimization. Aerospace Science and Technology, 75, 183-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2018.01.016

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Makine Mühendisliği (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Ahmet Şumnu ^*
0000-0003-1514-6048
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

3 Eylül 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

20 Mart 2025

Kabul Tarihi

17 Temmuz 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1661632

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA49YU85PF

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Şumnu, A. (2025). INVESTIGATION OF PASSIVE FLOW CONTROL ANALYSIS AND AERODYNAMIC SHAPE OPTIMIZATION VIA CFD SIMULATION. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(3), 1293-1308. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1661632