Öz
In this study, the geotechnical and strength properties of sandy soils contaminated with copper sulfate (CuSO₄) at varying concentrations (1000, 2000, and 5000 ppm) were experimentally investigated. Laboratory tests including grain size distribution, specific gravity, liquid limit, compaction, and direct shear were performed on both clean and contaminated samples. Results indicate that copper contamination significantly influences the microstructure and engineering behavior of the soil. A slight increase in specific gravity, a decrease in liquid limit, a decrease in optimum moisture content, and an increase in maximum dry unit weight were observed. The most notable change was a considerable decrease in internal friction angle, which is attributed to the lubricating effect of copper ions reducing interparticle friction. These findings emphasize the need for caution when designing engineering structures in copper-contaminated areas.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Copper contamination geotechnical properties soil contamination strength parameters
Proje Numarası
2024-KDP-MÜMF-0018
Kaynakça
- Akkoca, D. B., Yıldırım, I., & Al-Juboury, A. I. (2024). Parent material, weathering and heavy metal contamination in the surface soils from basin infill sediments in Elazığ Industrial Area, Eastern Turkey. Journal of African Earth Scienece, 212, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105185
- Al Khafaji, A. N. W., & Andersland, O. B. (1992). Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Testing. Oxford University Press, Incorporated.
- Ali, S., & Karakush, M. (2019). Geotechnical Properties of Clayey Soil Contaminated with Copper. Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences, 26(1), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.26.1.010
- Alloway, B. J. (2013). Heavy metals in soils: Trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability in Heavy Metals in Soils. Dordrecht, Germany: Springer.
- Amro A. N., & Abhary, M. K. (2019). Removal of lead and copper ions from water using powdered Zygophyllum coccineum biomass. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 21(14), 1457-1462. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2019.1633267
- Anyap, H. J., Osman, M. H., Ismail, B. N., & Albar, A. (2024). Experimental study of copper contamination in mechanical properties of residual soil under different concentration. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1369(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1369/1/012021
- ASTM D3080-04 (2004). Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions. ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
- ASTM D4972-19 (2019). Standard Test Methods for pH of Soils. ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
- ASTM D6913/D6913M-17 (2021). Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis. ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
- ASTM D698-12 (2021). Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)). ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
- ASTM D7928-21e1 (2021). Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation (Hydrometer) Analysis. ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
- BS 1377-1 (1990). Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes—Part 1: General Requirements and Sample Preparation. British Standards Institution.
- Çoruh, S., Elevli, S., Ergun, O. N., & Demir, G. (2013). Assessment of leaching characteristics of heavy metals from industrial leach waste. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 123, 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2013.06.005
- Hanaei, F., Sarmadi, M. S., Rezaee, M., & Rahmani, A. (2021). Experimental investigation of the effects of gas oil and benzene on the geotechnical properties of sandy soils. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 6(61). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-00433-5
- Kabata-Pendias, A., & Mukherjee, A. B. (2007). Trace Elements from Soil to Human in Earth and Environmental Science. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
- Karakush, M. O., & Ali, S. D. (2020). Impacts of Lead Nitrate Contamination on the Geotechnical Properties of Clayey Soil. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 15(2), 1032 – 1045.
- Karakush, M. O., & Resol, D. A. (2015). Studying the Effects of Industrial Waste Water on Chemical and Physical Properties of Sandy Soil. Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Science, 23(2).
- Karkush, M. O., & Ali, S. D. (2019). Effects of copper sulfate contamination on the geotechnical behavior of clayey soils. Journal of GeoEngineering, 14(1), 47-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.6310/jog.201903_14(1).6
- Khalid, S., Shahid, M., Niazi, N. K., Murtaza, B., Bibi, I., & Dumat, C. (2016). Comparison of technologies for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 182(B), 247-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.021
- Krishna, A. K., & Govil, P. K. (2007) Soil contamination due to heavy metals from industrial effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 124, 263-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9224-7
- Li J., Zheng Q., Liu J., Pei S., Yang Z., Chen R., Ma L., Niu J., & Tian T. (2024). Bacterial-fungal interactions and response to heavy metal contamination of soil in agricultural areas. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1395154
- Li, C., Zhou, K., Qin, W., Tian, C., Qi, M., Yan, X., & Han, W. (2019). A Review on Heavy Metals Contamination in Soil: Effects, Sources, and Remediation Techniques. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 28(4), 380–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2019.1592108
- Moghal, A. A. B., Ashfaq, M., Al-Shamrani, M. A. & Al-Mahbashi, A. (2020). Effect of Heavy Metal Contamination on the Compressibility and Strength Characteristics of Chemically Modified Semiarid Soils. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000527
- Namadi, A. H., Motlagh, A. H., Hassanlourad, M. & Hosseinzadeh, M. (2023). Impact of Heavy Metal and Carbonate on Geotechnical Properties of Sand-Bentonite Mixtures. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 53(6), 1494-1505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-023-00743-2
- Negahdar, A., & Nikghalbpour, M. (2020). Geotechnical properties of sandy clayey soil contaminated with lead and zinc. SN Applied Science, 2(1331). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-3115-3
- Rehman, Z., Junaid, M. F., Ijaz, N., Khalid, U. & Ijaz, Z. (2023). Remediation methods of heavy metal contaminated soils from environmental and geotechnical standpoints. Science of the Total Environment, 867, 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161468
- Wuana, R. A., & Okieimen, F. E. (2010). Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2011(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647
- Xie, B., Zheng, X., Zhou, Z. et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on CH4 emission from rice fields: multi-site field observations. Plant Soil, 326, 393–401 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0020-3
- Zhang, G., Liu, T., Li, H., Wang, Z., Huang, X., Yi, X., & Yan, D. (2024). Experimental Study on the Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution on Soil Physical Properties and Microstructure Evolution. Applied Science, 14(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14052022
- Zhao, S., Zhang, B., Zhang, W., Su, X. & Sun, B. (2023). Impacts of Contaminants from Different Sources on Geotechnical Properties of Soils. Sustainability, 15, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612586
Öz
Bu çalışmada, farklı konsantrasyonlarda (1000, 2000 ve 5000 ppm) bakır sülfat (CuSO₄) ile kirletilmiş kumlu zeminlerin geoteknik ve dayanım özellikleri laboratuvar deneyleri ile incelenmiştir. Temiz ve kirletilmiş numuneler üzerinde dane boyu dağılımı, özgül ağırlık, likit limit, kompaksiyon ve direk kesme deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, bakır kirliliğinin zeminin mikro yapısını ve mühendislik davranışını önemli ölçüde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Kirlenme sonucu özgül ağırlıkta hafif bir artış, likit limitte azalma, optimum su içeriğinde azalma ve maksimum kuru birim hacim ağırlıkta artma gözlemlenmiştir. En dikkat çekici değişiklik, içsel sürtünme açısındaki önemli düşüş olup, bu durumun bakır iyonlarının daneler arası sürtünmeyi azaltmasından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, ağır metal kirliliğine maruz kalan sahalarda mühendislik uygulamaları planlanırken dikkatli olunması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bakır kirliliği dayanım parametreleri geoteknik özellikler zemin kirliliği
Destekleyen Kurum
İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi
Proje Numarası
2024-KDP-MÜMF-0018
Teşekkür
Bu çalışma, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi (İKÇÜ, BAP, Proje Numarası: 2024-KDP-MÜMF-0018) tarafından desteklenmiştir.
Kaynakça
- Akkoca, D. B., Yıldırım, I., & Al-Juboury, A. I. (2024). Parent material, weathering and heavy metal contamination in the surface soils from basin infill sediments in Elazığ Industrial Area, Eastern Turkey. Journal of African Earth Scienece, 212, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105185
- Al Khafaji, A. N. W., & Andersland, O. B. (1992). Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Testing. Oxford University Press, Incorporated.
- Ali, S., & Karakush, M. (2019). Geotechnical Properties of Clayey Soil Contaminated with Copper. Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences, 26(1), 74-80. https://doi.org/10.33261/jaaru.2019.26.1.010
- Alloway, B. J. (2013). Heavy metals in soils: Trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability in Heavy Metals in Soils. Dordrecht, Germany: Springer.
- Amro A. N., & Abhary, M. K. (2019). Removal of lead and copper ions from water using powdered Zygophyllum coccineum biomass. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 21(14), 1457-1462. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2019.1633267
- Anyap, H. J., Osman, M. H., Ismail, B. N., & Albar, A. (2024). Experimental study of copper contamination in mechanical properties of residual soil under different concentration. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1369(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1369/1/012021
- ASTM D3080-04 (2004). Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions. ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
- ASTM D4972-19 (2019). Standard Test Methods for pH of Soils. ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
- ASTM D6913/D6913M-17 (2021). Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis. ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
- ASTM D698-12 (2021). Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)). ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
- ASTM D7928-21e1 (2021). Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation (Hydrometer) Analysis. ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
- BS 1377-1 (1990). Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes—Part 1: General Requirements and Sample Preparation. British Standards Institution.
- Çoruh, S., Elevli, S., Ergun, O. N., & Demir, G. (2013). Assessment of leaching characteristics of heavy metals from industrial leach waste. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 123, 165-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2013.06.005
- Hanaei, F., Sarmadi, M. S., Rezaee, M., & Rahmani, A. (2021). Experimental investigation of the effects of gas oil and benzene on the geotechnical properties of sandy soils. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 6(61). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-020-00433-5
- Kabata-Pendias, A., & Mukherjee, A. B. (2007). Trace Elements from Soil to Human in Earth and Environmental Science. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
- Karakush, M. O., & Ali, S. D. (2020). Impacts of Lead Nitrate Contamination on the Geotechnical Properties of Clayey Soil. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 15(2), 1032 – 1045.
- Karakush, M. O., & Resol, D. A. (2015). Studying the Effects of Industrial Waste Water on Chemical and Physical Properties of Sandy Soil. Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Science, 23(2).
- Karkush, M. O., & Ali, S. D. (2019). Effects of copper sulfate contamination on the geotechnical behavior of clayey soils. Journal of GeoEngineering, 14(1), 47-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.6310/jog.201903_14(1).6
- Khalid, S., Shahid, M., Niazi, N. K., Murtaza, B., Bibi, I., & Dumat, C. (2016). Comparison of technologies for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 182(B), 247-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.021
- Krishna, A. K., & Govil, P. K. (2007) Soil contamination due to heavy metals from industrial effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 124, 263-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9224-7
- Li J., Zheng Q., Liu J., Pei S., Yang Z., Chen R., Ma L., Niu J., & Tian T. (2024). Bacterial-fungal interactions and response to heavy metal contamination of soil in agricultural areas. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1395154
- Li, C., Zhou, K., Qin, W., Tian, C., Qi, M., Yan, X., & Han, W. (2019). A Review on Heavy Metals Contamination in Soil: Effects, Sources, and Remediation Techniques. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 28(4), 380–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2019.1592108
- Moghal, A. A. B., Ashfaq, M., Al-Shamrani, M. A. & Al-Mahbashi, A. (2020). Effect of Heavy Metal Contamination on the Compressibility and Strength Characteristics of Chemically Modified Semiarid Soils. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 24(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000527
- Namadi, A. H., Motlagh, A. H., Hassanlourad, M. & Hosseinzadeh, M. (2023). Impact of Heavy Metal and Carbonate on Geotechnical Properties of Sand-Bentonite Mixtures. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 53(6), 1494-1505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-023-00743-2
- Negahdar, A., & Nikghalbpour, M. (2020). Geotechnical properties of sandy clayey soil contaminated with lead and zinc. SN Applied Science, 2(1331). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-3115-3
- Rehman, Z., Junaid, M. F., Ijaz, N., Khalid, U. & Ijaz, Z. (2023). Remediation methods of heavy metal contaminated soils from environmental and geotechnical standpoints. Science of the Total Environment, 867, 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161468
- Wuana, R. A., & Okieimen, F. E. (2010). Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2011(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647
- Xie, B., Zheng, X., Zhou, Z. et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on CH4 emission from rice fields: multi-site field observations. Plant Soil, 326, 393–401 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0020-3
- Zhang, G., Liu, T., Li, H., Wang, Z., Huang, X., Yi, X., & Yan, D. (2024). Experimental Study on the Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution on Soil Physical Properties and Microstructure Evolution. Applied Science, 14(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14052022
- Zhao, S., Zhang, B., Zhang, W., Su, X. & Sun, B. (2023). Impacts of Contaminants from Different Sources on Geotechnical Properties of Soils. Sustainability, 15, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612586
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | İnşaat Geoteknik Mühendisliği, İnşaat Mühendisliğinde Zemin Mekaniği |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | 2024-KDP-MÜMF-0018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 19 Temmuz 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 10 Şubat 2026 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 3 Mart 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1746376 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA86JS63DG |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2026 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1 |