Araştırma Makalesi

ECG SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION WITH DEEP LEARNING AND MACHINE LEARNING: REPRESENTATION OF QRS COMPLEXES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FRAMES AND DATA BALANCING WITH SMOTE

Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1 3 Mart 2026
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ECG SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION WITH DEEP LEARNING AND MACHINE LEARNING: REPRESENTATION OF QRS COMPLEXES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FRAMES AND DATA BALANCING WITH SMOTE

Abstract

This study aims to support reliable ECG signal interpretation by reducing human-dependent variability through computer-aided analysis methods. Machine learning and deep learning methods were employed to examine 2D ECG representations and Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique (SMOTE)-based balancing in ECG classification. Unlike existing ECG classification studies that typically address signal representation and class imbalance separately, this study jointly investigates the interaction between two-dimensional QRS representation and SMOTE-based data balancing within a unified experimental framework, thereby providing a systematic analysis of their combined impact on classification performance. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithms were implemented and comparatively analyzed. ECG beats from record 108 of the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia dataset were represented in a vision-based form for classification. To address severe class imbalance, SMOTE was applied only to the training data, and its effect on two-dimensional ECG representations was explicitly examined. Normal and Abnormal heartbeats were classified using a stratified 5-fold cross-validation strategy. Experimental results demonstrated that the CNN model achieved the most successful performance after applying SMOTE, reaching a weighted average F1-score of 99.82% ± 0.002, highlighting the combined effectiveness of two-dimensional QRS representation and data balancing in improving automated ECG classification.

Keywords

Kaynakça

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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Derin Öğrenme , Yapay Zeka (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

3 Mart 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

30 Aralık 2025

Kabul Tarihi

10 Şubat 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
Öner, M. R., Babaoğlu, İ., & Tezel, G. (2026). ECG SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION WITH DEEP LEARNING AND MACHINE LEARNING: REPRESENTATION OF QRS COMPLEXES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FRAMES AND DATA BALANCING WITH SMOTE. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1), 379-389. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1852101