SUSTAINABLE CuO NANOCATALYST: PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND CRYSTAL VIOLET

Ayça Tanrıverdi

TR EN

SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR CuO NANOKATALİZÖR: METİLEN MAVİSİ VE KRİSTAL VİYOLENİN FOTOKATALİTİK BOZUNUMU

Öz

Bu çalışmada nane (Mentha spicata) bitki özütü kullanılarak çevre dostu bir yeşil sentez yöntemiyle CuO nanoparçacıklar (NP’ler) sentezlenmiştir. Elde edilen CuO nanoparçacıklarının yapısal, optik ve fotokatalitik özellikleri sistematik olarak incelenmiştir. Sentezlenen CuO nanoparçacıkları XRD, FE-SEM, FT-IR ve UV-Vis analizleri kullanılarak karakterize edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, monoklinik kristal yapıya sahip nano boyutlu CuO parçacıklarının oluştuğunu ve bitki özütündeki fitokimyasal bileşenlerin nanoparçacık yüzeyinde stabilizasyon sağladığını göstermiştir. Sentezlenen CuO nanoparçacıklarının fotokatalitik aktivitesi, 300 W’lık ksenon lamba altında görünür ışık koşullarında metilen mavisi (MB) ve kristal viyole (CV) boyalarının bozunması ile değerlendirilmiştir. Artan ışınlama süresiyle boya konsantrasyonunda kademeli bir azalma meydana gelmiş ve 105 dakika sonunda MB için %92,4 CV için ise %83,2 bozunma verimine ulaşılmıştır. Kinetik analiz sonuçları, her iki boyanın bozunma sürecinin sözde birinci dereceden reaksiyon modeline uyduğunu ve sürecin yüzey kontrollü fotokatalitik mekanizma ile gerçekleştiğini göstermiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, yeşil sentez yöntemi ile üretilen CuO nanoparçacıklarının görünür ışık altında etkin fotokatalitik performans sergilediğini ve atık su arıtımı ile çevresel iyileştirme uygulamaları için önemli bir potansiyele sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

SUSTAINABLE CuO NANOCATALYST: PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND CRYSTAL VIOLET

Öz

This study reports the green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) using mint (Mentha spicata) leaf extract as an environmentally friendly reducing and stabilizing agent. The structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of the synthesized CuO nanoparticles were systematically investigated. The nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, FT-IR, and UV-Vis analyses. The results confirmed the formation of nanosized CuO particles with a monoclinic crystal structure and indicated that phytochemical compounds present in the plant extract contributed to the surface stabilization of the nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized CuO nanoparticles was evaluated through the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) dyes under visible light irradiation using a 300 W xenon lamp. A gradual decrease in dye concentration was observed with increasing irradiation time, and maximum degradation efficiencies of 92.4% for MB and 83.2% for CV were achieved after 105 minutes. Kinetic analysis revealed that the degradation of both dyes followed a pseudo first order reaction model, indicating a surface controlled photocatalytic process. Overall, the findings demonstrate that green synthesized CuO nanoparticles exhibit efficient visible light driven photocatalytic performance and hold significant potential for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation applications.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Alizadeh, T., Alizada, A., & Kadkhodayan, H. (2024). Fabrication of a Novel High-Performance p-CuO/n-ZnTiO3 Multifunctional Heterojunction Semiconductor with Photocatalytic, Electrocatalytic, and Antimicrobial Capabilities to Remove Various Environmental Pollutants. International Journal of Environmental Research, 18(4), 59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00597-3
Al-Nuaim, M. A., Alwasiti, A. A., & Shnain, Z. Y. (2023). The photocatalytic process in the treatment of polluted water. Chemical Papers, 77(2), 677-701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-022-02468-7
Alsukaibi, A. K. (2022). Various approaches for the detoxification of toxic dyes in wastewater. Processes, 10(10), 1968. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10101968
Awoke, N., Pandey, D., & Habtemariam, A. B. (2022). Synthesis of tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles using plant leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Mentha spicata. Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine, 8(3), 407-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40883-021-00218-x
Baldelli, A., & Aguilera, J. M. (2025). Size reduction and particle size influence the quantification of phenolic-type compounds and antioxidant activity in plant food matrices. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 162, 105081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2025.105081
Baxter, R. J., & Hu, P. (2002). Insight into why the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism is generally preferred. The Journal of chemical physics, 116(11), 4379-4381. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1458938
Bouachma, S., Ayouz-Chebout, K., Kechouane, M., Manseri, A., Yaddadene, C., Menari, H., & Gabouze, N. (2022). Synthesis of PSi-n/CuO-p/Cu2O-n heterostructure for CO2 gas sensing at room temperature. Applied Physics A, 128(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-05167-4
Dileepan, A. B., & Jeyaram, S. (2026). Sustainable industrial wastewater via photocatalysis using green-synthesised MnO2 nanoparticles. Materials Research Innovations, 30(1), 62-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/14328917.2025.2534542

Disha, S. A., Sahadat Hossain, M., Habib, M. L., & Ahmed, S. (2025). Green Synthesis of Nano‐Sized Metal Oxides (Ag2O, CuO, ZnO, MgO, CaO, and TiO2) Using Plant Extract for a Sustainable Environment. Nano Select, 6(9), e70000. https://doi.org/10.1002/nano.70000
Djeghloul, F., Messai, Y., Medkour, Y., Zahir, A., Djabou, A., Bouarissa, N., Manseri A. & Zouaoui, A. (2025). Effect of bee-pollen extract on the green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles. The European Physical Journal B, 98(9), 180. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/s10051-025-01026-w
Garg, R., Rani, P., Garg, R., & Eddy, N. O. (2021). Study on potential applications and toxicity analysis of green synthesized nanoparticles. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 45(6), 1690-1706. https://doi.org/10.3906/kim-2106-59
Halfadji, A., Naous, M., Rajendrachari, S., Ceylan, Y., Ceylan, K. B., & Shekar, P. R. (2024). Effective investigation of electro-catalytic, photocatalytic, and antimicrobial properties of porous CuO nanoparticles green synthesized using leaves of Cupressocyparis leylandii. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1301, 137318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.137318
Hammou, Z., Makhloufi, S., Aissaoui, R., Hachani, S. E., Achour, A., Fodil, H., Amor, M. N. B. & Boudiaf, M. (2025). Sol–gel synthesis and detailed characterization of manganese ferrite nanoparticle for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, crystal violet, and neutral red dyes. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 138(6), 4319-4337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-025-02923-y
Iravani, S. (2020). Plant gums for sustainable and eco-friendly synthesis of nanoparticles: recent advances. Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 50(6), 469-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/24701556.2020.1719155
Islam, T., Repon, M. R., Islam, T., Sarwar, Z., & Rahman, M. M. (2023). Impact of textile dyes on health and ecosystem: a review of structure, causes, and potential solutions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(4), 9207-9242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24398-3
Kaur, K., Yamini, S., Kumar, P., KC, V. R., & Senapati, S. (2025). Green synthesis of saponin-capped copper (II) oxide (CuO) nanoparticles and their efficacy in photocatalytic dye degradation. Sustainable Chemistry One World, 6, 100054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scowo.2025.100054
Khan, F., Shariq, M., Asif, M., Siddiqui, M. A., Malan, P., & Ahmad, F. (2022). Green nanotechnology: plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis and application. Nanomaterials, 12(4), 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12040673
Khedr, A. I., & Ali, M. H. (2024). Eco-friendly fabrication of copper oxide nanoparticles using peel extract of Citrus aurantium for the efficient degradation of methylene blue dye. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 29156. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79589-4
Khojasteh, H., Heydaryan, K., Aspoukeh, P., Ibrahim, H. N., Mohammed, M. M., Sleman, S. M., & Mazhari, M. P. (2025). Characterization and application of CuO nanoparticles in gelatin-glycerol coatings for enhanced shelf life of strawberries. Plasmonics, 20(2), 803-815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-024-02345-x
Kwak, S. J., Park, J., Sim, Y., Choi, H., Cho, J., & Lee, Y. M. (2024). Biodegradation of crystal violet by newly isolated bacteria. PeerJ, 12, e17442. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17442
Li, S., Cui, Y., Wen, M., & Ji, G. (2023). Toxic effects of methylene blue on the growth, reproduction and physiology of Daphnia magna. Toxics, 11(7), 594. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11070594
Mathaiyan, R., Nechikott, A. A., MK, S. B., Nayak, P. K., & Kancharla, S. (2024). Preparation of supercapacitor electrode materials from e-waste: eco-friendly Cu recovery from printed circuit board waste using reduced graphene oxide and upcycling to Cu/CuO@ C. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 12(41), 28107-28118. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TA04107K
Miraeez, S. A., & Mohammed, R. Y. (2025). Influence of Ficus carica leaf extract volume on morphology, composition, and photocatalytic efficiency of CdO NPs for methyl orange degradation in aqueous medium. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1-33.https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2025.2564379
Negash, A., Derseh, L. M., Tedla, A., & Yassin, J. M. (2024). Eco-friendly synthesis of CuO/Bi2O3 nanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B dye. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 23393. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74408-2
Nejanthan, N., Varuna, J., Manikandan, J., Elango, M., Chandra, S., & Baseri, J. R. (2025). Analysis on Microstructural Properties, Morphology and Electrochemical Performance Kinetics of Monoclinic CuO Nanoparticles. J. Environ. Nanotechnol, 14(1), 505-512. https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2025.03.2511189
Nguyen, T. T. T., Nguyen, Y. N. N., Tran, X. T., Nguyen, T. T. T., & Van Tran, T. (2023). Green synthesis of CuO, ZnO and CuO/ZnO nanoparticles using Annona glabra leaf extract for antioxidant, antibacterial and photocatalytic activities. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 11(5), 111003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.111003
Nouren, S., Bibi, I., Kausar, A., Sultan, M., Bhatti, H. N., Safa, Y. & Iqbal, M. (2024). Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Jasmin sambac extract: Conditions optimization and photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue dye. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 36(3), 103089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103089
Oviedo, L. R., Druzian, D. M., Loureiro, S. N., Machado, A. K., Montagner, T. R. S., Pavoski, G. & da Silva, W. L. (2025). A novel nanocomposite based on sodalite and green copper nanoparticles: In vitro safety profile, ecotoxicity and deep learning study for photodegradation of a binary mixture of dyes. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 128403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2025.128403
Periyasamy, A. P. (2024). Recent advances in the remediation of textile-dye-containing wastewater: prioritizing human health and sustainable wastewater treatment. Sustainability, 16(2), 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020495
Ren, S., He, D., Xue, S., Liu, S., & Zhang, W. (2025). Sustainable treatment and resource recovery from PCB acidic etching waste solution: Co-production technology of basic copper carbonate and copper oxide and transformation mechanisms. RSC Advances, 15(57), 49488-49500. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5RA05321H
Saleem, S., Khalid, A., Aldhafeeri, Z. M., Alomayri, T., Ali, A., Jabbar, A., Yasmin Begum M. & Kandasamy, G. (2025). A comparative analysis of optical and electrical properties of pure CuO and Zn doped CuO nanoparticles for optoelectronic device applications. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 113(1), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-024-06591-7
Sedefoglu, N. (2023). Characterization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles by green synthesis method. Optik, 288, 171217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2023.171217
Siddiqui, H., Qureshi, M. S., & Haque, F. Z. (2016). Surfactant assisted wet chemical synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures and their spectroscopic analysis. Optik, 127(5), 2740-2747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.11.220
Shanmuganathan, R., Le, Q. H., Devanesan, S., Sayed, S. R., Rajeswari, V. D., Liu, X., & Jhanani, G. K. (2023). Mint leaves (Mentha arvensis) mediated CaO nanoparticles in dye degradation and their role in anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties. Environmental Research, 236, 116718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116718
Subash, M., Chandrasekar, M., Panimalar, S., Inmozhi, C., Parasuraman, K., Uthrakumar, R., & Kaviyarasu, K. (2023). Pseudo-first kinetics model of copper doping on the structural, magnetic, and photocatalytic activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles for energy application. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13(4), 3427-3437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02993-1
Suhaimi, N. A. A., Kong, C. P. Y., Shahri, N. N. M., Nur, M., Hobley, J., & Usman, A. (2022). Dynamics of diffusion-and immobilization-limited photocatalytic degradation of dyes by metal oxide nanoparticles in binary or ternary solutions. Catalysts, 12(10), 1254. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12101254
Şentürk, İ. (2024). Sentezlenen metal oksit nanokompozit yardımıyla sucul çözeltilerden reaktif azo boya giderimi. Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 27(2), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1403697
Tahir, M. B., Sohaib, M., Sagir, M., & Rafique, M. (2021). Role of nanotechnology in photocatalysis. Encyclopedia of Smart Materials, 2 (1),578–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815732-9.00006-1
Turkoglu, S., Kepekçi, R. A., & Keskinkan, O. (2026). Photocatalysis of methylene blue by ZnO nanoparticles produced by green synthesis. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 28(3), 513-523. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2025.2574902
Türkten, N., & Karataş, Y. (2025). ZnO structures: the role of morphology in photocatalytic degradation of reactive red-194 dye. Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 28(3), 1234-1245. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1645182
Yousef, A., Salem, S. S., Ragab, A., El Shahaly, O. M., Rateb, H. O., El-Esawy, R. A., & Ibrahim, S. (2025). Mentha spicata-mediated silver nanoparticles for combating Streptococcus mutans and oral cancer cells. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 38474. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-23852-9
Zheng, T. H., Zhang, Z. Z., Liu, Y., & Zou, L. H. (2025). Recent progress in catalytically driven advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment. Catalysts, 15(8), 761. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15080761

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Su Arıtma Süreçleri, Malzeme Karekterizasyonu, Saf Yarı İletkenler, Toz Metalurjisi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Ayça Tanrıverdi ^*
0000-0002-0658-8576
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

3 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

1 Şubat 2026

Kabul Tarihi

17 Mart 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA96ER97WE

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Tanrıverdi, A. (2026). SUSTAINABLE CuO NANOCATALYST: PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND CRYSTAL VIOLET. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(2), 806-818. https://izlik.org/JA96ER97WE

AMA

1.Tanrıverdi A. SUSTAINABLE CuO NANOCATALYST: PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND CRYSTAL VIOLET. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;29(2):806-818. https://izlik.org/JA96ER97WE

Chicago

Tanrıverdi, Ayça. 2026. “SUSTAINABLE CuO NANOCATALYST: PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND CRYSTAL VIOLET”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 29 (2): 806-18. https://izlik.org/JA96ER97WE.

EndNote

Tanrıverdi A (01 Haziran 2026) SUSTAINABLE CuO NANOCATALYST: PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND CRYSTAL VIOLET. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 29 2 806–818.

IEEE

[1]A. Tanrıverdi, “SUSTAINABLE CuO NANOCATALYST: PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND CRYSTAL VIOLET”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 29, sy 2, ss. 806–818, Haz. 2026, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA96ER97WE

ISNAD

Tanrıverdi, Ayça. “SUSTAINABLE CuO NANOCATALYST: PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND CRYSTAL VIOLET”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 29/2 (01 Haziran 2026): 806-818. https://izlik.org/JA96ER97WE.

JAMA

1.Tanrıverdi A. SUSTAINABLE CuO NANOCATALYST: PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND CRYSTAL VIOLET. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;29:806–818.

MLA

Tanrıverdi, Ayça. “SUSTAINABLE CuO NANOCATALYST: PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND CRYSTAL VIOLET”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 29, sy 2, Haziran 2026, ss. 806-18, https://izlik.org/JA96ER97WE.

Vancouver

1.Ayça Tanrıverdi. SUSTAINABLE CuO NANOCATALYST: PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND CRYSTAL VIOLET. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi [Internet]. 01 Haziran 2026;29(2):806-18. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA96ER97WE