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INHERENT CLASS IMBALANCE IN LESION SEGMENTATION: THE EFFECT OF LOSS FUNCTIONS

Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3 3 Eylül 2026
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INHERENT CLASS IMBALANCE IN LESION SEGMENTATION: THE EFFECT OF LOSS FUNCTIONS

Öz

Medical image segmentation plays a critical role in clinical analysis by delineating anatomically or pathologically relevant regions. A major challenge in lesion segmentation is class imbalance where healthy tissues outnumber abnormal regions, biasing learning algorithms toward the majority class and degrading lesion detection. Inter-class and intra-class variability of lesions further complicate the segmentation. Appropriate loss functions can mitigate these challenges. In this study, we evaluate widely used loss functions for COVID-19 lesion segmentation using publicly available CT datasets. A U-Net–based framework is evaluated under varying imbalance ratios and lesion characteristics. The lesion heterogeneity is assessed using entropy, lesion area, gradient magnitude, and intensity differences. Results show that imbalance-aware and region-based losses provide robust performance under heterogeneous lesion distributions. The findings highlight that loss function selection should consider class imbalance, lesion heterogeneity, and structural complexity for reliable segmentation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

TUBITAK-BIDEB

Proje Numarası

121C085

Etik Beyan

All data used in this study were obtained from publicly available datasets.

Kaynakça

  1. Abraham, N., & Khan, N. M. (2019, April). A novel focal Tversky loss function with improved attention U-Net for lesion segmentation. In 2019 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) (pp. 683–687). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISBI.2019.8759329
  2. American College of Radiology. (2020). ACR recommendations for the use of chest radiography and computed tomography for suspected COVID-19 infection. Retrieved March 28, 2026, from American College of Radiology
  3. An, P., Xu, S., Harmon, S. A., Turkbey, E. B., Sanford, T. H., Amalou, A., Kassin, M., Varble, N., Blain, M., Anderson, V., & Patella, F. (2020). CT images in COVID-19 dataset. Cancer Imaging Archive. https://doi.org/10.7937/TCIA.2020.GQRY-NC81
  4. Azad, R., Heidary, M., Yilmaz, K., Hüttemann, M., Karimijafarbigloo, S., Wu, Y., Schmeink, A., & Merhof, D. (2023). Loss functions in the era of semantic segmentation: A survey and outlook. arXiv:2312.05391. https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.05391
  5. Cohen, J. P., Morrison, P., & Dao, L. (2020). COVID-19 image data collection. arXiv:2003.11597. https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.11597
  6. Fan, D.-P., Zhou, T., Ji, G.-P., Zhou, Y., Chen, G., Fu, H., Shen, J., & Shao, L. (2020). Inf-Net: Automatic COVID-19 lung infection segmentation from CT images. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 39, 2626–2637. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2020.2996645
  7. Géron, A. (2022). Hands-on machine learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow. O’Reilly Media. https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/hands-on-machine-learning/9781098125967/
  8. Hashemi, S. R., Salehi, S. S., Erdogmus, D., Prabhu, S. P., Warfield, S. K., & Gholipour, A. (2018). Asymmetric loss functions and deep densely-connected networks for highly-imbalanced medical image segmentation: Application to multiple sclerosis lesion detection. IEEE Access, 7, 1721–1735. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2886371

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Örüntü Tanıma, Makine Öğrenme (Diğer), Yapay Zeka (Diğer)

Bölüm

Derleme

Yayımlanma Tarihi

3 Eylül 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

30 Mart 2026

Kabul Tarihi

4 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA
Kavaklı, U. K., Turaç, G., & Candemir, S. (2026). INHERENT CLASS IMBALANCE IN LESION SEGMENTATION: THE EFFECT OF LOSS FUNCTIONS. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(3), 1399-1411. https://izlik.org/JA24EU57JM
AMA
1.Kavaklı UK, Turaç G, Candemir S. INHERENT CLASS IMBALANCE IN LESION SEGMENTATION: THE EFFECT OF LOSS FUNCTIONS. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;29(3):1399-1411. https://izlik.org/JA24EU57JM
Chicago
Kavaklı, Umut Kaan, Göksu Turaç, ve Sema Candemir. 2026. “INHERENT CLASS IMBALANCE IN LESION SEGMENTATION: THE EFFECT OF LOSS FUNCTIONS”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 29 (3): 1399-1411. https://izlik.org/JA24EU57JM.
EndNote
Kavaklı UK, Turaç G, Candemir S (01 Eylül 2026) INHERENT CLASS IMBALANCE IN LESION SEGMENTATION: THE EFFECT OF LOSS FUNCTIONS. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 29 3 1399–1411.
IEEE
[1]U. K. Kavaklı, G. Turaç, ve S. Candemir, “INHERENT CLASS IMBALANCE IN LESION SEGMENTATION: THE EFFECT OF LOSS FUNCTIONS”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 29, sy 3, ss. 1399–1411, Eyl. 2026, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA24EU57JM
ISNAD
Kavaklı, Umut Kaan - Turaç, Göksu - Candemir, Sema. “INHERENT CLASS IMBALANCE IN LESION SEGMENTATION: THE EFFECT OF LOSS FUNCTIONS”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 29/3 (01 Eylül 2026): 1399-1411. https://izlik.org/JA24EU57JM.
JAMA
1.Kavaklı UK, Turaç G, Candemir S. INHERENT CLASS IMBALANCE IN LESION SEGMENTATION: THE EFFECT OF LOSS FUNCTIONS. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;29:1399–1411.
MLA
Kavaklı, Umut Kaan, vd. “INHERENT CLASS IMBALANCE IN LESION SEGMENTATION: THE EFFECT OF LOSS FUNCTIONS”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 29, sy 3, Eylül 2026, ss. 1399-11, https://izlik.org/JA24EU57JM.
Vancouver
1.Umut Kaan Kavaklı, Göksu Turaç, Sema Candemir. INHERENT CLASS IMBALANCE IN LESION SEGMENTATION: THE EFFECT OF LOSS FUNCTIONS. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi [Internet]. 01 Eylül 2026;29(3):1399-411. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA24EU57JM

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