Öz
100 yılı aşkın süredir askeri alanlarda patlayıcı olarak kullanılan TNT, RDX ve HMX gibi nitrat senteziyle oluşan patlayıcılar toprak, yeraltı suyu ve diğer çevresel ortamlara zarar vermektedir. Eskiden beri kullanılan askeri mühimmat atıklarının bertaraf yöntemleri olan, derin deniz deşarjı, özel depolama alanına gömme ve yakma(insinerasyon) uygulamaları yerine maliyet açısından daha uygun ve çevresel açıdan daha güvenilir sistemler olan biyoremediasyon yönteminin birçok yeni biyolojik metodu geliştirilmiştir. Patlayıcılar ile kontamine olmuş askeri alanların arıtımı için uygulanan bu metotlar, biyo reaktör, kompostlama ve fitoremediasyondur. Askeri alanlardaki kirliliklerin gideriminde biyoremediasyon tekniklerinin ve bu tekniklerin uygulanmasına ait çalışmalar literatür kaynaklarından yararlanılarak derlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Clark, B., Boopathy, R. 2007. Evaluation of bioremediation methods for the treatment of soil contaminated with explosives in Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, Minden, Louisiana. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 143, 643–648.
- Comfort, S.D., Shea, P.J., Hundal, L.S., Li, Z., Woodbury, B.L., Martin, J.L., Powers, W.L. 1995. TNT transport and fate in contaminated soil. J. Environ. Qual. 24 (6): 1174–1182.
- Craig H.D., Sisk W.E., Nelson M.D., Dana W.H. 19 Bioremediation of explosives-contaminated soils: A status review. Great Plains and Rocky Mountain Hazardous Substance Research Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 164-179. EPA 1995. Contaminants and Remedial Options at Select Metals-Contaminated Sites. EPA/540/R95/5
- Funk, S. B., Crawford D. L., Crawford R. L. 1996. Bioremediation of nitroaromatic compounds. Don L. Crawford and Ronald L. Crawford (ed.) Bioremediation Principles and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 19520
- Gong, P., Mwilke B.M., Fleischmann S., 1999. Soil-Based Phytotoxicity of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) to Terrestrial Higher Plants. Archive of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36: 152–157.
- Haselhorst L. 1999. Bioremediation of 2,4,6Trinitrotoluene (TNT) at munitions sites Restoration And Reclamination Rewiew,Vol.4,No.7.
- Hesselmann, R.M.X., Stenstrom, M.K. 1994. Treatment Concept For RDX-Containing Wastewaters Using Activated Carbon With Offline Solvent Biological Regeneration. School of Engineering and Applied Science Report Eng. 94-23, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles. Lewis, T.A., Newcombe, D.A., Crawford, R.L. 200 Bioremediation Of Soils Contaminated With Explosives. J. Environ. Manage, 70: 291–307.
- Maleki, N., Stenstrom, M. K. 1996. Treatment and Biodegradation of the High Explosives HMX, RDX, and TNT: A Literature Review, Civil &Environmental Engineering Dept., UCLA ENG 96-153, Los Angeles.
- Mueller, W.F., Bedell, G.W., Shojaee, S., Jackson, P.J. 1995. Bioremediation of TNT Wastes by Higher Plants. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of Hazardous Waste Research. Great
- Plains/Rocky Mountain Hazardous Substance Research Center (pub). Pal, B. C. and Ryon, M. 1986. Data Base Assessment of Pollution Control in the Military Explosives and Propellants Production Industry, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, T.N. Contract No. Po833, pp. 3802.
- Panz K., Miksch K. 2012. Phytoremediation of explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX) by wild-type and transgenic plants. Journal of Environmental Management, 113: 85-92.
- Spalding, R. F., and Fulton, J. W. 1988. Groundwater Munition Residues And Nitrate Near Grand Island, Nebraska, U.S.A. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 2(2), 139-53.
- Rezaei M.R., Abdolı M.A.,Karbassı A., Baghvand A., Khalilzadeh R. 2010. Bioremediation of TNT Contaminated Soil by Composting with Municipal Solid Wastes Soil and Sediment Contamination, 19:504–514.
- Rockne, K. J., Reddy, K.R. 2003. Bioremediation Of Contaminated Sites, University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
- USEPA 1993. Bioremediation Using the Land Treatment Concept: Environmental Regulation and Technology, EPA/600-R93/164.
- Weston, R.F. 1993. Inc. Windrow composting demonstration for explosives-contaminated soils at the Umatilla Depot Activity. Hermiston. CETHATS-CR-93043.
- Yinon, J. 1990. Toxicity and Metabolism of Explosives, CRC Press Inc., Boco Raton, FL.
Öz
100 yılı aşkın süredir askeri alanlarda patlayıcı olarak kullanılan TNT, RDX ve HMX gibi nitrat senteziyle oluşan patlayıcılar toprak, yeraltı suyu ve diğer çevresel ortamlara zarar vermektedir. Eskiden beri kullanılan askeri mühimmat atıklarının bertaraf yöntemleri olan, derin deniz deşarjı, özel depolama alanına gömme ve yakma(insinerasyon) uygulamaları yerine maliyet açısından daha uygun ve çevresel açıdan daha güvenilir sistemler olan biyoremediasyon yönteminin birçok yeni biyolojik metodu geliştirilmiştir. Patlayıcılar ile kontamine olmuş askeri alanların arıtımı için uygulanan bu metotlar, biyo reaktör, kompostlama ve fitoremediasyondur. Askeri alanlardaki kirliliklerin gideriminde biyoremediasyon tekniklerinin ve bu tekniklerin uygulanmasına ait çalışmalar literatür kaynaklarından yararlanılarak derlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Patlayıcılarla Kontamine Toprak Biyoremediasyon Askeri Alanlar
Kaynakça
- Clark, B., Boopathy, R. 2007. Evaluation of bioremediation methods for the treatment of soil contaminated with explosives in Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, Minden, Louisiana. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 143, 643–648.
- Comfort, S.D., Shea, P.J., Hundal, L.S., Li, Z., Woodbury, B.L., Martin, J.L., Powers, W.L. 1995. TNT transport and fate in contaminated soil. J. Environ. Qual. 24 (6): 1174–1182.
- Craig H.D., Sisk W.E., Nelson M.D., Dana W.H. 19 Bioremediation of explosives-contaminated soils: A status review. Great Plains and Rocky Mountain Hazardous Substance Research Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 164-179. EPA 1995. Contaminants and Remedial Options at Select Metals-Contaminated Sites. EPA/540/R95/5
- Funk, S. B., Crawford D. L., Crawford R. L. 1996. Bioremediation of nitroaromatic compounds. Don L. Crawford and Ronald L. Crawford (ed.) Bioremediation Principles and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 19520
- Gong, P., Mwilke B.M., Fleischmann S., 1999. Soil-Based Phytotoxicity of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) to Terrestrial Higher Plants. Archive of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 36: 152–157.
- Haselhorst L. 1999. Bioremediation of 2,4,6Trinitrotoluene (TNT) at munitions sites Restoration And Reclamination Rewiew,Vol.4,No.7.
- Hesselmann, R.M.X., Stenstrom, M.K. 1994. Treatment Concept For RDX-Containing Wastewaters Using Activated Carbon With Offline Solvent Biological Regeneration. School of Engineering and Applied Science Report Eng. 94-23, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department University of California, Los Angeles. Lewis, T.A., Newcombe, D.A., Crawford, R.L. 200 Bioremediation Of Soils Contaminated With Explosives. J. Environ. Manage, 70: 291–307.
- Maleki, N., Stenstrom, M. K. 1996. Treatment and Biodegradation of the High Explosives HMX, RDX, and TNT: A Literature Review, Civil &Environmental Engineering Dept., UCLA ENG 96-153, Los Angeles.
- Mueller, W.F., Bedell, G.W., Shojaee, S., Jackson, P.J. 1995. Bioremediation of TNT Wastes by Higher Plants. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of Hazardous Waste Research. Great
- Plains/Rocky Mountain Hazardous Substance Research Center (pub). Pal, B. C. and Ryon, M. 1986. Data Base Assessment of Pollution Control in the Military Explosives and Propellants Production Industry, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, T.N. Contract No. Po833, pp. 3802.
- Panz K., Miksch K. 2012. Phytoremediation of explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX) by wild-type and transgenic plants. Journal of Environmental Management, 113: 85-92.
- Spalding, R. F., and Fulton, J. W. 1988. Groundwater Munition Residues And Nitrate Near Grand Island, Nebraska, U.S.A. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 2(2), 139-53.
- Rezaei M.R., Abdolı M.A.,Karbassı A., Baghvand A., Khalilzadeh R. 2010. Bioremediation of TNT Contaminated Soil by Composting with Municipal Solid Wastes Soil and Sediment Contamination, 19:504–514.
- Rockne, K. J., Reddy, K.R. 2003. Bioremediation Of Contaminated Sites, University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
- USEPA 1993. Bioremediation Using the Land Treatment Concept: Environmental Regulation and Technology, EPA/600-R93/164.
- Weston, R.F. 1993. Inc. Windrow composting demonstration for explosives-contaminated soils at the Umatilla Depot Activity. Hermiston. CETHATS-CR-93043.
- Yinon, J. 1990. Toxicity and Metabolism of Explosives, CRC Press Inc., Boco Raton, FL.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | TR |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Ekim 2014 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 20 Mart 2014 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2014Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1 |