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KAHRAMANMARAŞ GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION INVENTORY AND CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLANS

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 747 - 762, 03.06.2025

Emre Oğuz Köroğlu

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1611917

Öz

To combat the effects of climate change, especially the urban heat island effect, and provide a healthier, more sustainable environment, local governments play a crucial role in implementing national policies at the local level. Local governments must develop action plans tailored to their specific conditions, aligned with national strategies. In this context, a greenhouse gas inventory was prepared for Kahramanmaraş, and climate change action plans were identified to reduce emissions and mitigate the impacts of climate change. The proposed actions focus on energy efficiency, renewable energy, waste management, and afforestation. Key measures include improving energy efficiency in buildings (insulation, energy-efficient lighting) and reducing coal consumption, resulting in a total reduction of 152,550 tons of CO2 emissions. Energy-efficient urban planning in new developments is projected to reduce emissions by 5,462 tons, while energy efficiency measures in the commercial sector could lead to a reduction of 40,048 tons. Expanding public transportation and promoting alternative fuels are expected to save 41,377 tons of emissions. Renewable energy adoption, particularly through rooftop photovoltaic systems, could reduce emissions by 69,045 tons. Improvements in waste management, particularly recycling, would lower emissions by 4,113 tons, and afforestation efforts are estimated to reduce emissions by 2,891 tons. In total, these measures are projected to achieve a reduction of 315,486 tons of CO2 emissions, significantly contributing to Kahramanmaraş’s efforts to combat climate change and promote sustainability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Climate change emission reduction local governments energy efficiency renewable energy

Teşekkür

The author gratefully thanks to the Kahramanmaraş Provincial Directorate of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change for their support in data collection.

Kaynakça

  • Andrew, R. M. (2018). Global CO2 emissions from cement production. Earth System Science Data, 10(1), 195-217. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2213-2018
  • Banister, D. (2008). The sustainable mobility paradigm. Transport policy, 15(2), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.10.005
  • Bolan, S., Padhye, L. P., Jasemizad, T., Govarthanan, M., Karmegam, N., Wijesekara, H., ... & Bolan, N. (2024). Impacts of climate change on the fate of contaminants through extreme weather events. Science of the Total Environment, 909, 168388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168388
  • Bullock, C., Brereton, F., & Bailey, S. (2017). The economic contribution of public bike-share to the sustainability and efficient functioning of cities. Sustainable cities and society, 28, 76-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.08.024
  • Das, S., Choudhury, M. R., Chatterjee, B., Das, P., Bagri, S., Paul, D., ... & Dutta, S. (2024). Unraveling the urban climate crisis: Exploring the nexus of urbanization, climate change, and their impacts on the environment and human well-being–A global perspective. AIMS Public Health, 11(3), 963. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2024050
  • DHMI (2020). General Directorate Of State Airports Authority, Aircraft, Passenger and Cargo Traffic Statistics, https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Istatistikler.aspx/ Accessed: 05.09.2024.
  • Dong, W. S., Ismailluddin, A., Yun, L. S., Ariffin, E. H., Saengsupavanich, C., Maulud, K. N. A., ... & Yunus, K. (2024). The Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Erosion in Southeast Asia and the Compelling Need to Establish Robust Adaptation Strategies. Heliyon, 10 (4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25609
  • Emborg, M., & Olsen, S. I. (2024). Meeting increasing demands for upstream scope 3 reporting: a framework for the drilling industry. SPE Journal, 29(10), 5207-5220. https://doi.org/10.2118/217701-PA
  • EMRA, (2020a). Electricity Market Sector Report. Energy Market Regulatory Authority, Ankara. https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-24/elektrikyillik-sektor-raporu/ Accessed: 05.09.2024.
  • EMRA, (2020b). Turkish Natural Gas Market Report. Energy Market Regulatory Authority, Ankara. https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-94-1007/dogal-gazyillik-sektor-raporu/ Accessed: 05.09.2024.
  • EMRA, (2020c). Turkish Petroleum Market Report. Energy Market Regulatory Authority, Ankara. https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-107/yillik-sektor-raporu/ Accessed: 05.09.2024.
  • EMRA, (2020d). Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Lpg) Market Sector Report. Energy Market Regulatory Authority, Ankara. https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-108-1002/lpgyillik-sektor-raporlari/ Accessed: 05.09.2024.
  • Finkelman, R. B., Wolfe, A., & Hendryx, M. S. (2021). The future environmental and health impacts of coal. Energy Geoscience, 2(2), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engeos.2020.11.001
  • Fong, W. K., Sotos, M., Michael Doust, M., Schultz, S., Marques, A., & Deng-Beck, C. (2015). Global protocol for community-scale greenhouse gas emission inventories (GPC). World Resources Institute: New York, NY, USA.
  • Garg, N., Kumar, A., Pipralia, S., & Garg, P. (2019). Initiatives to achieve energy efficiency for residential buildings in India: A review. Indoor and Built Environment, 28(6), 731-743. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X18797381
  • Global Carbon Atlas (2021), Per Capita CO2 Emissions, https://globalcarbonatlas.org/emissions/carbon-emissions/ Accessed: 09.10.2024.
  • Gordon, A. (2023). The Role of Public Transportation Systems in Promoting Sustainable Mobility in Green Cities. Advances in Urban Resilience and Sustainable City Design, 15(6), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.17613/e62m-x851
  • Haris, N. I. N., Al Edrus, S. S. O., Abdul Raof, N., Wondi, M. H., Khan, W. R., Sien, L. S., ... & Sawatdeenarunat, C. (2024). Toward low‐carbon cities: A review of circular economy integration in urban waste management and its impact on carbon emissions. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 13(5), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.535
  • Hoppe, T., van den Berg, M. M., & Coenen, F. H. (2014). Reflections on the uptake of climate change policies by local governments: facing the challenges of mitigation and adaptation. Energy, sustainability and society, 4, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-0567-4-8
  • IEA (2020), The role of CCUS in low-carbon power systems, https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-ccus-in-low-carbon-power-systems/the-co2-emissions-challenge/ Accessed: 10.12.2024.
  • IPCC, (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, eds. H.S. Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, K. Tanabe. Japan: IGES.
  • IPCC, (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
  • Jones, P. D., Lister, D. H., Osborn, T. J., Harpham, C., Salmon, M., & Morice, C. P. (2012). Hemispheric and large‐scale land‐surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2010. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117(D5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017139
  • Köleli, Y. (2015). TR63 Bölgesi Çimento Sektör Raporu. Doğu Akdeniz Kalkınma Ajansı. https://www.kalkinmakutuphanesi.gov.tr/dokumanflipbook/tr63-bolgesi-cimento-sektor-raporu/194/ Accessed: 05.10.2024.
  • Moloney, S., & Horne, R. (2015). Low carbon urban transitioning: From local experimentation to urban transformation?. Sustainability, 7(3), 2437-2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7032437
  • Musco, F. (2010). Local governments and climate change. F. M. M. van Staden (Ed.). Springer Netherlands.
  • Qadir, S. A., Al-Motairi, H., Tahir, F., & Al-Fagih, L. (2021). Incentives and strategies for financing the renewable energy transition: A review. Energy Reports, 7, 3590-3606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.06.041
  • Robinson, S., & Sullivan, G. (2022). Proposed guidelines for US Scope 2 GHG reduction claims with renewable energy certificates. The Electricity Journal, 35(7), 107160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2022.107160
  • SER (2020). State of the Environment Report for Kahramanmaraş. https://ced.csb.gov.tr/il-cevre-durum-raporlari-i-82671/ Accessed 20.12.2024.
  • Seto, K. C., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A., Blanco, H., Carlo Delgado, G., Dewar, D., ... & Zwickel, T. (2014). Human settlements, infrastructure, and spatial planning. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • Tanaka, K. (2011). Review of policies and measures for energy efficiency in industry sector. Energy policy, 39(10), 6532-6550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.058
  • TCDD (2020). Turkish State Railways, Railway Sector Report. https://static.tcdd.gov.tr/ Accessed 19.11.2024.
  • Teran-Cuadrado, G., Tahir, F., Nurdiawati, A., Almarshoud, M. A., & Al-Ghamdi, S. G. (2024). Current and potential materials for the low-carbon cement production: Life cycle assessment perspective. Journal of Building Engineering, 96(1), 110528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110528
  • Tzavali, A., Paravantis, J. P., Mihalakakou, G., Fotiadi, A., & Stigka, E. (2015). Urban heat island intensity: A literature review. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 24(12b), 4537-4554.
  • Venegas, R. M., Acevedo, J., & Treml, E. A. (2023). Three decades of ocean warming impacts on marine ecosystems: A review and perspective. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 212, 105318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105318
  • Wang, C., Engels, A., & Wang, Z. (2018). Overview of research on China's transition to low-carbon development: The role of cities, technologies, industries and the energy system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 1350-1364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.099
  • Worrell, E., Bernstein, L., Roy, J., Price, L., & Harnisch, J. (2018). Industrial energy efficiency and climate change mitigation. Energy Efficiency, 2, 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-008-9032-8
  • Yang, M., Chen, L., Wang, J., Msigwa, G., Osman, A. I., Fawzy, S., ... & Yap, P. S. (2023). Circular economy strategies for combating climate change and other environmental issues. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 21(1), 55-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01499-6

KAHRAMANMARAŞ SERA GAZI EMİSYON ENVANTERİ VE İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ EYLEM PLANLARI

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 747 - 762, 03.06.2025

Emre Oğuz Köroğlu

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1611917

Öz

İklim değişikliğinin etkilerine karşı mücadele etmek, özellikle kentsel ısı adası etkisini azaltmak ve daha sağlıklı, sürdürülebilir bir çevre sağlamak için yerel yönetimlerin, ulusal ölçekte belirlenen politikaları yerel düzeyde uygulama ve yayma konusunda çok önemli görevleri vardır. Yerel yönetimler, kendi özel koşullarını göz önünde bulundurarak ulusal politikalarla uyumlu stratejiler geliştirip, bu sorunu çözmek için yerel ölçekte eylem planları hazırlamalıdır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada, Kahramanmaraş ilinin sera gazı envanteri hazırlanmış ve şehre özel olarak uygulanabilecek iklim değişikliği eylem planları ile bu planların emisyon azaltımına katkıları belirlenmiştir. Belirtilen eylemlerde, enerji verimliliği, yenilenebilir enerji, atık yönetimi ve ağaçlandırma alanlarına odaklanmaktadır. Öne çıkan önlemler arasında binalarda enerji verimliliğini artırma (yalıtım, enerji verimli aydınlatma) ve kömür tüketiminin azaltılması yer almakta ve bu önlemler ile toplamda 152.550 ton, yeni kentsel gelişimlerde enerji verimli planlama ile 5.462 ton, ticaret sektöründe enerji verimliliği önlemleriyle 40.048 ton, toplu taşımanın genişletilmesi ve alternatif yakıtların teşvik edilmesi ile 41.377 ton, çatı üstü fotovoltaik sistemler aracılığıyla yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı ile 69.045 ton, atık yönetiminde iyileştirmeler yani özellikle geri dönüşüm ile, 4.113 ton ve ağaçlandırma çalışmaları 2.891 ton CO2 emisyon azaltımı sağlanabileceği belirlenmiştir. Bu eylemler ile toplamda 315.486 ton CO2 emisyonu azaltımı gerçekleştirilerek, Kahramanmaraş’ın iklim değişikliğiyle mücadele ve sürdürülebilirlik çabalarına önemli katkılar sağlanabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İklim değişikliği emisyon azaltımı yerel yönetimler enerji verimliliği yenilenebilir

Teşekkür

Veri toplama konusundaki desteklerinden dolayı Kahramanmaraş Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği İl Müdürlüğü'ne teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • Andrew, R. M. (2018). Global CO2 emissions from cement production. Earth System Science Data, 10(1), 195-217. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2213-2018
  • Banister, D. (2008). The sustainable mobility paradigm. Transport policy, 15(2), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.10.005
  • Bolan, S., Padhye, L. P., Jasemizad, T., Govarthanan, M., Karmegam, N., Wijesekara, H., ... & Bolan, N. (2024). Impacts of climate change on the fate of contaminants through extreme weather events. Science of the Total Environment, 909, 168388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168388
  • Bullock, C., Brereton, F., & Bailey, S. (2017). The economic contribution of public bike-share to the sustainability and efficient functioning of cities. Sustainable cities and society, 28, 76-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.08.024
  • Das, S., Choudhury, M. R., Chatterjee, B., Das, P., Bagri, S., Paul, D., ... & Dutta, S. (2024). Unraveling the urban climate crisis: Exploring the nexus of urbanization, climate change, and their impacts on the environment and human well-being–A global perspective. AIMS Public Health, 11(3), 963. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2024050
  • DHMI (2020). General Directorate Of State Airports Authority, Aircraft, Passenger and Cargo Traffic Statistics, https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Istatistikler.aspx/ Accessed: 05.09.2024.
  • Dong, W. S., Ismailluddin, A., Yun, L. S., Ariffin, E. H., Saengsupavanich, C., Maulud, K. N. A., ... & Yunus, K. (2024). The Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Erosion in Southeast Asia and the Compelling Need to Establish Robust Adaptation Strategies. Heliyon, 10 (4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25609
  • Emborg, M., & Olsen, S. I. (2024). Meeting increasing demands for upstream scope 3 reporting: a framework for the drilling industry. SPE Journal, 29(10), 5207-5220. https://doi.org/10.2118/217701-PA
  • EMRA, (2020a). Electricity Market Sector Report. Energy Market Regulatory Authority, Ankara. https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-24/elektrikyillik-sektor-raporu/ Accessed: 05.09.2024.
  • EMRA, (2020b). Turkish Natural Gas Market Report. Energy Market Regulatory Authority, Ankara. https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-94-1007/dogal-gazyillik-sektor-raporu/ Accessed: 05.09.2024.
  • EMRA, (2020c). Turkish Petroleum Market Report. Energy Market Regulatory Authority, Ankara. https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-107/yillik-sektor-raporu/ Accessed: 05.09.2024.
  • EMRA, (2020d). Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Lpg) Market Sector Report. Energy Market Regulatory Authority, Ankara. https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-108-1002/lpgyillik-sektor-raporlari/ Accessed: 05.09.2024.
  • Finkelman, R. B., Wolfe, A., & Hendryx, M. S. (2021). The future environmental and health impacts of coal. Energy Geoscience, 2(2), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engeos.2020.11.001
  • Fong, W. K., Sotos, M., Michael Doust, M., Schultz, S., Marques, A., & Deng-Beck, C. (2015). Global protocol for community-scale greenhouse gas emission inventories (GPC). World Resources Institute: New York, NY, USA.
  • Garg, N., Kumar, A., Pipralia, S., & Garg, P. (2019). Initiatives to achieve energy efficiency for residential buildings in India: A review. Indoor and Built Environment, 28(6), 731-743. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X18797381
  • Global Carbon Atlas (2021), Per Capita CO2 Emissions, https://globalcarbonatlas.org/emissions/carbon-emissions/ Accessed: 09.10.2024.
  • Gordon, A. (2023). The Role of Public Transportation Systems in Promoting Sustainable Mobility in Green Cities. Advances in Urban Resilience and Sustainable City Design, 15(6), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.17613/e62m-x851
  • Haris, N. I. N., Al Edrus, S. S. O., Abdul Raof, N., Wondi, M. H., Khan, W. R., Sien, L. S., ... & Sawatdeenarunat, C. (2024). Toward low‐carbon cities: A review of circular economy integration in urban waste management and its impact on carbon emissions. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 13(5), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.535
  • Hoppe, T., van den Berg, M. M., & Coenen, F. H. (2014). Reflections on the uptake of climate change policies by local governments: facing the challenges of mitigation and adaptation. Energy, sustainability and society, 4, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-0567-4-8
  • IEA (2020), The role of CCUS in low-carbon power systems, https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-ccus-in-low-carbon-power-systems/the-co2-emissions-challenge/ Accessed: 10.12.2024.
  • IPCC, (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, eds. H.S. Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, K. Tanabe. Japan: IGES.
  • IPCC, (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
  • Jones, P. D., Lister, D. H., Osborn, T. J., Harpham, C., Salmon, M., & Morice, C. P. (2012). Hemispheric and large‐scale land‐surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2010. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117(D5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD017139
  • Köleli, Y. (2015). TR63 Bölgesi Çimento Sektör Raporu. Doğu Akdeniz Kalkınma Ajansı. https://www.kalkinmakutuphanesi.gov.tr/dokumanflipbook/tr63-bolgesi-cimento-sektor-raporu/194/ Accessed: 05.10.2024.
  • Moloney, S., & Horne, R. (2015). Low carbon urban transitioning: From local experimentation to urban transformation?. Sustainability, 7(3), 2437-2453. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7032437
  • Musco, F. (2010). Local governments and climate change. F. M. M. van Staden (Ed.). Springer Netherlands.
  • Qadir, S. A., Al-Motairi, H., Tahir, F., & Al-Fagih, L. (2021). Incentives and strategies for financing the renewable energy transition: A review. Energy Reports, 7, 3590-3606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.06.041
  • Robinson, S., & Sullivan, G. (2022). Proposed guidelines for US Scope 2 GHG reduction claims with renewable energy certificates. The Electricity Journal, 35(7), 107160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2022.107160
  • SER (2020). State of the Environment Report for Kahramanmaraş. https://ced.csb.gov.tr/il-cevre-durum-raporlari-i-82671/ Accessed 20.12.2024.
  • Seto, K. C., Dhakal, S., Bigio, A., Blanco, H., Carlo Delgado, G., Dewar, D., ... & Zwickel, T. (2014). Human settlements, infrastructure, and spatial planning. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • Tanaka, K. (2011). Review of policies and measures for energy efficiency in industry sector. Energy policy, 39(10), 6532-6550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.058
  • TCDD (2020). Turkish State Railways, Railway Sector Report. https://static.tcdd.gov.tr/ Accessed 19.11.2024.
  • Teran-Cuadrado, G., Tahir, F., Nurdiawati, A., Almarshoud, M. A., & Al-Ghamdi, S. G. (2024). Current and potential materials for the low-carbon cement production: Life cycle assessment perspective. Journal of Building Engineering, 96(1), 110528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110528
  • Tzavali, A., Paravantis, J. P., Mihalakakou, G., Fotiadi, A., & Stigka, E. (2015). Urban heat island intensity: A literature review. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 24(12b), 4537-4554.
  • Venegas, R. M., Acevedo, J., & Treml, E. A. (2023). Three decades of ocean warming impacts on marine ecosystems: A review and perspective. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 212, 105318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2023.105318
  • Wang, C., Engels, A., & Wang, Z. (2018). Overview of research on China's transition to low-carbon development: The role of cities, technologies, industries and the energy system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 1350-1364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.099
  • Worrell, E., Bernstein, L., Roy, J., Price, L., & Harnisch, J. (2018). Industrial energy efficiency and climate change mitigation. Energy Efficiency, 2, 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-008-9032-8
  • Yang, M., Chen, L., Wang, J., Msigwa, G., Osman, A. I., Fawzy, S., ... & Yap, P. S. (2023). Circular economy strategies for combating climate change and other environmental issues. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 21(1), 55-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01499-6
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Atık Yönetimi, Azaltma, Yeniden Kullanım ve Geri Dönüşüm, Çevre Kirliliği ve Önlenmesi, Çevresel Olarak Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik
Bölüm Çevre Mühendisliği
Yazarlar

Emre Oğuz Köroğlu 0000-0002-6027-6792

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 10 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Köroğlu, E. O. (2025). KAHRAMANMARAŞ GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION INVENTORY AND CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLANS. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(2), 747-762. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1611917
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