Araştırma Makalesi
FARKLI FORMLARDAKİ KUDRET NARI (Momordica charantia L.) MEYVELERİNİN ANTİOKSİDAN VE ANTİMİKROBİYAL ÖZELLİKLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
Öz
Bu çalışmada kudret narının (Momordica charantia L) farklı formlarının (ham ve olgun kudret narı, zeytinyağlı karışımı ile ticari toz formu) antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada üç farklı çözücüyle (su, metanol ve etanol) ekstrakte edilen örneklerin toplam fenolik madde miktarı (, DPPH serbest radikal süpürücü madde miktarı ve toplam antioksidan miktarı belirlenmiştir. Olgun, ham, zeytinyağlı ve toz kudret narı örneklerinin su, etanol ve metanol ekstraktlarının toplam fenolik madde miktarları sırasıyla 245,43-453,77; 26,83-475,18 ve 22,14-695,49 mg GAE/L aralığında belirlenmiştir. En düşük toplam fenolik madde miktarı 22,14 mg GAE/L ile toz kudret narının metanolik ekstraktlarında belirlenirken en yüksek fenolik madde miktarı ise 695,49 mg GAE/L ile olgun kudret narının metanolik ekstraktlarında tespit edilmiştir. Olgun kudret narının su, etanol ve metanol ekstraktlarının tümü Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis ve Escherichia coli O157:H7`karşı etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte Listeria. Monocytogenes karşı zeytin yağlı kudret narının su ve etanol ile ekstraktlarının diğer formlarına göre antimikrobiyal aktivite gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen verilere göre insan sağlığı üzerine olumlu etkileri nedeni ile piyasada bulunan farklı kudret narı formlarının biyoaktivite içeriklerine ışık tutabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Momordica charantia L. antioksidan aktivite antimikrobiyal aktivite ticari toz kudret narı zeytinyağlı kudret narı
Kaynakça
- Aminah, A., & Anna, P.K. (2011). Influence of ripening stages on physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant properties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia). International Food Research Journal, 18, 895-900.
- Baldemir, A., Ekinci, K., İlgün, S., Şekerci, A., & Yetişir, H. (2018). Momordica charantia L. (Kudret narı) meyvelerinin toplam fenolik madde içerikleri ve antioksidan kapasitelerinin değerlendirilmesi. Derim, 35(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.16882/derim.2018.334177
- Batool, F., Adeel, S., Iqbal, N., Azeem, M., & Hussaan, M. (2022). Sustainable natural coloring potential of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) residues for cotton dyeing: innovative approach towards textile industry. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 34974–34983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17803-w.
- Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C., & Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal Of Clinical Pathology, 36, 493-496.
- Boeing, J.S., Barizão, E.O., Silva, B.C., Montanher, P.F., Almeida, V.C., & Visentainer, J.V. (2014). Evaluation of solvent effect on the extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities from the berries: application of principal component analysis. Chemical Central Journal, 8, 48–56. https ://doi.org/10.1186/s1306 5-014-0048-1
- Bora, A.F.M., Kouame, K.J.E., Li, X., Liu, L., & Pan, Y. (2023). New insights into the bioactive polysaccharides, proteins, and triterpenoids isolated from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) and their relevance for nutraceutical and food application: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 231, 123173. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123173.
- Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008 -5.
- Budrat, P., & Shotipruk, A. (2008). Extraction of phenolic compounds from fruits of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) with subcritical water extraction and antioxidant activities of these extracts. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 13, 123-130. https://doi.org/ 10.16882/derim.2018.334177
- Costache, M.A., Campeanu, G., & Neata, G. (2012). Studies concerning the extraction of chlorophyll and total carotenoids from vegetables. Rom Biotechnol Lett. 17(5)
- Dedebas, T. (2024). Determination of the effect of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) seed oil on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil. International Journal of Food Engineering, 20(3), 161-172.
- Gao, H., Wen, J-J., Hu, J-J., Nie, Q-X., Chen, H-H., Nie, S-P., Xiong, T., & Xie, M-Y. (2019). Momordica charantia juice with Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation: Chemical composition, antioxidant properties and aroma profile. Food Bioscience, 29, 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2019.03.007.
- Gayathry, K.S., & John, J.A. (2022). A comprehensive review on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) as a gold mine of functional bioactive components for therapeutic foods. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 4, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-022-00089-x.
- Grover, J.K., & Yadav, S.P. (2004). Pharmacological Actions and Potential Uses of Momordica charantia: A Review. Jornal of Ethnopharmacology, 93, 123-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jep.2004.03.035.
- Horax, R., Hettiarachchy, N., & Chen, P. (2010). Extraction, quantification, and antioxidant activities of phenolics from pericarp and seeds of bitter melons (Momordica charantia) harvested at three maturity stages (Immature, Mature, and Ripe). Journal of Agriculture Food Chemisrtry, 58, 4428–4433. https ://doi.org/10.1021/jf902 9578
- Hussain, A., Fatima, H., Komal, M., Kauser, S., Yaqub, S., Akram, S., Gorsi, F.I., Najam, A., Atta, A., Sidrah, & Elkhedir, A.E. (2024). Evaluation of peel, fesh and seeds of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for biologically active components, through development of powders and ethanolic extracts. Discover Applied Sciences, 6,432.
- Hussain, A., Korma, S.A., Kabir, K., Kauser, S., Arif, M.R., Fatima, H., Ali, S., Ali, M.Q., Yaqub, S., Shehzad, A., Akram, S., & Ali, A. (2024). In vitro and In vivo Determination of Biological Activities of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Peel, Flesh and Seeds. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 79, 316–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-024-01153-2
- Jandoust, S., Shojaeiyan, A-A., Mahdi Ayyari, M., Tohidfar, M., Ahmadi, H., & Ebrahimi, S.N. (2023). Using artificial neural network for prediction of accumulation of bioactive compounds in Momordica charantia through application of different elicitors. Industrial Crops and Products. 192, 115984.
- Khalid, Z., Hassan, S.M., Mughal, S.S., Hassan, S.K., & Hassan, H. (2021). Phenolic Profile and Biological Properties of Momordica charantia. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6(1), 17-29. DOI: 10.11648/j10. 11648/j.cbe.20210601.13.
- Khan, M.R. (1998). Momordica charantia and Allium sativum: broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 29,155–158.
- Kim, J.H., Lim, Y.J., Duan, S., Park, T.J., & Eom, S.H. (2023). Accumulation of Antioxidative Phenolics and Carotenoids Using Thermal Processing in Different Stages of Momordica charantia Fruit. Molecules, 28, 1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031500.
- Kubola, J., & Siriamornpun, S. (2008). Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) leaf, stem and fruit fraction extracts in vitro. Food Chemistry, 110, 881-890. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.076.
- Lanfer-Marquez, U.M., Barros, R.M.C., & Sinnecker, P. (2005). Antioxidant activity of chlorophylls and their derivatives. Food Research International | Journal, 38, 885–891. doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100012
- Limantara, L., Dettling, M., Indrawati, R., & Indriatmoko Brotosudarma, T.H.P. (2015). Analysis on the Chlorophyll Content of Commercial Green Leafy Vegetables. Procedia Chemistry, 14: 225 – 231.
- Lin, Y-S., Huang, W-Y., Ho, P-Y., Hu, S-Y., Lin, Y-Y., Chen, C-Y., Chang, M-Y., & Huang, S-L. (2020). Effects of Storage Time and Temperature on Antioxidants in Juice from Momordica charantia L. and Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser. Molecules, 25: 3614. doi:10.3390/molecules25163614
- Lopes, A.P., Petenuci, M.E., Galuch, M.B., Schneider, V.V.A., Canesin, E.A., & Visentainer, J.V. (2018). Evaluation of effect of different solvent mixtures on the phenolic compound extraction and antioxidant capacity of bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Chemical Papers, 72, 2945–2953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-018-0461-3
- Mohsen, S.M., & Ammar, A.S.M. (2009). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of corn tassel extracts. Food Chemistry, 112, 595–598. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodc hem.2008.06.014
- Moure, A., Cruz, J., Franco, D., Domínguez, J., Sineiro, J., Domínguez, H., José Núñez, M., & Parajó, J. (2001). Natural antioxidants from residual sources. Food Chemistry, 72, 145-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00223-5
- Mukherjee, S., & Karati, D. (2023). Exploring the phytochemistry, pharmacognostic properties, and pharmacological activities of medically important plant Momordica charantia. Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine | Journal, 6, 100226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.1002226
- Naczk, M., & Shahidi, F. (2004). Extraction and analysis of phenolics in food. Journal of Chromatography A, 1054, 95–111. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.chrom a.2004.08.059
- Omoregbe, R.E., Ikuebe, O.M., & Ihimire, I.G. (1996). Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants extracts on Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi and Shigella dysenteriae. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 25, 373-375.
- Asan-Ozusaglam, M., & Karakoca, K. (2013). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Momordica charantia from Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(13), 1548- 1558. DOI: 10.5897/AJB2012.2932
- Perumal, V., Khatib, A., Ahmed, Q.U., Uzir, B.F., Abas, F., Murugesu, S., Saiman, M.Z,İ., Primaharinastiti, R, & El-Seedi, H. (2021). Antioxidants profile of Momordica charantia fruit extract analyzed using LC-MS-QTOF-based metabolomics. Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences | Journal, 2, 100012.
- Prieto, P., Pineda, M., & Aguilar, M. (1999). Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry, 269(2), 337-341.
- Rezaeizadeh, A., Zuki, A.B.Z., Abdollahi, M., Goh, Y.M., Noordin, M.M., Hamid, M., & Azmi, T.I. (2011). Determination of antioxidant activity in methanolic and chloroformic extracts of Momordica charantia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(24), 4932-4940. DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.1972.
- Rotta, E.M., Haminiuk, C.W.I., Maldaner, L., & Visentainer, J.V. (2017). Determination of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of Muntingia calabura Linn. peel by HPLC-DAD and UPLC-ESI-MS/ MS. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 52 (4), 954-963. https ://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13359.
- Qader, S.W., Abdulla, M.A., Chua, L.S., Najim, N., Zain, M.M., & Hamdan, S. (2011). Antioxidant, Total Phenolic Content and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Selected Malaysian Plants. Molecules,16, 3433-3443. doi:10.3390/molecules16043433.
- Singleton, V.L., & Rossi, J.A. Jr. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16: 144-158.
- Tan, S.P., Stathopoulos, C., Parks, S., & Roach, P. (2014). An optimised aqueous extract of phenolic compounds from bitter melon with high antioxidant capacity. Antioxidants, 3, 814-829. doi: 10.3390/antiox3040814.
- Türkan Ş, Malyer H, Öz Aydın S, & Tümen G. 2006. Ordu İli ve Çevresinde Yetişen Bazı Bitkilerin Etnobotanik Özellikleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2):162-166.
- Wang, H., & Ng, T.B. (1998). Ribosome Inactivating Protein and Lectin from Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) Seeds: Sequence Comparison with Related Proteins. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 253, 143 –146. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9765.
COMPARISON OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF BITTER MELON (Momordica charantia L.) FRUITS IN DIFFERENT FORMS
Öz
In this study, it was aimed to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of different forms (raw and ripe bitter melon, olive oil mixture and commercial powder form) of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.). For this purpose, the total amount of phenolic substances, the amount of free radical scavengers and the total antioxidant amount of the samples extracted with three different solvents (water, methanol, ethanol) were determined. Total phenolic substance amounts in water, ethanol and methanol extracts of ripe, raw, olive oil and powdered bitter melon samples were determined in the range of 245.43-453.77; 26.83-475.18 and 22.14-695.49 mg GAE/L, respectively. The lowest total phenolic content was determined in the methanolic extracts of powdered bitter melon with 22.14 mg GAE/L, while the highest phenolic content was determined in the methanolic extracts of ripe bitter melon with 695.49 mg GAE/L. At the same time, water, ethanol and methanol extracts of ripe bitter melon were all found to be effective against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli O157:H7. According to the data obtained in the study, it is thought that it can shed light on the bioactivity contents of different forms of bitter melon available in the market due to tehir positive effects on human health.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Momordica charantia L. antioxidant activity antimicrobial activity commercial bitter melon powder bitter melon with olive oil
Kaynakça
- Aminah, A., & Anna, P.K. (2011). Influence of ripening stages on physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant properties of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia). International Food Research Journal, 18, 895-900.
- Baldemir, A., Ekinci, K., İlgün, S., Şekerci, A., & Yetişir, H. (2018). Momordica charantia L. (Kudret narı) meyvelerinin toplam fenolik madde içerikleri ve antioksidan kapasitelerinin değerlendirilmesi. Derim, 35(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.16882/derim.2018.334177
- Batool, F., Adeel, S., Iqbal, N., Azeem, M., & Hussaan, M. (2022). Sustainable natural coloring potential of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) residues for cotton dyeing: innovative approach towards textile industry. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 34974–34983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17803-w.
- Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C., & Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal Of Clinical Pathology, 36, 493-496.
- Boeing, J.S., Barizão, E.O., Silva, B.C., Montanher, P.F., Almeida, V.C., & Visentainer, J.V. (2014). Evaluation of solvent effect on the extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities from the berries: application of principal component analysis. Chemical Central Journal, 8, 48–56. https ://doi.org/10.1186/s1306 5-014-0048-1
- Bora, A.F.M., Kouame, K.J.E., Li, X., Liu, L., & Pan, Y. (2023). New insights into the bioactive polysaccharides, proteins, and triterpenoids isolated from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) and their relevance for nutraceutical and food application: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 231, 123173. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123173.
- Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008 -5.
- Budrat, P., & Shotipruk, A. (2008). Extraction of phenolic compounds from fruits of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) with subcritical water extraction and antioxidant activities of these extracts. Chiang Mai Journal of Science, 13, 123-130. https://doi.org/ 10.16882/derim.2018.334177
- Costache, M.A., Campeanu, G., & Neata, G. (2012). Studies concerning the extraction of chlorophyll and total carotenoids from vegetables. Rom Biotechnol Lett. 17(5)
- Dedebas, T. (2024). Determination of the effect of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) seed oil on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil. International Journal of Food Engineering, 20(3), 161-172.
- Gao, H., Wen, J-J., Hu, J-J., Nie, Q-X., Chen, H-H., Nie, S-P., Xiong, T., & Xie, M-Y. (2019). Momordica charantia juice with Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation: Chemical composition, antioxidant properties and aroma profile. Food Bioscience, 29, 62-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2019.03.007.
- Gayathry, K.S., & John, J.A. (2022). A comprehensive review on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) as a gold mine of functional bioactive components for therapeutic foods. Food Production, Processing and Nutrition, 4, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-022-00089-x.
- Grover, J.K., & Yadav, S.P. (2004). Pharmacological Actions and Potential Uses of Momordica charantia: A Review. Jornal of Ethnopharmacology, 93, 123-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jep.2004.03.035.
- Horax, R., Hettiarachchy, N., & Chen, P. (2010). Extraction, quantification, and antioxidant activities of phenolics from pericarp and seeds of bitter melons (Momordica charantia) harvested at three maturity stages (Immature, Mature, and Ripe). Journal of Agriculture Food Chemisrtry, 58, 4428–4433. https ://doi.org/10.1021/jf902 9578
- Hussain, A., Fatima, H., Komal, M., Kauser, S., Yaqub, S., Akram, S., Gorsi, F.I., Najam, A., Atta, A., Sidrah, & Elkhedir, A.E. (2024). Evaluation of peel, fesh and seeds of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for biologically active components, through development of powders and ethanolic extracts. Discover Applied Sciences, 6,432.
- Hussain, A., Korma, S.A., Kabir, K., Kauser, S., Arif, M.R., Fatima, H., Ali, S., Ali, M.Q., Yaqub, S., Shehzad, A., Akram, S., & Ali, A. (2024). In vitro and In vivo Determination of Biological Activities of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Peel, Flesh and Seeds. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 79, 316–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-024-01153-2
- Jandoust, S., Shojaeiyan, A-A., Mahdi Ayyari, M., Tohidfar, M., Ahmadi, H., & Ebrahimi, S.N. (2023). Using artificial neural network for prediction of accumulation of bioactive compounds in Momordica charantia through application of different elicitors. Industrial Crops and Products. 192, 115984.
- Khalid, Z., Hassan, S.M., Mughal, S.S., Hassan, S.K., & Hassan, H. (2021). Phenolic Profile and Biological Properties of Momordica charantia. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6(1), 17-29. DOI: 10.11648/j10. 11648/j.cbe.20210601.13.
- Khan, M.R. (1998). Momordica charantia and Allium sativum: broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 29,155–158.
- Kim, J.H., Lim, Y.J., Duan, S., Park, T.J., & Eom, S.H. (2023). Accumulation of Antioxidative Phenolics and Carotenoids Using Thermal Processing in Different Stages of Momordica charantia Fruit. Molecules, 28, 1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031500.
- Kubola, J., & Siriamornpun, S. (2008). Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) leaf, stem and fruit fraction extracts in vitro. Food Chemistry, 110, 881-890. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.076.
- Lanfer-Marquez, U.M., Barros, R.M.C., & Sinnecker, P. (2005). Antioxidant activity of chlorophylls and their derivatives. Food Research International | Journal, 38, 885–891. doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100012
- Limantara, L., Dettling, M., Indrawati, R., & Indriatmoko Brotosudarma, T.H.P. (2015). Analysis on the Chlorophyll Content of Commercial Green Leafy Vegetables. Procedia Chemistry, 14: 225 – 231.
- Lin, Y-S., Huang, W-Y., Ho, P-Y., Hu, S-Y., Lin, Y-Y., Chen, C-Y., Chang, M-Y., & Huang, S-L. (2020). Effects of Storage Time and Temperature on Antioxidants in Juice from Momordica charantia L. and Momordica charantia L. var. abbreviata Ser. Molecules, 25: 3614. doi:10.3390/molecules25163614
- Lopes, A.P., Petenuci, M.E., Galuch, M.B., Schneider, V.V.A., Canesin, E.A., & Visentainer, J.V. (2018). Evaluation of effect of different solvent mixtures on the phenolic compound extraction and antioxidant capacity of bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Chemical Papers, 72, 2945–2953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-018-0461-3
- Mohsen, S.M., & Ammar, A.S.M. (2009). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of corn tassel extracts. Food Chemistry, 112, 595–598. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodc hem.2008.06.014
- Moure, A., Cruz, J., Franco, D., Domínguez, J., Sineiro, J., Domínguez, H., José Núñez, M., & Parajó, J. (2001). Natural antioxidants from residual sources. Food Chemistry, 72, 145-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00223-5
- Mukherjee, S., & Karati, D. (2023). Exploring the phytochemistry, pharmacognostic properties, and pharmacological activities of medically important plant Momordica charantia. Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine | Journal, 6, 100226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.1002226
- Naczk, M., & Shahidi, F. (2004). Extraction and analysis of phenolics in food. Journal of Chromatography A, 1054, 95–111. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.chrom a.2004.08.059
- Omoregbe, R.E., Ikuebe, O.M., & Ihimire, I.G. (1996). Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants extracts on Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi and Shigella dysenteriae. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 25, 373-375.
- Asan-Ozusaglam, M., & Karakoca, K. (2013). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Momordica charantia from Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(13), 1548- 1558. DOI: 10.5897/AJB2012.2932
- Perumal, V., Khatib, A., Ahmed, Q.U., Uzir, B.F., Abas, F., Murugesu, S., Saiman, M.Z,İ., Primaharinastiti, R, & El-Seedi, H. (2021). Antioxidants profile of Momordica charantia fruit extract analyzed using LC-MS-QTOF-based metabolomics. Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences | Journal, 2, 100012.
- Prieto, P., Pineda, M., & Aguilar, M. (1999). Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry, 269(2), 337-341.
- Rezaeizadeh, A., Zuki, A.B.Z., Abdollahi, M., Goh, Y.M., Noordin, M.M., Hamid, M., & Azmi, T.I. (2011). Determination of antioxidant activity in methanolic and chloroformic extracts of Momordica charantia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(24), 4932-4940. DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.1972.
- Rotta, E.M., Haminiuk, C.W.I., Maldaner, L., & Visentainer, J.V. (2017). Determination of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of Muntingia calabura Linn. peel by HPLC-DAD and UPLC-ESI-MS/ MS. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 52 (4), 954-963. https ://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13359.
- Qader, S.W., Abdulla, M.A., Chua, L.S., Najim, N., Zain, M.M., & Hamdan, S. (2011). Antioxidant, Total Phenolic Content and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Selected Malaysian Plants. Molecules,16, 3433-3443. doi:10.3390/molecules16043433.
- Singleton, V.L., & Rossi, J.A. Jr. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16: 144-158.
- Tan, S.P., Stathopoulos, C., Parks, S., & Roach, P. (2014). An optimised aqueous extract of phenolic compounds from bitter melon with high antioxidant capacity. Antioxidants, 3, 814-829. doi: 10.3390/antiox3040814.
- Türkan Ş, Malyer H, Öz Aydın S, & Tümen G. 2006. Ordu İli ve Çevresinde Yetişen Bazı Bitkilerin Etnobotanik Özellikleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(2):162-166.
- Wang, H., & Ng, T.B. (1998). Ribosome Inactivating Protein and Lectin from Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) Seeds: Sequence Comparison with Related Proteins. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 253, 143 –146. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9765.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Gıda Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Gıda Mühendisliği |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 3 Eylül 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 24 Ocak 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 7 Temmuz 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3 |
