Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2017,
, 10 - 20, 27.04.2017
Öz
The present study was
conducted to isolate and confirm Salmonella
in fresh and frozen chicken meats collected in local markets and butcheries in
Duhok and Arbil, Northern Iraq. In this respect, fifty fresh and fifty frozen
chicken meats were analyzed by the cultural, biochemical and serological
methods. The suspected cultures were later subjected to the antibiotic
resistance test using 13 known antibiotics. The cultural method for isolation
of Salmonella indicated that 11 agar
plates (9 from fresh (18%) and 2 from frozen (4%)) were probably suspected with
Salmonella. Seven suspected meat
samples was collected in Arbil (15.6%) and 4 in Duhok (7.3%). The biochemical
confirmation tests performed later confirmed that 8 of 11 suspected culture
contained Salmonella. The RapIDTM
ONE test for further confirmation showed that all 11 suspected cultures
probably infected with Salmonella
with two different species. Using somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antisera, it
was observed agglutination of the suspected
cultures with polyvalent O and H antisera, indicating the suspected cultures
contained Salmonella. The cultures
were serotyped by the Central Health
Laboratory, and confirmed that 8 of them were infected with S. Typhimurium, and 3 of them with S. Anatum. S. typhimurium and S. anatum were found to be
sensitive only to CT, C, CIP and TE. S. anatum also exhibited
sensitivity to K and TMP.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Chicken meat Salmonella conventional methods RapIDTM ONE test serological test
Kaynakça
- Abdulrahman, R.F. (2010). Isolation of Salmonella from cattle slaughtered in Duhok Abattoir Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Master Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Duhok University, 80p.
- Akond, M.A, Shirin, M., Alam, S., Hassan, S.M.R, Rahman, M.M., Hoq, M. (2012). Frequency of drug resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry samples in Bangladesh, Stamford Journal of Microbiology, 2, 15-19.
- Aksakal, A., Boynukara, B., Solmaz, H., Ilhan, Z., Kutlu, I Gulhan, T. (2009). Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella serotypes in apparently healthy slaughtered sheep in Van, Turkey, Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8, 1455-1460.
- Al-Abidy, H.F., Hadad, J.J. (2007). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from frozen poultry products, Journal of University of Duhok, 10, 206-209.
- Al-Aboudi, A.R, Hadad, J.J, Hammed, D.A. (1993). Isolation and antibiogram of Salmonella from meat retail markets, The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 17, 31-39.
- Alemayehu, D., Molla, B., Muckle, A. (2003). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle in Ethiopia, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 35, 309-319.
- Bailey, J.S, Cosby, D.E. (2003). Detection of Salmonella from chicken rinses and chicken hot dogs with automated BAX PCR system, Journal of Food Protection, 66, 2138-2140.
- Bauer, A.W, Kirby, W.M, Sherris, J.C, Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method, American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493-496. Bell, C., Kyriakides, A. (2002). Salmonella, A practical approach to the organisms and its control in food, Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, England, 336p.
- Bouchrif, B., Paglietti, B., Murgia, M., Piana, A., Cohen, N., Ennaji, M. (2009). Prevalence and antibiotic-resistance of Salmonella isolated from food in Morocco, Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 3, 35-40. Brown, A.E. (2004). Benson's Microbiological Applications, Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology, The McGraw Hill Publication, USA, 478 p.
- Busani, L., Scavia, G., Luzzi, I., Caprioli, A. (2006). Laboratory surveillance for prevention and control of foodborne zoonoses, Annali Dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanita, 42, 401-404.
- Carraminana, J.J., Rota C., Agustin, I., Herrera, A. (2004). High prevalence of multiple resistance to antibiotics in Salmonella serovars isolated from a poultry slaughter house in Spain, Veterinary Microbiology, 104, 133-139.
- CDC (2001). Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses, a primer for physicians. Morbidty and Mortalality, Central for Disease Control Weekly Report, 50, 1-70.
- Cook, A., Odumeru, J., Lee, S., Pollari, F. (2012). Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, verotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Escherichia coli prevalence, enumeration, and subtypes on retail chicken breasts with and without skin, Journal of Food Protection, 75, 34-40.
- Cruchaga, S., Echeita, A., Aladuena, A., Garcia-Pena, J., Frias N., Usera, M.A. (2001). Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella from humans, food and animals in Spain in 1998, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 47, 315-321.
- D’Aoust, J.Y. (1991). Pathogenicity of foodborne Salmonella, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 12, 17-40. Dahal, N. (2007). Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistant of Salmonella in Imported Chicken Carcasses in Bhutan, Master Thesis, Chiang Mai University and Freie Universitat Berlin, 92 p.
- Davies, R.H, Dalziel, R., Gibbens, J.C, Wilesmith, J.W, Ryan, J.M.B, Evans, S.J, Byrne, C., Paiba, G.A, Pascoe, S.J, Teale, C.J. (2004). National survey for Salmonella in pigs, cattle and sheep at slaughter in Great Britain (1999–2000), Journal of Applied Microbiology, 96, 750-760.
- Dominguez, C., Gomez, I., Zumalacarregui, J. (2002). Prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter in retail chicken meat in Spain, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 72, 165-168.
- Duffy, G., Cloak, O.M., O'Sullivan, M.G., Guillet, A., Sheridan, J.J., Blair, I.S., McDowell, D.A. (1999). The incidence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. on Irish Retail Meat Products, Food Microbiology, 16, 623-631. Fearnley, E., Raupach, J., Lagala, F., Cameron, S. (2011). Salmonella in chicken meat, eggs and humans; Adelaide, South Australia, 2008, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 146, 219-227.
- Fluit, A.C. (2005). Towards more virulent and antibiotic‐resistant Salmonella, FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 43, 1-11.
- Hadad, J.J, Ali, H.H. (1995). Salmonella serotypes isolated from dairy products and their antibiotic susceptibility, Mu’tah Journal for Research and Studies, 10, 153-161.
- Hadad, J.J, Jemel, A. (1990). Antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella from animals, Veterinary Medical Journal Giza, 38, 35-43.
- Guran, H.S., Mann, D., Alali, W.Q. (2017). Salmonella prevalence associated with chicken parts with and without skin from retail establishments in Atlanta metropolitan area, Georgia, Food Control, 73, 462-467. Intorre, L., Vanni, M., Ebani, V.V., Cerri, D., Fratini, F., Cardini, G., Tognetti, R., Soldani, G. (2005). Antimicrobial susceptibility of animal strains of S. enterica isolated in Italy from 2001-2003, Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 28, 121- 125.
- Jay, J.M., Loessner, M.J., Golden, D.A. (2005). Foodborne Gastroenteritis Caused by Salmonella and Shigella, In, Modern Food Microbiology, 7th Ed, Springer Science and Business Media, Inc, USA, 619-636p.
- Johnson, J.M., Rajic, A., McMullen, L.M. (2005). Antimicrobial resistance of selected Salmonella isolates from food animals and food in Alberta, Canadian Veterinary Journal, 46, 141-146.
- Kalchayanand, N., Arthur, T.M., Bosilevac, J.M., Brichta-Harhay, D.M., Guerini, M.N., Shackelford, S.D., Wheeler, T.L., Koohmaraie, M. (2007). Microbiological characterization of lamb carcasses at commercial processing plants in the United States, Journal of Food Protection, 70, 1811-1819.
- Kaushik, P., Kumari, S., Bharti, S.K., Dayal, S. (2014). Isolation and prevalence of Salmonella from chicken meat and cattle milk collected from local markets of Patna, India, Veterinary World, 7, 62-65.
- Kimura, K., Toshima, S., Amy, G., Watanabe, Y. (2004). Rejection of neutral endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) by RO membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, 245, 71-78. Kozacinski, L., Hadziosmanovie, M., Zdolec, N. (2006). Microbiological quality of poultry meat on the Croatian market, Veterinarski Arhiv, 76, 305-313.
- Lynch,M., Painter, J., Woodruff, R., Braden, C. (2006). Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks-United States, 1998-2002, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55, 1-42.
- Maharjan, M., Joshi, V., Joshi, D.D., Manandhar, P. (2006). Prevalence of Salmonella species in various raw meat samples of a local market in Kathmandu, Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 1081, 249-256.
- Mazengia, E., Samadpour, M., Hill, H.W., Greeson, K., Tenney, K., Liao, G. (2014). Prevalence, concentrations, and antibiotic sensitivities of Salmonella serovars in poultry from retail establishments in Seattle, Washington, Journal of Food Protection, 77, 885-893.
- Mead, P.S., Slutsker, L., Dietz, V., McCaig, L.F., Bresee, J.S., Shapiro, C., Griffin, P.M., Tauxe, R.V. (1999). Food-Related illness and death in the United States, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5, 607-625.
- Molla, W., Molla, B., Alemayehu, D., Muckle, A., Cole, L., Wilkie, E. (2006). Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars in apparently healthy slaughtered sheep and goat of central Ethiopia, Tropical Animal Health Production, 8, 455-462.
- Myint, M.S. (2004). Epidemiology of Salmonella Contamination of Poultry Products; Knowledge Gaps in the Farm to Store Products, phD Thesis, Faculty of The Graduate School of The University of Maryland, 94p.
- Nouichi, S., Hamdi, T.M. (2009). Superficial bacterial contamination of ovine and bovine carcasses at El-Harrach slaughterhouse (Algeria), European Journal of Scientific Research, 38, 474-485.
- Ozbey, G., Ertas, H.B. (2006). Salmonella spp. isolation from chicken samples and identification by polymerase chain reaction, Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 9, 67-73.
- Pokharel, B.M, Koirala, J., Dahal, R.K., Mishra, S.K., Khadga, P.K., Tuladhar, N.R. (2006). Multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing S. enterica (serotypes Typhi andParatyphi A) from blood isolates in Nepal, surveillance of resistance and a search for newer alternatives, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10, 434-438. Quinn, P.J, Maekey, B.K., Carter, M.E., Donnely, W.J., Leonard, F.C. (2011), Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, Iowa State University Publishing, USA, 536p.
- Sefton, A.M. (2002). Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, their clinical relevance in the new millennium, Drugs, 62, 557-566.
- Smith, S., Bamidele, M., Goodluck, H., Fowora, M., Omonigbehin, E., Oper, B., Aboaba, O. (2009). Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella isolated from food handlers and cattle in Lagos, Nigeria, International Journal of Health Research, 2, 189-193.
- USDA (2017a). Quarterly Progress Report on Salmonella and Campylobacter Testing of Selected Raw Meat and Poultry Products: Preliminary Results, July 2015 to September 2015. United States Department of Agriculture Available at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/ wps/portal/ fsis/topics/ data-collection -and-reports /microbiology/ quarterly-reports-salmonella/ q3-cy2015/ q3-cy-2015. Accessed 08.03.2017.
- USDA (2017b). Food Safety and Inspection Service. Progress report on Salmonella testing of raw meat and poultry products, 1998-2014 (p. 11). Available at: http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/7b9ba8cd-de00-4d8d-8cf7-7cfbe24236f7/Progress-Report-Salmonella-Campylobacter-CY2014.pdf?MOD¼AJPERES Accessed 09.03.2017.
- USDA (2017c). Food Safety and Inspection Service, Salmonella and Campylobacter Verification Testing Program Monthly Reports. Available at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/data-collection-and-reports/microbiology/salmonella-verification-testing-program. Accessed 09.03.2017.
- Valdezate, S., Astorga, R., Herrera-leon, S., Perea, A., Usera, M.A., Huerta B., Echeita, A. (2007). Epidemiological tracing of S. enterica serotype Abortusovis from Spanish ovine flocks by PFGE fingerprinting, Epidemiology and Infection, 135, 695-702.
- Van Nierop,W., Duse, A.G, Marais, E., Aithma, N., Thothobolo, N., Kassel,M., Stewart, R., Potgieter, A., Fernandes, B., Galpin J.S., Bloomfield S.F. (2005). Contamination of chicken carcasses in gauteng, south africa by Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 99, 1-6.
- Van, T.T.H, Moutafis, G., Istivan, T., Tran, L.T., Coloe, P.J. (2007). Detection of Salmonella spp. in retail raw food samples from Vietnam and characterization of their antibiotic resistance, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 6885-6890.
- White, D.G., Zhao S., Sudler, R., Ayers, S., Friedman, S., Chen, S., Mc Dermoott, P.F., Mc Dermoott, S., Wagner,D.D., Meng, J. (2001). The isolation of antibiotic resistant Salmonella from retail ground meats, New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1147-1154.
- WHO (2013). Salmonella (Non Typhoidal). World Health Organization (Access date, 10.02.2013). http,//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs139/en/.
- Wu, D., Alali, W.Q., Harrison, M.A., Hofacre, C.L. (2014). Prevalence of Salmonella in neck skin and bone of chickens, Journal of Food Protection, 77, 1193-1197.
- Zhao, S., McDermott, P.F., White, D.G., Qaiyumi, S., Friedman, S.L., Abbott, J.W., Glenn, A., Ayers, S.L., Post, K.W., Fales, W.H., Wilson, R.B., Reggiardo, C., Walker, R.D. (2007), Characterization of multi drug resistant Salmonella recovered from diseased animals, Veterinary Microbiology, 123, 122-132.
Yıl 2017,
, 10 - 20, 27.04.2017
Öz
Bu
çalışmada, Duhok ve Erbil’deki lokal market ve kasaplardan temin edilen taze ve
dondurulmuş tavuk etlerinde Salmonella
yaygınlığı araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, 50 taze ve 50 dondurulmuş tavuk eti
kültürel, biyokimyasal ve serolojik yöntemlerle incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, elde
edilen Salmonella izolatlarının 13
farklı antibiyotiğe hassasiyetleri ölçülmüştür. Uygulan kültürel metotta, 100
örnekten 11’inde Salmonella
kolonileri görülmüştür. Bunlardan 9 tanesinin taze (%18), 2 tanesinin de (%4)
dondurulmuş tavuk etlerinden ya da illere göre, 7 tanesinin (%15.6) Erbil’den 4
tanesinin de Duhok’tan (%7.3) toplanan tavuk etlerinden ileri geldiği
bulunmuştur. Salmonella şüphesi
bulunan 11 kültür daha sonra biyokimyasal doğrulama testlere tabi tutulmuş ve
geleneksel metotlarla yapılan testlerde 8’inin ve RapIDTM ONE
sistemi ile yapılan testte ise 11’inin de Salmonella
olduğu görülmüştür. Somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antiseralar ile yapılan
serolojik testlerde, Salmonella
şüphesi bulunan 11 kültür aglütinasyon-pozitif bulunmuştur. Irak Merkez
Laboratuvarında yaptırılan serotip çalışmasında, 8 kültürde S. Typhimurium, 3 kültürde ise S. Anatum bulunmuştur. Her iki serotipinde 13
antibiyotikten sadece 4 tanesine (CT, C, CIP ve TE), ayrıca S. Anatum’un 2 ayrı antibiyotiğe daha duyarlı olduğu görülmüştür.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Tavuk eti Salmonella geleneksel metotlar RapIDTM ONE test serolojik test
Kaynakça
- Abdulrahman, R.F. (2010). Isolation of Salmonella from cattle slaughtered in Duhok Abattoir Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Master Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Duhok University, 80p.
- Akond, M.A, Shirin, M., Alam, S., Hassan, S.M.R, Rahman, M.M., Hoq, M. (2012). Frequency of drug resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry samples in Bangladesh, Stamford Journal of Microbiology, 2, 15-19.
- Aksakal, A., Boynukara, B., Solmaz, H., Ilhan, Z., Kutlu, I Gulhan, T. (2009). Occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella serotypes in apparently healthy slaughtered sheep in Van, Turkey, Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8, 1455-1460.
- Al-Abidy, H.F., Hadad, J.J. (2007). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from frozen poultry products, Journal of University of Duhok, 10, 206-209.
- Al-Aboudi, A.R, Hadad, J.J, Hammed, D.A. (1993). Isolation and antibiogram of Salmonella from meat retail markets, The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 17, 31-39.
- Alemayehu, D., Molla, B., Muckle, A. (2003). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle in Ethiopia, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 35, 309-319.
- Bailey, J.S, Cosby, D.E. (2003). Detection of Salmonella from chicken rinses and chicken hot dogs with automated BAX PCR system, Journal of Food Protection, 66, 2138-2140.
- Bauer, A.W, Kirby, W.M, Sherris, J.C, Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method, American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493-496. Bell, C., Kyriakides, A. (2002). Salmonella, A practical approach to the organisms and its control in food, Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, England, 336p.
- Bouchrif, B., Paglietti, B., Murgia, M., Piana, A., Cohen, N., Ennaji, M. (2009). Prevalence and antibiotic-resistance of Salmonella isolated from food in Morocco, Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 3, 35-40. Brown, A.E. (2004). Benson's Microbiological Applications, Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology, The McGraw Hill Publication, USA, 478 p.
- Busani, L., Scavia, G., Luzzi, I., Caprioli, A. (2006). Laboratory surveillance for prevention and control of foodborne zoonoses, Annali Dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanita, 42, 401-404.
- Carraminana, J.J., Rota C., Agustin, I., Herrera, A. (2004). High prevalence of multiple resistance to antibiotics in Salmonella serovars isolated from a poultry slaughter house in Spain, Veterinary Microbiology, 104, 133-139.
- CDC (2001). Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses, a primer for physicians. Morbidty and Mortalality, Central for Disease Control Weekly Report, 50, 1-70.
- Cook, A., Odumeru, J., Lee, S., Pollari, F. (2012). Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, verotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and Escherichia coli prevalence, enumeration, and subtypes on retail chicken breasts with and without skin, Journal of Food Protection, 75, 34-40.
- Cruchaga, S., Echeita, A., Aladuena, A., Garcia-Pena, J., Frias N., Usera, M.A. (2001). Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella from humans, food and animals in Spain in 1998, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 47, 315-321.
- D’Aoust, J.Y. (1991). Pathogenicity of foodborne Salmonella, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 12, 17-40. Dahal, N. (2007). Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistant of Salmonella in Imported Chicken Carcasses in Bhutan, Master Thesis, Chiang Mai University and Freie Universitat Berlin, 92 p.
- Davies, R.H, Dalziel, R., Gibbens, J.C, Wilesmith, J.W, Ryan, J.M.B, Evans, S.J, Byrne, C., Paiba, G.A, Pascoe, S.J, Teale, C.J. (2004). National survey for Salmonella in pigs, cattle and sheep at slaughter in Great Britain (1999–2000), Journal of Applied Microbiology, 96, 750-760.
- Dominguez, C., Gomez, I., Zumalacarregui, J. (2002). Prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter in retail chicken meat in Spain, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 72, 165-168.
- Duffy, G., Cloak, O.M., O'Sullivan, M.G., Guillet, A., Sheridan, J.J., Blair, I.S., McDowell, D.A. (1999). The incidence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. on Irish Retail Meat Products, Food Microbiology, 16, 623-631. Fearnley, E., Raupach, J., Lagala, F., Cameron, S. (2011). Salmonella in chicken meat, eggs and humans; Adelaide, South Australia, 2008, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 146, 219-227.
- Fluit, A.C. (2005). Towards more virulent and antibiotic‐resistant Salmonella, FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 43, 1-11.
- Hadad, J.J, Ali, H.H. (1995). Salmonella serotypes isolated from dairy products and their antibiotic susceptibility, Mu’tah Journal for Research and Studies, 10, 153-161.
- Hadad, J.J, Jemel, A. (1990). Antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella from animals, Veterinary Medical Journal Giza, 38, 35-43.
- Guran, H.S., Mann, D., Alali, W.Q. (2017). Salmonella prevalence associated with chicken parts with and without skin from retail establishments in Atlanta metropolitan area, Georgia, Food Control, 73, 462-467. Intorre, L., Vanni, M., Ebani, V.V., Cerri, D., Fratini, F., Cardini, G., Tognetti, R., Soldani, G. (2005). Antimicrobial susceptibility of animal strains of S. enterica isolated in Italy from 2001-2003, Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 28, 121- 125.
- Jay, J.M., Loessner, M.J., Golden, D.A. (2005). Foodborne Gastroenteritis Caused by Salmonella and Shigella, In, Modern Food Microbiology, 7th Ed, Springer Science and Business Media, Inc, USA, 619-636p.
- Johnson, J.M., Rajic, A., McMullen, L.M. (2005). Antimicrobial resistance of selected Salmonella isolates from food animals and food in Alberta, Canadian Veterinary Journal, 46, 141-146.
- Kalchayanand, N., Arthur, T.M., Bosilevac, J.M., Brichta-Harhay, D.M., Guerini, M.N., Shackelford, S.D., Wheeler, T.L., Koohmaraie, M. (2007). Microbiological characterization of lamb carcasses at commercial processing plants in the United States, Journal of Food Protection, 70, 1811-1819.
- Kaushik, P., Kumari, S., Bharti, S.K., Dayal, S. (2014). Isolation and prevalence of Salmonella from chicken meat and cattle milk collected from local markets of Patna, India, Veterinary World, 7, 62-65.
- Kimura, K., Toshima, S., Amy, G., Watanabe, Y. (2004). Rejection of neutral endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) by RO membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, 245, 71-78. Kozacinski, L., Hadziosmanovie, M., Zdolec, N. (2006). Microbiological quality of poultry meat on the Croatian market, Veterinarski Arhiv, 76, 305-313.
- Lynch,M., Painter, J., Woodruff, R., Braden, C. (2006). Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks-United States, 1998-2002, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55, 1-42.
- Maharjan, M., Joshi, V., Joshi, D.D., Manandhar, P. (2006). Prevalence of Salmonella species in various raw meat samples of a local market in Kathmandu, Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 1081, 249-256.
- Mazengia, E., Samadpour, M., Hill, H.W., Greeson, K., Tenney, K., Liao, G. (2014). Prevalence, concentrations, and antibiotic sensitivities of Salmonella serovars in poultry from retail establishments in Seattle, Washington, Journal of Food Protection, 77, 885-893.
- Mead, P.S., Slutsker, L., Dietz, V., McCaig, L.F., Bresee, J.S., Shapiro, C., Griffin, P.M., Tauxe, R.V. (1999). Food-Related illness and death in the United States, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5, 607-625.
- Molla, W., Molla, B., Alemayehu, D., Muckle, A., Cole, L., Wilkie, E. (2006). Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars in apparently healthy slaughtered sheep and goat of central Ethiopia, Tropical Animal Health Production, 8, 455-462.
- Myint, M.S. (2004). Epidemiology of Salmonella Contamination of Poultry Products; Knowledge Gaps in the Farm to Store Products, phD Thesis, Faculty of The Graduate School of The University of Maryland, 94p.
- Nouichi, S., Hamdi, T.M. (2009). Superficial bacterial contamination of ovine and bovine carcasses at El-Harrach slaughterhouse (Algeria), European Journal of Scientific Research, 38, 474-485.
- Ozbey, G., Ertas, H.B. (2006). Salmonella spp. isolation from chicken samples and identification by polymerase chain reaction, Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 9, 67-73.
- Pokharel, B.M, Koirala, J., Dahal, R.K., Mishra, S.K., Khadga, P.K., Tuladhar, N.R. (2006). Multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing S. enterica (serotypes Typhi andParatyphi A) from blood isolates in Nepal, surveillance of resistance and a search for newer alternatives, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10, 434-438. Quinn, P.J, Maekey, B.K., Carter, M.E., Donnely, W.J., Leonard, F.C. (2011), Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, Iowa State University Publishing, USA, 536p.
- Sefton, A.M. (2002). Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, their clinical relevance in the new millennium, Drugs, 62, 557-566.
- Smith, S., Bamidele, M., Goodluck, H., Fowora, M., Omonigbehin, E., Oper, B., Aboaba, O. (2009). Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella isolated from food handlers and cattle in Lagos, Nigeria, International Journal of Health Research, 2, 189-193.
- USDA (2017a). Quarterly Progress Report on Salmonella and Campylobacter Testing of Selected Raw Meat and Poultry Products: Preliminary Results, July 2015 to September 2015. United States Department of Agriculture Available at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/ wps/portal/ fsis/topics/ data-collection -and-reports /microbiology/ quarterly-reports-salmonella/ q3-cy2015/ q3-cy-2015. Accessed 08.03.2017.
- USDA (2017b). Food Safety and Inspection Service. Progress report on Salmonella testing of raw meat and poultry products, 1998-2014 (p. 11). Available at: http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/wcm/connect/7b9ba8cd-de00-4d8d-8cf7-7cfbe24236f7/Progress-Report-Salmonella-Campylobacter-CY2014.pdf?MOD¼AJPERES Accessed 09.03.2017.
- USDA (2017c). Food Safety and Inspection Service, Salmonella and Campylobacter Verification Testing Program Monthly Reports. Available at: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/data-collection-and-reports/microbiology/salmonella-verification-testing-program. Accessed 09.03.2017.
- Valdezate, S., Astorga, R., Herrera-leon, S., Perea, A., Usera, M.A., Huerta B., Echeita, A. (2007). Epidemiological tracing of S. enterica serotype Abortusovis from Spanish ovine flocks by PFGE fingerprinting, Epidemiology and Infection, 135, 695-702.
- Van Nierop,W., Duse, A.G, Marais, E., Aithma, N., Thothobolo, N., Kassel,M., Stewart, R., Potgieter, A., Fernandes, B., Galpin J.S., Bloomfield S.F. (2005). Contamination of chicken carcasses in gauteng, south africa by Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 99, 1-6.
- Van, T.T.H, Moutafis, G., Istivan, T., Tran, L.T., Coloe, P.J. (2007). Detection of Salmonella spp. in retail raw food samples from Vietnam and characterization of their antibiotic resistance, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 6885-6890.
- White, D.G., Zhao S., Sudler, R., Ayers, S., Friedman, S., Chen, S., Mc Dermoott, P.F., Mc Dermoott, S., Wagner,D.D., Meng, J. (2001). The isolation of antibiotic resistant Salmonella from retail ground meats, New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1147-1154.
- WHO (2013). Salmonella (Non Typhoidal). World Health Organization (Access date, 10.02.2013). http,//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs139/en/.
- Wu, D., Alali, W.Q., Harrison, M.A., Hofacre, C.L. (2014). Prevalence of Salmonella in neck skin and bone of chickens, Journal of Food Protection, 77, 1193-1197.
- Zhao, S., McDermott, P.F., White, D.G., Qaiyumi, S., Friedman, S.L., Abbott, J.W., Glenn, A., Ayers, S.L., Post, K.W., Fales, W.H., Wilson, R.B., Reggiardo, C., Walker, R.D. (2007), Characterization of multi drug resistant Salmonella recovered from diseased animals, Veterinary Microbiology, 123, 122-132.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Konular | Mühendislik |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 27 Nisan 2017 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 31 Ocak 2017 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2017 |