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SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR ÜRETİM: KENEVİR BİTKİSİ VE SIFIR ATIK UYGULAMALARI

Year 2025, Volume: 28 Issue: 2, 1123 - 1142, 03.06.2025

Naciye Olcay Helvacı , Yasemin Korkmaz

Abstract

Sıfır atık projeleri, sürdürülebilir bir geleceğin temel taşlarını oluştururken, kenevir bitkisi bu yaklaşımın somut bir sembolü olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Köklerinden başlayarak tamamı değerlendirilebilen kenevir, atık oluşturmadan çeşitli parçalara dönüştürülebilmektedir. Tekstil, tıp, gıda, biyokompozit, inşaat malzemeleri ve enerji üretimi gibi birçok alanda kullanılan kenevir, çevre dostu özelliklerle döngüsel ekonominin en güçlü aktörüdür. Bu nedenle son yıllarda kenevirin endüstriyel kullanımına yönelik ilgi yeniden artmış ve kenevir üretimiyle ilgili yasal düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, kenevir bitkisinin özellikleri, tarih boyunca maruz kaldığı yasaklamalar ve günümüze kadar yaşanan değişimler ele alınarak küresel kenevir pazarı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, kenevirin her bir parçasının çeşitli amaçlar için değerlendirilebilmesi ve çok yönlü, sürdürülebilir bir kaynak olması nedeniyle sıfır atık çalışmaları kapsamında kullanım alanları araştırılmıştır.

Keywords

Kenevir sıfır atık çevre dostu sürdürülebilirlik

References

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  • Altman, A.W., Kent-Dennis, C., Klotz, J.L., McLeod, K.R.,Vanzant, E.S. & Harmon, D.L.(2024). Review: Utilizing industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) by-products in livestock rations. Animal Feed Science and Technology 307 (2024) 115850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115850
  • Amaduccia, S., Scordia, D., Liu, F.H., Zhang, Q., Guo,.H., Testa, G. & Cosentino S.L.(2015). Key cultivation techniques for hemp in Europe and China. Industrial Crops and Products 68 (2015) 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.06.041
  • Amode, N.S. & Jeetah, P.(2021). Paper Production from Mauritian Hemp Fibres. Waste and Biomass Valorization (2021) 12:1781–1802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01125-y
  • Aryal, K., Maraseni, T.,Kretzschmar, T.,Chang, D., Naebe, M.,Neary, L. & Ash, G.(2024). Knowledge mapping for a secure and sustainable hemp industry: A systematic literature review. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 9 (2024) 100550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100550
  • Brito Siqueira, A. L.G., Cremasco, P.V.V., Bahú, J. O., Silva, A. P., Andrade, L. R. M., Gonzalez, P.G.A., Crivellin, S., Concha, V. O. C., Krambeck, K., Lodi, L., Severino, P. & Souto, E.B.(2023). Phytocannabinoids: Pharmacological effects, biomedical applications, and worldwide prospection. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 13 (2023) 575e587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.08.006
  • Cabrera-Villamizar, L., Pereira, J.F., Castanedo, M., Lopez-Rubio, A., Fabra, M.J. (2025). Hemp cellulose-based aerogels and cryogels: From waste biomass to sustainable absorbent pads for food preservation. Carbohydrate Polymers 348 (2025) 122887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122887
  • Callaway J.C.(2004). Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview. Euphytica 140: 65–72, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6.
  • Colic, M.L., Jukic, M., Nakov, G., Lukinac, J., Antunovic, M.(2024). Sustainable Utilization of Hemp Press Cake Flour in Ice Cream Production: Physicochemical, Rheological, Textural, and Sensorial Properties. Sustainability 2024, 16, 8354. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198354
  • Crini, G., Lichtfouse, E., Chanet, G., Morin‑Crini, N.(2020). Applications of hemp in textiles, paper industry, insulation and building materials, horticulture, animal nutrition, food and beverages, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and hygiene, medicine, agrochemistry, energy production and environment: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters (2020) 18:1451–1476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01029-2
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  • Duangrin, M., Pisutpiched, S., Deenu, A., Kamthai, S.(2024). Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis for the production of green and sustainable hemp carboxymethyl cellulose. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 280 (2024) 135610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135610.
  • Enarevba, D.R. & Haapala, K.R.(2024). The Emerging Hemp Industry: A Review of Industrial Hemp Materials and Product Manufacturing. AgriEngineering 2024,6, 2891–2925. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030167
  • Farinon, B., Molinari, R., Costantini, L. & Merendino, N.(2020). The Seed of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.):Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1935. doi:10.3390/nu12071935.
  • Fei, M., Liu, W., Shao, L., Cao, Y., Bliss, B. J., Zhao,B. & Zhang, J.(2024). Hemp fiber reinforced dual dynamic network vitrimer biocomposites with direct incorporation of amino silane. Chemical Engineering Journal 480 (2024) 148091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.148091
  • Food and Ariculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2024). https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/visualize/ Erişim: 23.10.2024.
  • Gizlenci, Ş., Acar, M., Yiğen, Ç. & Aytaç, S.(2019).Kenevir Tarımı. Karadeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü.
  • Helvacı, N.O. & Korkmaz, Y.(2024). Çevre Dostu Hammaddelerden Üretilen Aktif Karbonlar ve Uygulama Alanları. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(4), 1514-1528. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1459927.
  • Hossain, Z. Md., Wu, W., Xu, W.Z., Chowdhury, M. B. I., Jhawar, A.K. Machin, D., Charpentier, P.A.(2018). High-Surface-Area Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Hemp Bast Fiber Using Hydrothermal Processing. C 2018, 4, 38. doi:10.3390/c4030038.
  • Grand View Research. Industrial Hemp Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Application (Animal Care, Textiles, Food & Beverages), By Product (Seeds, Fiber, Shivs), By Region (North America, Asia Pacific), And Segment Forecasts, 2024 – 2030. (2024). https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/industrial-hemp-market/ Erişim: 21.10.2024
  • Jingjing, L. (2011). Isolation of Lignin from Wood, 57 pages, 3 appendices Saimaa University of Applied Sciences, Imatra Unit of Technology, Degree Programme in Paper Technology Bachelor’s Thesis.
  • Kamle,M., Mahato, D.K.,Sharma, B., Gupta, A., Shah, A.K., Mahmud, M.M.C.,Agrawal, S., Singh, J., Rasane, P., Shukla, A.C. & Kumar, P.(2024). Nutraceutical potential, phytochemistry of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) and its application in food and feed: A review. Food Chemistry Advances 4 (2024) 100671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2024.100671
  • Kaya, S. & Öner, E.(2020). Kenevir Liflerinin Eldesi, Karakteristik Özellikleri ve Tekstil Endüstrisindeki Uygulamaları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 11(1): 108-123 (2020). https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.693406
  • Kymalainen, H.R. & Sjoberg A.M.(2008). Flax and hemp fibres as raw materials for thermal insulations. Building and Environment 43 (2008) 1261–1269. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.03.006.
  • Manaia, J.P., Manaia, A.T. & Rodriges, L.(2019). Industrial Hemp Fibers: An Overview. Fibers 2019, 7, 106; doi:10.3390/fib7120106.
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  • Muhit, I.B., Omairey, E.L. & Pashakolaie v.G.(2024). A holistic sustainability overview of hemp as building and highway construction materials. Building and Environment 256 (2024) 111470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111470.
  • Onay, A., Yıldırım H. & Ekinci, R.(2020). KENEVİR (Cannabis sativa L.).Palme Yayınları. Ankara. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347916067_KENEVIR_Cannabis_sativa_L.
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SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION: HEMP PLANT AND ZERO WASTE APPLICATIONS

Year 2025, Volume: 28 Issue: 2, 1123 - 1142, 03.06.2025

Naciye Olcay Helvacı , Yasemin Korkmaz

Abstract

While zero waste projects form the cornerstones of a sustainable future, the hemp plant stands out as a concrete symbol of this approach. Hemp, which can be evaluated in its entirety starting from its roots, can be transformed into various parts without creating waste. Hemp, which is used in many areas such as textile, medicine, food, biocomposite, construction materials and energy production, is the strongest actor of the circular economy with its environmentally friendly features. For this reason, interest in the industrial use of hemp has increased again in recent years and legal regulations have been made regarding hemp production. In this study, the global hemp market was examined by considering the characteristics of the hemp plant, the prohibitions it has been subjected to throughout history and the changes experienced until today. In addition, since each part of hemp can be evaluated for various purposes and is a versatile and sustainable resource, its areas of use were investigated within the scope of zero waste studies.

Keywords

Hemp zero waste environmentally friendly sustainability

References

  • Aksoğan Korkmaz, A., Önal, Y. (2022). Kenevir Atıklarının Karbonizasyonu ve Aktif Karbon Eldesi. Konya Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 10, s. 1, 29-39, 2022. DOI: 10.36306/konjes.967894.
  • Altman, A.W., Kent-Dennis, C., Klotz, J.L., McLeod, K.R.,Vanzant, E.S. & Harmon, D.L.(2024). Review: Utilizing industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) by-products in livestock rations. Animal Feed Science and Technology 307 (2024) 115850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115850
  • Amaduccia, S., Scordia, D., Liu, F.H., Zhang, Q., Guo,.H., Testa, G. & Cosentino S.L.(2015). Key cultivation techniques for hemp in Europe and China. Industrial Crops and Products 68 (2015) 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.06.041
  • Amode, N.S. & Jeetah, P.(2021). Paper Production from Mauritian Hemp Fibres. Waste and Biomass Valorization (2021) 12:1781–1802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01125-y
  • Aryal, K., Maraseni, T.,Kretzschmar, T.,Chang, D., Naebe, M.,Neary, L. & Ash, G.(2024). Knowledge mapping for a secure and sustainable hemp industry: A systematic literature review. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 9 (2024) 100550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100550
  • Brito Siqueira, A. L.G., Cremasco, P.V.V., Bahú, J. O., Silva, A. P., Andrade, L. R. M., Gonzalez, P.G.A., Crivellin, S., Concha, V. O. C., Krambeck, K., Lodi, L., Severino, P. & Souto, E.B.(2023). Phytocannabinoids: Pharmacological effects, biomedical applications, and worldwide prospection. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 13 (2023) 575e587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.08.006
  • Cabrera-Villamizar, L., Pereira, J.F., Castanedo, M., Lopez-Rubio, A., Fabra, M.J. (2025). Hemp cellulose-based aerogels and cryogels: From waste biomass to sustainable absorbent pads for food preservation. Carbohydrate Polymers 348 (2025) 122887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122887
  • Callaway J.C.(2004). Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview. Euphytica 140: 65–72, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6.
  • Colic, M.L., Jukic, M., Nakov, G., Lukinac, J., Antunovic, M.(2024). Sustainable Utilization of Hemp Press Cake Flour in Ice Cream Production: Physicochemical, Rheological, Textural, and Sensorial Properties. Sustainability 2024, 16, 8354. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198354
  • Crini, G., Lichtfouse, E., Chanet, G., Morin‑Crini, N.(2020). Applications of hemp in textiles, paper industry, insulation and building materials, horticulture, animal nutrition, food and beverages, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and hygiene, medicine, agrochemistry, energy production and environment: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters (2020) 18:1451–1476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01029-2
  • Cognitive Market Research. Hemp Market Report. (2024). https://www.cognitivemarketresearch.com/hemp-market-report/ Erişim: 21.10.2024
  • Çalgeriş, İ. (2010). Fındık Kabuğundan Lignin İzolasyonu ve Lignin/Nişasta Biyoçözünür Polimerlerin Elde edilmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı (CSB) (2025). https://cygm.csb.gov.tr/sifir-atik-ile-geri-kazanim-orani-35e-ulasti.-haber-286897/Erişim:27.03.2025
  • Dresboll, D.B. & Thorup-Kristensen, K.(2005). Structural differences in wheat (Triticum aestivum), hemp (Cannabis sativa) and Miscanthus (Miscanthus ogiformis) affect the quality and stability of plant based compost. Scientia Horticulturae 107 (2005) 81–89. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2005.06.006
  • Duangrin, M., Pisutpiched, S., Deenu, A., Kamthai, S.(2024). Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis for the production of green and sustainable hemp carboxymethyl cellulose. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 280 (2024) 135610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135610.
  • Enarevba, D.R. & Haapala, K.R.(2024). The Emerging Hemp Industry: A Review of Industrial Hemp Materials and Product Manufacturing. AgriEngineering 2024,6, 2891–2925. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6030167
  • Farinon, B., Molinari, R., Costantini, L. & Merendino, N.(2020). The Seed of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.):Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1935. doi:10.3390/nu12071935.
  • Fei, M., Liu, W., Shao, L., Cao, Y., Bliss, B. J., Zhao,B. & Zhang, J.(2024). Hemp fiber reinforced dual dynamic network vitrimer biocomposites with direct incorporation of amino silane. Chemical Engineering Journal 480 (2024) 148091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.148091
  • Food and Ariculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2024). https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/visualize/ Erişim: 23.10.2024.
  • Gizlenci, Ş., Acar, M., Yiğen, Ç. & Aytaç, S.(2019).Kenevir Tarımı. Karadeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü.
  • Helvacı, N.O. & Korkmaz, Y.(2024). Çevre Dostu Hammaddelerden Üretilen Aktif Karbonlar ve Uygulama Alanları. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(4), 1514-1528. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1459927.
  • Hossain, Z. Md., Wu, W., Xu, W.Z., Chowdhury, M. B. I., Jhawar, A.K. Machin, D., Charpentier, P.A.(2018). High-Surface-Area Mesoporous Activated Carbon from Hemp Bast Fiber Using Hydrothermal Processing. C 2018, 4, 38. doi:10.3390/c4030038.
  • Grand View Research. Industrial Hemp Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Application (Animal Care, Textiles, Food & Beverages), By Product (Seeds, Fiber, Shivs), By Region (North America, Asia Pacific), And Segment Forecasts, 2024 – 2030. (2024). https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/industrial-hemp-market/ Erişim: 21.10.2024
  • Jingjing, L. (2011). Isolation of Lignin from Wood, 57 pages, 3 appendices Saimaa University of Applied Sciences, Imatra Unit of Technology, Degree Programme in Paper Technology Bachelor’s Thesis.
  • Kamle,M., Mahato, D.K.,Sharma, B., Gupta, A., Shah, A.K., Mahmud, M.M.C.,Agrawal, S., Singh, J., Rasane, P., Shukla, A.C. & Kumar, P.(2024). Nutraceutical potential, phytochemistry of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) and its application in food and feed: A review. Food Chemistry Advances 4 (2024) 100671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2024.100671
  • Kaya, S. & Öner, E.(2020). Kenevir Liflerinin Eldesi, Karakteristik Özellikleri ve Tekstil Endüstrisindeki Uygulamaları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 11(1): 108-123 (2020). https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.693406
  • Kymalainen, H.R. & Sjoberg A.M.(2008). Flax and hemp fibres as raw materials for thermal insulations. Building and Environment 43 (2008) 1261–1269. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.03.006.
  • Manaia, J.P., Manaia, A.T. & Rodriges, L.(2019). Industrial Hemp Fibers: An Overview. Fibers 2019, 7, 106; doi:10.3390/fib7120106.
  • Markets and Markets. Indusrial Hemp Market. (2024). https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/industrial-hemp-market-84188417.html/ Erişim: 21.10.2024.
  • McPartland, J.M. (2018). Cannabis Systematics at the Levels of Family, Genus, and Species. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research Volume 3.1, 2018. http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/can.2018.0039 Mechoulam, R.(2019). Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents. CRC Press; 2019.
  • Muhit, I.B., Omairey, E.L. & Pashakolaie v.G.(2024). A holistic sustainability overview of hemp as building and highway construction materials. Building and Environment 256 (2024) 111470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111470.
  • Onay, A., Yıldırım H. & Ekinci, R.(2020). KENEVİR (Cannabis sativa L.).Palme Yayınları. Ankara. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347916067_KENEVIR_Cannabis_sativa_L.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Waste Management, Reduction, Reuse and Recycling, Environmentally Sustainable Engineering
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Naciye Olcay Helvacı 0009-0008-6628-9325

Yasemin Korkmaz

Publication Date June 3, 2025
Submission Date February 17, 2025
Acceptance Date April 15, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025Volume: 28 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Helvacı, N. O., & Korkmaz, Y. (2025). SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR ÜRETİM: KENEVİR BİTKİSİ VE SIFIR ATIK UYGULAMALARI. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(2), 1123-1142.
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