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USING MOLECULAR FOSSILS IN ECOLOGICAL CHANGES: THE EXAMPLE OF THE MESSINIAN SALINITY CRISIS

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 499 - 514, 03.03.2026

Ayça Doğrul Selver , Güldemin Darbaş

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1755262
https://izlik.org/JA23TG86DK

Öz

The Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) occurred during the late Miocene, approximately 5.96–5.33 million years ago, and is considered one of the most extreme ecological crises in Earth's history. Triggered by climatic and tectonic events, the primary cause was the restriction of water exchange between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. This disconnection led to a significant drop in Mediterranean water levels. Simultaneously, intense evaporation resulted in the deposition of a thick sequence of carbonate and evaporitic minerals, including gypsum, anhydrite, and halite. A large basin subsequently formed, which was later filled with brackish water (Lago Mare). Detailed studies of the MSC began in the 1970s, when sediment cores were recovered during a deep-sea drilling project in the Mediterranean basin. Over the past 50 years, research has primarily focused on stratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, geophysics, tectonics, sedimentology, and paleontology. Recent studies have shown a sharp increase in the abundance of archaeal biomarkers, particularly isoprenoidal glycerol diethers (DGDs) and isoprenoidal glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), in these sediments. Consequently, paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental investigations based on the niche specialization of extremophile archaea complement previous work on the MSC. This review examines the biomarkers used to track climatic and salinity changes during the Messinian Salinity Crisis and provides a methodological overview of their application in paleoclimate studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Messinian Salinity Crisis molecular fossil archaea GDT GDGT

Kaynakça

  • Benson, R. H., Rakic-El Bied, K.& Bonaduce, G. (1991). An important current reversal (influx) in the Rifian Corridor (Morocco) at the Tortonian-Messinian boundary: The end of Tethys Ocean. Paleoceanography, 6(1), 165-192.
  • Birgel, D., Guido, A., Liu, X., Hinrichs, K. U., Gier, S.& Peckmann, J. (2014). Hypersaline conditions during deposition of the Calcare di Base revealed from archaeal di- and tetraether inventories. Organic Geochemistry, 77, 11-21.
  • Bryant, D. A., Costas, A. M. G., Maresca, J. A., Chew, A. G. M., Klatt, C. G., Bateson, M. M.& Ward, D. M. (2007). Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum: an aerobic phototrophic Acidobacterium. Science (New York, N.Y.), 317(5837), 523-526.
  • Butiseacă, G. A., van der Meer, M. T. J., Kontakiotis, G., Agiadi, K., Thivaiou, D., Besiou, E.& Vasiliev, I. (2022). Multiple crises preceded the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis: Aridification and vegetation changes revealed by biomarkers and stable isotopes. Global and Planetary Change, 217(August).
  • Butiseacă, G. A., Vasiliev, I., van der Meer, M. T. J., Krijgsman, W., Palcu, D. V., Feurdean, A.& Mulch, A. (2021). Severe late Miocene droughts affected western Eurasia. Global and Planetary Change, 206(September).
  • Chambell, N.A. (1996). Biology. Fourth Edition. University of California, Riverside. Publisher, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. 1296 s.
  • Christeleit, E. C., Brandon, M. T.&Zhuang, G. (2015). Evidence for deep-water deposition of abyssal Mediterranean evaporites during the Messinian salinity crisis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 427, 226-235.
  • Clauzon, G., Suc, J.-P., Gautier, F., Berger, A.& Loutre, M.-F. (1996). Alternate interpretation of the Messinian Salinity Crisis: controversy resolved?. Geology, 24, 363-366.
  • D. Birgel, M. Natalicchio, J. Peckmann, X.-L. Liu, K.-U. &Hinrichs, F. D. P. (2017). Testing the Reliability of Gdgt-Based Proxies At the Advent of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Europian Association of Organic Geochemistry, 106-108.
  • Dedysh, S. N., Pankratov, T. A., Belova, S. E., Kulichevskaya, I. S.& Liesack, W. (2006). Phylogenetic Analysis and In Situ Identification of Bacteria Community Composition in an Acidic Sphagnum Peat Bog. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, (3), 2110-2117.
  • De Jonge, C., Hopmans, E. C., Zell, C. I., Kim, J. H., Schouten, S.& Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2014). Occurrence and abundance of 6-methyl branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in soils: Implications for palaeoclimate reconstruction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 141, 97-112.
  • De Jonge, C., Stadnitskaia, A., Hopmans, E. C., Cherkashov, G., Fedotov, A.& Damste, J. S. S. (2014). In situ produced branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in suspended particulate matter from the Yenisei River, Eastern Siberia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 125, 476-491.
  • DeLong, E. F., King, L. L., Massana, R., Cittone, H., Murray, A., Schleper, C.& Wakeham, S. G. (1998). Dibiphytanyl ether lipids in nonthermophilic crenarchaeotes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64(3), 1133-1138.
  • De Rosa, M.&Gambacorta, A. (1988). The lipids of archaebacteria. Progress in Lipid Research, 27(3), 153-175. Dunbar, J., Barns, S. M., Ticknor, L. O.& Kuske, C. R. (2002). Empirical and theoretical bacterial diversity in four Arizona soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(6), 3035-3045.
  • Falagán, C., Foesel, B.& Johnson, B. (2017). Acidicapsa ferrireducens sp. nov., Acidicapsa acidiphila sp. nov., and Granulicella acidiphila sp. nov.: novel acidobacteria isolated from metal-rich acidic waters. Extremophiles, 21(3), 459-469.
  • Germany, S., Acharya, S., Zech, R., Strobel, P., Bliedtner, M.& Jonge, C. De. (2023). Environmental controls on the distribution of GDGT molecules in Lake Höglwörth, Southern Germany. Organic Geochemistry, 104689.
  • Govers, R. (2009). Choking the Mediterranean to dehydration: The Messinian salinity crisis. Geology, 37(2), 167-170.
  • Günther, F., Thiele, A., Gleixner, G., Xu, B., Yao, T.& Schouten, S. (2014). Distribution of bacterial and archaeal ether lipids in soils and surface sediments of Tibetan lakes: Implications for GDGT-based proxies in saline high mountain lakes. Organic Geochemistry, 67, 19-30.
  • Halamka, T. A., Raberg, J. H., McFarlin, J. M., Younkin, A. D., Mulligan, C., Liu, X. L.& Kopf, S. H. (2023). Production of diverse brGDGTs by Acidobacterium Solibacter usitatus in response to temperature, pH, and O2 provides a culturing perspective on brGDGT proxies and biosynthesis. Geobiology, 21(1), 102-118.
  • Herbert, T. D., Lawrence, K. T., Tzanova, A., Peterson, L. C., Caballero-Gill, R.& Kelly, C. S. (2016). Late Miocene global cooling and the rise of modern ecosystems. Nature Geoscience, 9(11), 843-847.
  • He, Y., Wang, H., Meng, B., Liu, H., Zhou, A., Song, M.& Liu, Z. (2020). Appraisal of alkenone- and archaeal ether-based salinity indicators in mid-latitude Asian lakes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 538, 116236.
  • Hsü, K., Cita, M.& Ryan, W. (1973). The origin of the Mediterranean evaporites. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 13, 1203-1231.
  • Hsü K.J, Ryan W.B.F.& Cita M.B. (1973). Late Miocene desiccation of the Mediterranean. Nature, 242, 240-244.
  • Huguet, A., Grossi, V., Belmahdi, I., Fosse, C.& Derenne, S. (2015). Archaeal and bacterial tetraether lipids in tropical ponds with contrasting salinity (Guadeloupe, French West Indies): Implications for tetraether-based environmental proxies. Organic Geochemistry, 83-84, 158-169.
  • Kim, J.-H., Zell, C., Moreira-Turcq, P., P., P. M. A., Abril, G., Mortillaro, J.-M.& Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2012). Tracing soil organic carbon in the lower Amazon River and its tributaries using GDGT distributions and bulk organic matter properties. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 90(1), 163-180.
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  • Liu, W., Wang, H., Zhang, C. L., Liu, Z.& He, Y. (2013). Distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids along an altitudinal transect on Mt. Xiangpi, NE Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Organic Geochemistry, 57, 76-83.
  • Mascle, G.& Mascle, J. (2019). The Messinian salinity legacy: 50 years later. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, 1(1), 5-15.
  • Naafs, B. D. A., Gallego-Sala, A. V., Inglis, G. N.& Pancost, R. D. (2017). Refining the global branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (brGDGT) soil temperature calibration. Organic Geochemistry, 106, 48-56.
  • Natalicchio, M., Birgel, D., Dela Pierre, F., Ziegenbalg, S., Hoffmann-Sell, L., Gier, S.& Peckmann, J. (2022). Messinian bottom-grown selenitic gypsum: An archive of microbial life. Geobiology, 20(1), 3-21.
  • Natalicchio, M., Birgel, D., Peckmann, J., Lozar, F., Carnevale, G., Liu, X.& Dela Pierre, F. (2017). An archaeal biomarker record of paleoenvironmental change across the onset of the Messinian salinity crisis in the absence of evaporites (Piedmont Basin, Italy). Organic Geochemistry, 113, 242-253.
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EKOLOJİK DEĞİŞİMLERDE MOLEKÜLER FOSİLLERİN KULLANIMI: MESSİNİYEN TUZLULUK KRİZİ ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 499 - 514, 03.03.2026

Ayça Doğrul Selver , Güldemin Darbaş

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1755262
https://izlik.org/JA23TG86DK

Öz

Messiniyen Tuzluluk krizi (MTK), jeoloji tarihinde son 20 milyon yılda meydana gelmiş en şiddetli ekolojik krizlerinden birisi olarak tanımlanır. İklimsel ve tektonik olayların tetiklediği bu olayın ana sebebi, Atlantik Okyanusu ile Akdeniz’in izolasyonudur. Bağlantının kesilmesi ile su bütçesi kısıtlanmış ve Akdeniz’in su seviyesinde büyük bir düşüş meydana gelmiştir. Aynı zamanda güçlü buharlaşma sebebiyle, Akdeniz’in tabanında karbonat mineralleri ile jips, anhidrit ve halit gibi evaporitik minerallerden oluşan oldukça kalın bir istif çökelmiştir. Sonrasında büyük bir erozyon meydana gelmiş ve ardından acı su (Lago Mare) ile dolmuştur. 1970 yılında, Akdeniz havzasında yürütülen derin deniz sondaj projesi sırasında, deniz tabanının altında evaporitlerin bulunmasıyla birlikte MTK daha ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmaya başlanmıştır. İlgili araştırmalar, son 50 yılda özellikle stratigrafi, manyetostratigrafi, jeofizik, tektonik, sedimantoloji ve paleontoloji çalışmalarıyla yürütülmüştür. Son yıllarda özellikle bu çökellerde, izoprenoidal dialkil gliserol dieterler (DGD'ler) ve izoprenoidal gliserol dialkil gliserol tetraeterler (GDGT'ler) tarafından temsil edilen arkeal moleküler fosillerin bolluğunda keskin bir artışın olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Bu nedenle, ekstremofil (ekstrem çevresel koşullarda yaşayabilen) arkeaların moleküler fosilleri kullanılarak yapılan paleoiklimsel ve paleortamsal çalışmalar MTK ile ilgili önceki çalışmalara eklenmiştir. Bu incelemede de Messiniyen Tuzluluk Krizinin iklimsel ve tuzluluk değişimlerinin araştırılmasında kullanılan biyobelirteçler ele alınmakta ve paleoiklim çalışmalarında kullanımları metodolojik olarak tanıtılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Messiniyen Tuzluluk Krizi moleküler fosil arkea GDT GDGT

Etik Beyan

Etik beyana gerek yoktur

Destekleyen Kurum

Herhangi bir kurum desteklememektedir

Kaynakça

  • Benson, R. H., Rakic-El Bied, K.& Bonaduce, G. (1991). An important current reversal (influx) in the Rifian Corridor (Morocco) at the Tortonian-Messinian boundary: The end of Tethys Ocean. Paleoceanography, 6(1), 165-192.
  • Birgel, D., Guido, A., Liu, X., Hinrichs, K. U., Gier, S.& Peckmann, J. (2014). Hypersaline conditions during deposition of the Calcare di Base revealed from archaeal di- and tetraether inventories. Organic Geochemistry, 77, 11-21.
  • Bryant, D. A., Costas, A. M. G., Maresca, J. A., Chew, A. G. M., Klatt, C. G., Bateson, M. M.& Ward, D. M. (2007). Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum: an aerobic phototrophic Acidobacterium. Science (New York, N.Y.), 317(5837), 523-526.
  • Butiseacă, G. A., van der Meer, M. T. J., Kontakiotis, G., Agiadi, K., Thivaiou, D., Besiou, E.& Vasiliev, I. (2022). Multiple crises preceded the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis: Aridification and vegetation changes revealed by biomarkers and stable isotopes. Global and Planetary Change, 217(August).
  • Butiseacă, G. A., Vasiliev, I., van der Meer, M. T. J., Krijgsman, W., Palcu, D. V., Feurdean, A.& Mulch, A. (2021). Severe late Miocene droughts affected western Eurasia. Global and Planetary Change, 206(September).
  • Chambell, N.A. (1996). Biology. Fourth Edition. University of California, Riverside. Publisher, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. 1296 s.
  • Christeleit, E. C., Brandon, M. T.&Zhuang, G. (2015). Evidence for deep-water deposition of abyssal Mediterranean evaporites during the Messinian salinity crisis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 427, 226-235.
  • Clauzon, G., Suc, J.-P., Gautier, F., Berger, A.& Loutre, M.-F. (1996). Alternate interpretation of the Messinian Salinity Crisis: controversy resolved?. Geology, 24, 363-366.
  • D. Birgel, M. Natalicchio, J. Peckmann, X.-L. Liu, K.-U. &Hinrichs, F. D. P. (2017). Testing the Reliability of Gdgt-Based Proxies At the Advent of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Europian Association of Organic Geochemistry, 106-108.
  • Dedysh, S. N., Pankratov, T. A., Belova, S. E., Kulichevskaya, I. S.& Liesack, W. (2006). Phylogenetic Analysis and In Situ Identification of Bacteria Community Composition in an Acidic Sphagnum Peat Bog. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, (3), 2110-2117.
  • De Jonge, C., Hopmans, E. C., Zell, C. I., Kim, J. H., Schouten, S.& Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2014). Occurrence and abundance of 6-methyl branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in soils: Implications for palaeoclimate reconstruction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 141, 97-112.
  • De Jonge, C., Stadnitskaia, A., Hopmans, E. C., Cherkashov, G., Fedotov, A.& Damste, J. S. S. (2014). In situ produced branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers in suspended particulate matter from the Yenisei River, Eastern Siberia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 125, 476-491.
  • DeLong, E. F., King, L. L., Massana, R., Cittone, H., Murray, A., Schleper, C.& Wakeham, S. G. (1998). Dibiphytanyl ether lipids in nonthermophilic crenarchaeotes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 64(3), 1133-1138.
  • De Rosa, M.&Gambacorta, A. (1988). The lipids of archaebacteria. Progress in Lipid Research, 27(3), 153-175. Dunbar, J., Barns, S. M., Ticknor, L. O.& Kuske, C. R. (2002). Empirical and theoretical bacterial diversity in four Arizona soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(6), 3035-3045.
  • Falagán, C., Foesel, B.& Johnson, B. (2017). Acidicapsa ferrireducens sp. nov., Acidicapsa acidiphila sp. nov., and Granulicella acidiphila sp. nov.: novel acidobacteria isolated from metal-rich acidic waters. Extremophiles, 21(3), 459-469.
  • Germany, S., Acharya, S., Zech, R., Strobel, P., Bliedtner, M.& Jonge, C. De. (2023). Environmental controls on the distribution of GDGT molecules in Lake Höglwörth, Southern Germany. Organic Geochemistry, 104689.
  • Govers, R. (2009). Choking the Mediterranean to dehydration: The Messinian salinity crisis. Geology, 37(2), 167-170.
  • Günther, F., Thiele, A., Gleixner, G., Xu, B., Yao, T.& Schouten, S. (2014). Distribution of bacterial and archaeal ether lipids in soils and surface sediments of Tibetan lakes: Implications for GDGT-based proxies in saline high mountain lakes. Organic Geochemistry, 67, 19-30.
  • Halamka, T. A., Raberg, J. H., McFarlin, J. M., Younkin, A. D., Mulligan, C., Liu, X. L.& Kopf, S. H. (2023). Production of diverse brGDGTs by Acidobacterium Solibacter usitatus in response to temperature, pH, and O2 provides a culturing perspective on brGDGT proxies and biosynthesis. Geobiology, 21(1), 102-118.
  • Herbert, T. D., Lawrence, K. T., Tzanova, A., Peterson, L. C., Caballero-Gill, R.& Kelly, C. S. (2016). Late Miocene global cooling and the rise of modern ecosystems. Nature Geoscience, 9(11), 843-847.
  • He, Y., Wang, H., Meng, B., Liu, H., Zhou, A., Song, M.& Liu, Z. (2020). Appraisal of alkenone- and archaeal ether-based salinity indicators in mid-latitude Asian lakes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 538, 116236.
  • Hsü, K., Cita, M.& Ryan, W. (1973). The origin of the Mediterranean evaporites. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 13, 1203-1231.
  • Hsü K.J, Ryan W.B.F.& Cita M.B. (1973). Late Miocene desiccation of the Mediterranean. Nature, 242, 240-244.
  • Huguet, A., Grossi, V., Belmahdi, I., Fosse, C.& Derenne, S. (2015). Archaeal and bacterial tetraether lipids in tropical ponds with contrasting salinity (Guadeloupe, French West Indies): Implications for tetraether-based environmental proxies. Organic Geochemistry, 83-84, 158-169.
  • Kim, J.-H., Zell, C., Moreira-Turcq, P., P., P. M. A., Abril, G., Mortillaro, J.-M.& Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2012). Tracing soil organic carbon in the lower Amazon River and its tributaries using GDGT distributions and bulk organic matter properties. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 90(1), 163-180.
  • Krijgsman, W., Hilgen, F., Raffi, I., Sierro, F.& Wilsonk, D. (1999). Chronology, causes and progression of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Nature, 400.
  • Liu, W., Wang, H., Zhang, C. L., Liu, Z.& He, Y. (2013). Distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids along an altitudinal transect on Mt. Xiangpi, NE Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. Organic Geochemistry, 57, 76-83.
  • Mascle, G.& Mascle, J. (2019). The Messinian salinity legacy: 50 years later. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, 1(1), 5-15.
  • Naafs, B. D. A., Gallego-Sala, A. V., Inglis, G. N.& Pancost, R. D. (2017). Refining the global branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (brGDGT) soil temperature calibration. Organic Geochemistry, 106, 48-56.
  • Natalicchio, M., Birgel, D., Dela Pierre, F., Ziegenbalg, S., Hoffmann-Sell, L., Gier, S.& Peckmann, J. (2022). Messinian bottom-grown selenitic gypsum: An archive of microbial life. Geobiology, 20(1), 3-21.
  • Natalicchio, M., Birgel, D., Peckmann, J., Lozar, F., Carnevale, G., Liu, X.& Dela Pierre, F. (2017). An archaeal biomarker record of paleoenvironmental change across the onset of the Messinian salinity crisis in the absence of evaporites (Piedmont Basin, Italy). Organic Geochemistry, 113, 242-253.
  • Nazik, A. Türkmen, İ., Aksoy, E., Orhan, H., Koç Tşgın, C., Ognjanova Rumenova, N., Şeker, E. (2013). Güneydoğu Anadolu'da Neotetis'in Kapanması ile ilgili yeni paleontolojik ve sedimantolojik veriler. TPJD Bülteni, 25, (1), 29-53.
  • Pankratov, T. A., Serkebaeva, Y. M., Kulichevskaya, I. S., Liesack, W.& Dedysh, S. N. (2008). Substrate-induced growth and isolation of Acidobacteria from acidic Sphagnum peat. ISME Journal, 2(5), 551-560.
  • Pearson, E. J., Juggins, S.& Farrimond, P. (2008). Distribution and significance of long-chain alkenones as salinity and temperature indicators in Spanish saline lake sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72(16), 4035-4046.
  • Pearson, E. J., Juggins, S., Talbot, H. M., Weckström, J., Rosén, P., Ryves, D. B.& Schmidt, R. (2011). A lacustrine GDGT-temperature calibration from the Scandinavian Arctic to Antarctic: Renewed potential for the application of GDGT-paleothermometry in lakes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75(20), 6225-6238.
  • Powers, L., Werne, J. P., Vanderwoude, A. J., Sinninghe Damsté, J. S., Hopmans, E. C.& Schouten, S. (2010). Applicability and calibration of the TEX86 paleothermometer in lakes. Organic Geochemistry, 41(4), 404-413.
  • Roveri, M., Flecker, R., Krijgsman, W., Lofi, J., Lugli, S., Manzi, V.& Stoica, M. (2014). The Messinian Salinity Crisis: Past and future of a great challenge for marine sciences. Marine Geology, 352, 25-58.
  • Sabino, M., Schefuß, E., Natalicchio, M., Dela Pierre, F., Birgel, D., Bortels, D.& Peckmann, J. (2020). Climatic and hydrologic variability in the northern Mediterranean across the onset of the Messinian salinity crisis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 545(February), 109632.
  • Salocchi, A. C., Krawielicki, J., Eglinton, T. I., Fioroni, C., Fontana, D., Conti, S.& Picotti, V. (2021). Biomarker constraints on Mediterranean climate and ecosystem transitions during the Early-Middle Miocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 562(September 2020), 110092.
  • Schmalz, R. F. (1969). Deep-Water Evaporite Deposition: A Genetic Model1. AAPG Bulletin, 53(4), 798-823.
  • Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Schefuß, E.& Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2002). Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids: a new tool for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 204(1-2), 265-274.
  • Schouten, Stefan, Hopmans, E. C.& Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2013). The organic geochemistry of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids: A review. Organic Geochemistry, 54, 19-61.
  • Şengör A.M.C., (1986). Tetis’in Öyküsü. Yeryuvarı ve İnsan, sayı 37, cilt 11, 7-17
  • Sinninghe Damste, J. S., Hopmans, E. C., Pancost, R. D., Schouten, S.& Geenevasen, J. A. J. (2000). Newly discovered non-isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids in sediments. Chemical Communications, (17), 1683-1684.
  • So, R. T., Lowenstein, T. K., Jagniecki, E., Tierney, J. E.& Feakins, S. J. (2022). Holocene water balance variations in Great Salt Lake, Utah: application of GDGT incides and the ACE salinity proxy. ESSOAr.
  • Spang, A., Caceres, E. F.& Ettema, T. J. G. (2017). Genomic exploration of the diversity, ecology, and evolution of the archaeal domain of life. Science, 357(6351), eaaf3883.
  • Summons, R. E., Welander, P. V.& Gold, D. A. (2022). Lipid biomarkers: molecular tools for illuminating the history of microbial life. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 20(3), 174-185.
  • Tierney, J. E.& Russell, J. M. (2009). Distributions of branched GDGTs in a tropical lake system: Implications for lacustrine application of the MBT/CBT paleoproxy. Organic Geochemistry, 40(9), 1032-1036.
  • Turich, C.& Freeman, K. H. (2011). Archaeal lipids record paleosalinity in hypersaline systems. Organic Geochemistry, 42(9), 1147-1157.
  • Vasiliev, I., Boehn, D., Volkovskaja, D., Schmitt, C.& Agiadi, K. (2023). A warmer Mediterranean region at the Miocene to Pliocene transition, (Stage 3).
  • Wang, H., Liu, W., Zhang, C. L., Jiang, H., Dong, H., Lu, H.& Wang, J. (2013). Assessing the ratio of archaeol to caldarchaeol as a salinity proxy in highland lakes on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Organic Geochemistry, 54, 69-77.
  • Weijers, J. W. H., Schouten, S., van Den Donker, J. C., Hopmans, E. C.& Sinninghe Damste, J. S. (2007). Environmental controls on bacterial tetraether membrane lipid distribution in soils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71(3), 703-713.
  • Woese, C. R., Kandler, O.& Wheelis, M. L. (1990). Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87(12), 4576-4579.
  • Yang, H., Wang, J. D., Lo, T. C.& Chen, P. C. (2013). Occupational Exposure to Herbs Containing Aristolochic Acids Increases the Risk of Urothelial Carcinoma in Chinese Herbalists. Journal of Urology, 189(1), 48-52.
  • Zell, C., Kim, J.-H., Hollander, D., Lorenzoni, L., Baker, P., Silva, C. G.& S., S. D. J. (2014). Sources and distributions of branched and isoprenoid tetraether lipids on the Amazon shelf and fan: Implications for the use of GDGT-based proxies in marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 139, 293-312.
  • Zhu, C., Talbot, H. M., Wagner, T., Pan, J. M.& Pancost, R. (2011). Distribution of hopanoids along a land to sea transect: Implications for microbial ecology and the use of hopanoids in environmental studies. Limnology and Oceanography, 56(5), 1850-1865.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Genel Jeoloji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ayça Doğrul Selver 0000-0002-9003-5439

Güldemin Darbaş 0000-0001-9763-5923

Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 10 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1755262
IZ https://izlik.org/JA23TG86DK
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğrul Selver, A., & Darbaş, G. (2026). EKOLOJİK DEĞİŞİMLERDE MOLEKÜLER FOSİLLERİN KULLANIMI: MESSİNİYEN TUZLULUK KRİZİ ÖRNEĞİ. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1), 499-514. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1755262