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SİİRT İLİNDE KARSTİK OLUŞUMLARIN MÜHENDİSLİK YAPILARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİNİN SAHA ÇALIŞMALARI İLE İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 111 - 123, 03.03.2026

Murat Gülen , Ersin Ayhan

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1769559
https://izlik.org/JA46ZC72JJ

Öz

Kireçtaşı ve dolomit, yer altı ve yüzey sularına maruz kaldıklarında yavaşça çözünen karbonat kayaçlarıdır ve bu süreç karstik yapıların gelişimine neden olur. Zayıf karbonik asit içeren yağmur suyu, kayaçlardaki mevcut çatlak ve eklemleri genişleterek boşluklar, mağaralar ve yer altı kanalları oluşturur. Bu yapılar, yapı yükleri, yağış, yer altı su seviyesi değişimleri, iklimsel farklılıklar ve sismik etkiler gibi dış faktörlere oldukça duyarlıdır. Küçük hidrojeolojik veya dinamik değişiklikler bile zeminin stabilitesini bozarak ani oturma ya da çökme gibi sorunlara yol açar. Bu süreçlerin anlaşılması, karbonat zeminler üzerinde inşa edilen mühendislik yapılarının güvenliği için büyük önem taşır. Siirt ilinde karstik karbonat kayaçları, birçok mühendislik yapısının bulunduğu alanlarda yaygın olarak görülür. Bu birimler doğal koşullarda kararlı görünse de dış etkiler taşıma gücü kayıplarına ve yüzey deformasyonlarına neden olur. Bu çalışma kapsamında, 700’den fazla sondaj kaydı incelenmiş; 147 parselde jeofizik ölçümler ve arazi gözlemleri değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca ilin farklı bölgelerindeki vakalar analiz edilerek stabilite kaybı mekanizmaları belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, karst riski taşıyan alanlarda inşaata başlamadan önce kapsamlı geoteknik ve jeofizik araştırmalar yapılması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Güvenli ve sürdürülebilir kentleşme için jeolojik ve hidrojeolojik verilerin planlamaya entegre edilmesi de büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Karstik oluşumlar dinamik etkiler taşıma kapasitesinin azalması ani çökme stabilite

Kaynakça

  • Colas, P. R., Reeder, P., & Webster, J. (2000). The ritual use of a cave on the Northern Vaca Plateau, Belize, Central America. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 62(1), 3–10.
  • Boggs, S. (2014). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy (5th ed.). Pearson.
  • Yazıcı, Ö. (2016). Türkiye’nin genel karstik özellikleri. In H. Akengin & İ. Dölek (Eds.), Türkiye’nin fiziki coğrafyası (2. baskı, ss. 189–209). Pegem Akademi.
  • Lolcama, J. L., Cohen, H. A., & Tonkin, M. J. (2002). Deep karst conduits, flooding, and sinkholes: Lessons for the aggregates industry. Engineering Geology, 65(2–3), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00122-3
  • Pueyo Anchuela, Ó., López Julián, P., Casas Sainz, A. M., Liesa, C. L., Pocoví Juan, A., Ramajo Cordero, J., & Pérez Benedicto, J. A. (2015). Three-dimensional characterization of complex mantled karst structures: Decision making and engineering solutions applied to a road overlying evaporite rocks in the Ebro Basin (Spain). Engineering Geology, 193, 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.04.022
  • Yan, Y., Dai, Q., Jin, L., & Wang, X. (2019). Geometric morphology and soil properties of shallow karst fissures in an area of karst rocky desertification in SW China. Catena, 174, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.10.042
  • Goldscheider, N., & Chen, Z. (2022). Hydrogeology and vulnerability of karst aquifers: An overview. Journal of Hydrology, 614, 128671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128671
  • Stevanović, Z., Gunn, J., Goldscheider, N., & Ravbar, N. (2024). Karst: Environment and management of aquifers. The Ground Water Project.
  • Klimchouk, A. B. (2007). Hypogene speleogenesis: Hydrogeological and morphogenetic perspective. National Cave and Karst Research Institute.
  • Hill, C. A., & Forti, P. (1997). Cave minerals of the world (2nd ed.). National Speleological Society. Fairchild, I. J., & Baker, A. (2012). Speleothem science. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • White, W. B. (1985). Geomorphology and hydrology of karst terrains. Oxford University Press.
  • Zerga, B. (2024). Karst environments: Characteristics, processes, and management implications. Watershed Ecology and the Environment, 6, 252–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2024.10.003
  • Nazik, L. (2019). Caves and karst areas of Turkey. In A. Öztürk (Ed.), Karst and caves of the world (pp. 283–304).
  • Yılmaz, İ. (2007). GIS-based susceptibility mapping of karst depression in gypsum: A case study from Sivas Basin (Turkey). Engineering Geology, 90(1–2), 89–103.
  • Brady, N. C., & Weil, R. R. (2016). The nature and properties of soils (15th ed.). Pearson Education.
  • Yaalon, D. H. (1997). Soils in the Mediterranean region: What makes them different? Catena, 28(3–4), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(96)00035-5
  • Bronger, A., & Bruhn-Lobin, N. (1997). Paleopedology of Terrae rossae—Rodoxeralfs from Quaternary calcarenites in NW Morocco. Catena, 28(3–4), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(96)00043-4
  • Ford, D., & Williams, P. (2013). Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118684986
  • Parise, M. (2010). Hazards in karst. Cave and Karst Science, 36(3), 67–74.
  • Waltham, T., Bell, F., & Culshaw, M. (2005). Sinkholes and subsidence: Karst and cavernous rocks in engineering and construction. Springer.
  • Gutiérrez, F., Parise, M., De Waele, J., & Jourde, H. (2014). A review on natural and human-induced geohazards and impacts in karst. Earth-Science Reviews, 138, 61–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.08.002
  • Pavlič, M. U., & Praznik, B. (2011). Detecting karstic zones during highway construction using ground-penetrating radar. Acta Geotechnica Slovenica, 8(1), 16–27.
  • Bačić, M., Librić, L., Kaćunić, D. J., & Kovačević, M. S. (2020). The usefulness of seismic surveys for geotechnical engineering in karst: Some practical examples. Geosciences, 10(10), 406.
  • Dotson, D. W., & Tarquinio, F. S. (2003). A creative solution to problems with foundation construction in karst. In Sinkholes and the engineering and environmental impacts of karst (pp. 627–634).
  • Doğan, U., Koçyiğit, A., & Yeşilyurt, S. (2019). The relationship between Kestel Polje system and the Antalya Tufa Plateau: Their morphotectonic evolution in Isparta Angle, Antalya-Turkey. Geomorphology, 334, 112–125.
  • Ershad, A. (2019). Erosional & depositional features of karst landforms. Department of Geography, Ananda Chandra College.
  • Tao, Y., & Rao, J. (2022). Construction analysis of Guiyang Metro passing across Guiyang Railway Station in karst zone. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 126, 104541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104541
  • Cooper, A. H., Farrant, A. R., & Price, S. J. (2011). The use of karst geomorphology for planning, hazard avoidance and development in Great Britain. Geomorphology, 134(1–2), 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.06.004
  • Tacim, G., Posluk, E., & Gokceoglu, C. (2023). Importance of grouting for tunneling in karstic and complex environment: A case study from Türkiye. Geo-Engineering, 14(6). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-023-00183-0
  • Gracia, A., Torrijo, F. J., Garzón-Roca, J., & Pérez-Picallo, M. (2024). Identification and mitigation of subsidence in karstic areas with sustainable geotechnical structures: A case study in Gallur (Spain). Sustainability, 16(9), 3643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093643
  • Abdeltawab, S. (2013). Karst limestone foundation geotechnical problems, detection and treatment: Case studies from Egypt and Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 4(5), 376–387.
  • Stan-Kłeczek, I., Pierwoła, J., Marciniak, A., & et al. (2022). Multimethod geophysical investigation in karst areas: Case studies from Silesia, Poland. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 81, 230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02726-8
  • Pisano, L., Zumpano, V., Pepe, M., Liso, I. S., & Parise, M. (2022). Assessing karst landscape degradation: A case study in southern Italy. Land, 11(10), 1842. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101842
  • Li, Z.-Q., Yan, H., Nie, L., Chen, A., Zhang, D., & Sun, X. (2025). Comprehensive detection method and assessment of karst development characteristics of diversion aqueduct: A case study in Yunnan, China. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 242, 105888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.105888
  • Günay, G., Güner, N., & Törk, K. (2015). Turkish karst aquifers. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(1), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4298-6
  • Şahin, İzbırak, Harita, Doğanay, Erinç, & Atalay. (2002). Karst topografyası. https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/121795/mod_resource/content/0/Konu%206.pdf
  • Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü (TKGM). (2025). Parsel sorgu ekranı. https://www.tkgm.gov.tr/
  • Chen, X., Gao, X., Li, H., Xue, M., Gan, X., & Song, Y. (2023). Model test analysis of groundwater level fluctuations on karst cover deformation taking the monolithic structure of Guilin as an example. Applied Sciences, 13(3), 1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031747
  • Kartal, V., Yavuz, V. S., Ariman, S., Kaya, K., Alkanjo, S., & Simsek, O. (2024). Climate change trends in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Türkiye: Precipitation and drought. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 15(12), 5893–5919. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2024.503
  • Akyildiz, M. H., & Ayhan, E. (2022). 2007 ve 2018 yılları Türkiye deprem yönetmeliklerine göre zemin parametreleri ve deprem verilerinin karşılaştırılması; Siirt ili vaka çalışması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaumfd.1095089
  • Damcı, E., Temur, R., Bekdaş, G., & Sayin, B. (2015). Damages and causes on the structures during the October 23, 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 3, 112–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2015.10.001
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FIELD STUDIES INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF KARSTIC FORMATIONS ON ENGINEERİNG STRUCTURES IN SIIRT PROVINCE

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 111 - 123, 03.03.2026

Murat Gülen , Ersin Ayhan

https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1769559
https://izlik.org/JA46ZC72JJ

Öz

Limestone and dolomite are carbonate rocks that gradually dissolve when exposed to groundwater and surface water, leading to the development of karstic features. Rainwater containing weak carbonic acid enlarges existing fractures and joints, forming voids, caves, and underground channels. These structures are highly sensitive to external influences such as structural loads, rainfall, groundwater fluctuations, climatic variations, and seismic activity. Even small hydrogeological or dynamic changes can disrupt the stability and cause sudden settlement or collapse. Understanding these processes is essential for ensuring the safety of engineering structures founded on carbonate terrains. In Siirt Province, karstic carbonate rocks are widespread in areas where various engineering structures are located. While these units seem stable under natural conditions, external factors can cause abrupt losses in bearing capacity and surface deformation, adversely affecting structural performance. This study evaluates more than 700 boreholes, supported by geophysical measurements and field observations across 147 plots. Additionally, several case studies were examined to identify mechanisms of stability loss in different parts of the province. The findings highlight that thorough geotechnical and geophysical investigations are necessary prior to construction in karst-prone zones. Integrating geological and hydrogeological data into urban planning is also crucial for ensuring safe and sustainable development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Karst formations dynamic effects loss of bearing capacity sudden settlement stability

Kaynakça

  • Colas, P. R., Reeder, P., & Webster, J. (2000). The ritual use of a cave on the Northern Vaca Plateau, Belize, Central America. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 62(1), 3–10.
  • Boggs, S. (2014). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy (5th ed.). Pearson.
  • Yazıcı, Ö. (2016). Türkiye’nin genel karstik özellikleri. In H. Akengin & İ. Dölek (Eds.), Türkiye’nin fiziki coğrafyası (2. baskı, ss. 189–209). Pegem Akademi.
  • Lolcama, J. L., Cohen, H. A., & Tonkin, M. J. (2002). Deep karst conduits, flooding, and sinkholes: Lessons for the aggregates industry. Engineering Geology, 65(2–3), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00122-3
  • Pueyo Anchuela, Ó., López Julián, P., Casas Sainz, A. M., Liesa, C. L., Pocoví Juan, A., Ramajo Cordero, J., & Pérez Benedicto, J. A. (2015). Three-dimensional characterization of complex mantled karst structures: Decision making and engineering solutions applied to a road overlying evaporite rocks in the Ebro Basin (Spain). Engineering Geology, 193, 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.04.022
  • Yan, Y., Dai, Q., Jin, L., & Wang, X. (2019). Geometric morphology and soil properties of shallow karst fissures in an area of karst rocky desertification in SW China. Catena, 174, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.10.042
  • Goldscheider, N., & Chen, Z. (2022). Hydrogeology and vulnerability of karst aquifers: An overview. Journal of Hydrology, 614, 128671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128671
  • Stevanović, Z., Gunn, J., Goldscheider, N., & Ravbar, N. (2024). Karst: Environment and management of aquifers. The Ground Water Project.
  • Klimchouk, A. B. (2007). Hypogene speleogenesis: Hydrogeological and morphogenetic perspective. National Cave and Karst Research Institute.
  • Hill, C. A., & Forti, P. (1997). Cave minerals of the world (2nd ed.). National Speleological Society. Fairchild, I. J., & Baker, A. (2012). Speleothem science. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • White, W. B. (1985). Geomorphology and hydrology of karst terrains. Oxford University Press.
  • Zerga, B. (2024). Karst environments: Characteristics, processes, and management implications. Watershed Ecology and the Environment, 6, 252–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2024.10.003
  • Nazik, L. (2019). Caves and karst areas of Turkey. In A. Öztürk (Ed.), Karst and caves of the world (pp. 283–304).
  • Yılmaz, İ. (2007). GIS-based susceptibility mapping of karst depression in gypsum: A case study from Sivas Basin (Turkey). Engineering Geology, 90(1–2), 89–103.
  • Brady, N. C., & Weil, R. R. (2016). The nature and properties of soils (15th ed.). Pearson Education.
  • Yaalon, D. H. (1997). Soils in the Mediterranean region: What makes them different? Catena, 28(3–4), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(96)00035-5
  • Bronger, A., & Bruhn-Lobin, N. (1997). Paleopedology of Terrae rossae—Rodoxeralfs from Quaternary calcarenites in NW Morocco. Catena, 28(3–4), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(96)00043-4
  • Ford, D., & Williams, P. (2013). Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118684986
  • Parise, M. (2010). Hazards in karst. Cave and Karst Science, 36(3), 67–74.
  • Waltham, T., Bell, F., & Culshaw, M. (2005). Sinkholes and subsidence: Karst and cavernous rocks in engineering and construction. Springer.
  • Gutiérrez, F., Parise, M., De Waele, J., & Jourde, H. (2014). A review on natural and human-induced geohazards and impacts in karst. Earth-Science Reviews, 138, 61–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.08.002
  • Pavlič, M. U., & Praznik, B. (2011). Detecting karstic zones during highway construction using ground-penetrating radar. Acta Geotechnica Slovenica, 8(1), 16–27.
  • Bačić, M., Librić, L., Kaćunić, D. J., & Kovačević, M. S. (2020). The usefulness of seismic surveys for geotechnical engineering in karst: Some practical examples. Geosciences, 10(10), 406.
  • Dotson, D. W., & Tarquinio, F. S. (2003). A creative solution to problems with foundation construction in karst. In Sinkholes and the engineering and environmental impacts of karst (pp. 627–634).
  • Doğan, U., Koçyiğit, A., & Yeşilyurt, S. (2019). The relationship between Kestel Polje system and the Antalya Tufa Plateau: Their morphotectonic evolution in Isparta Angle, Antalya-Turkey. Geomorphology, 334, 112–125.
  • Ershad, A. (2019). Erosional & depositional features of karst landforms. Department of Geography, Ananda Chandra College.
  • Tao, Y., & Rao, J. (2022). Construction analysis of Guiyang Metro passing across Guiyang Railway Station in karst zone. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 126, 104541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104541
  • Cooper, A. H., Farrant, A. R., & Price, S. J. (2011). The use of karst geomorphology for planning, hazard avoidance and development in Great Britain. Geomorphology, 134(1–2), 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.06.004
  • Tacim, G., Posluk, E., & Gokceoglu, C. (2023). Importance of grouting for tunneling in karstic and complex environment: A case study from Türkiye. Geo-Engineering, 14(6). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-023-00183-0
  • Gracia, A., Torrijo, F. J., Garzón-Roca, J., & Pérez-Picallo, M. (2024). Identification and mitigation of subsidence in karstic areas with sustainable geotechnical structures: A case study in Gallur (Spain). Sustainability, 16(9), 3643. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093643
  • Abdeltawab, S. (2013). Karst limestone foundation geotechnical problems, detection and treatment: Case studies from Egypt and Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 4(5), 376–387.
  • Stan-Kłeczek, I., Pierwoła, J., Marciniak, A., & et al. (2022). Multimethod geophysical investigation in karst areas: Case studies from Silesia, Poland. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 81, 230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02726-8
  • Pisano, L., Zumpano, V., Pepe, M., Liso, I. S., & Parise, M. (2022). Assessing karst landscape degradation: A case study in southern Italy. Land, 11(10), 1842. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101842
  • Li, Z.-Q., Yan, H., Nie, L., Chen, A., Zhang, D., & Sun, X. (2025). Comprehensive detection method and assessment of karst development characteristics of diversion aqueduct: A case study in Yunnan, China. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 242, 105888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2025.105888
  • Günay, G., Güner, N., & Törk, K. (2015). Turkish karst aquifers. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(1), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4298-6
  • Şahin, İzbırak, Harita, Doğanay, Erinç, & Atalay. (2002). Karst topografyası. https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/121795/mod_resource/content/0/Konu%206.pdf
  • Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü (TKGM). (2025). Parsel sorgu ekranı. https://www.tkgm.gov.tr/
  • Chen, X., Gao, X., Li, H., Xue, M., Gan, X., & Song, Y. (2023). Model test analysis of groundwater level fluctuations on karst cover deformation taking the monolithic structure of Guilin as an example. Applied Sciences, 13(3), 1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031747
  • Kartal, V., Yavuz, V. S., Ariman, S., Kaya, K., Alkanjo, S., & Simsek, O. (2024). Climate change trends in the Southeastern Anatolia region of Türkiye: Precipitation and drought. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 15(12), 5893–5919. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2024.503
  • Akyildiz, M. H., & Ayhan, E. (2022). 2007 ve 2018 yılları Türkiye deprem yönetmeliklerine göre zemin parametreleri ve deprem verilerinin karşılaştırılması; Siirt ili vaka çalışması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(1), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaumfd.1095089
  • Damcı, E., Temur, R., Bekdaş, G., & Sayin, B. (2015). Damages and causes on the structures during the October 23, 2011 Van earthquake in Turkey. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 3, 112–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2015.10.001
  • Baba, A., Şaroğlu, F., Akkuş, I., Özel, N., Yeşilnacar, M., Nalbantçılar, M., Demir, M., Gökçen, G., Arslan, Ş., Dursun, N., Uzelli, T., & Yazdani, H. (2019). Geological and hydrogeochemical properties of geothermal systems in the southeastern region of Turkey. Geothermics, 78, 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2018.12.010
  • İmamoğlu, M. Ş., & Çetin, E. (2007). Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesi ve yakın yöresinin depremselliği. Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9, 93–103.
  • Akbaş, Ö. (1999). 27 Haziran 1998 Adana-Ceyhan depremi fay mekanizması. Deprem Araştırma Bülteni, 26(80), 5–108.
  • Doğruyol, M. (2021). Siirt ili deprem tehlike analizi. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 7(1), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd.697600
  • Earthquake Hazards Program. (2025, July 31). USGS. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/
  • Emre, Ö., Duman, T. Y., Özalp, S., Elmacı, H., Olgun, Ş., & Şaroğlu, F. (2013). Açıklamalı Türkiye diri fay haritası (Ölçek 1:1.250.000). Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Özel Yayın Serisi-30.
  • The Guardian. (2021). Giant sinkhole opens in Naples hospital car park. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/08/giant-sinkhole-hospital-car-park-in-naples-italy
  • Zhao, Y., Shi, Y., Wu, F., Sun, R., & Feng, H. (2021). Characterization of the sinkhole failure mechanism induced by concealed cave: A case study. Engineering Failure Analysis, 119, 105017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.105017
  • Reuters. (2025, September 24). Thailand works to tackle massive sinkhole in capital.
  • Cumhuriyet. (2024, October 14). Söke–Kuşadası kara yolu çökme nedeniyle ulaşıma kapatıldı. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/soke-kusadasi-karayolu-cokme-nedeniyle-ulasima-kapatildi-2425442
  • Phi, H. T., Linh, N. T., Lam, D. H., & Thanh, P. T. (2022). Risk of land subsidence related to underground karst caves and solutions, North–South Vietnam Expressway. Iraqi Geological Journal, 55(1A), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.1A.3Ms-2022-01-22
  • Jones, C. J. F. P., & Cooper, A. H. (2005). Road construction over voids caused by active gypsum dissolution, with an example from Ripon, North Yorkshire, England. Environmental Geology, 48, 384–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-005-1282-6
  • Coni, M., Portas, S., Rombi, J., & Maltinti, F. (2023). The effect of subgrade cavity on pavement: A case study. In O. Gervasi et al. (Eds.), Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2023 Workshops (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 14111). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37126-4_17
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İnşaat Geoteknik Mühendisliği, İnşaat Mühendisliğinde Zemin Mekaniği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Murat Gülen 0000-0003-4143-9266

Ersin Ayhan

Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 19 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1769559
IZ https://izlik.org/JA46ZC72JJ
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Gülen, M., & Ayhan, E. (2026). FIELD STUDIES INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF KARSTIC FORMATIONS ON ENGINEERİNG STRUCTURES IN SIIRT PROVINCE. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.17780/ksujes.1769559