Düzeltme: MECHANICAL AND IMPACT PROPERTIES OF WASTE GLASS FIBER POWDER REINFORCED MELAMINE COMPOSITES
Düzeltme Notu
The author’s institutional affiliation was incorrectly stated in this article. The author’s affiliation has been corrected. No changes have been made to the scientific content of the article.
Öz
Glass fiber is the most popular reinforcement material for improving mechanical properties of composites. While tranforming glass fiber filaments to chopped ones, too many waste glass fiber exists. This paper deals with waste glass fiber powder usage in composites with melamin matrix. Tensile strength behaviour, bending resistance, specific gravity and impact resistance of samples were analysed. Results showed that physical form of reinforcing agent in composite mixture was very important in characteristics of end products. Specific gravity of samples increased by increasing amounts of waste glass fiber powder in composites. This change in specific gravity is related with rearrangement of melamin matrix by hot pressing method and high temperature resistance of waste glass fiber powder to heat than that of melamin matrix. Thereto, waste glass fiber powder reinforcement enhanced the tensile resistance and impact strength of composite up to 30% and 20%, respectively. Addition of waste glass fiber powder lead to sharp decrease in bending resistance, approximately 50%.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Waste glass fiber powder composite melamine mechanical properties impact resistance
Destekleyen Kurum
KSU
Proje Numarası
2011/7-10YLS
Teşekkür
Author would like to express very great appreciation to managers and stuff of Özgül Melamin Inc. Co. and Cam Elyaf Inc. Co. for their assistance.
Kaynakça
- Agarwall, B. D., Bioutman, L. J., & Chandrashekhara, K. (2006). Analysis and performance of fiber composites. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- ASTM D792, Standard test methods for density and specific gravity (relative density) of plastics by displacement
- ASTM D3039, Standard test method for tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials
- Bhaskar, V. V. & Srinivas, K. (2017) Mechanical characterization of glass fiber (woven roving/chopped strand mat E-glass fiber) reinforced polyester composites. AIP Conference Proceedings. doi: 10.1063/1.4990261.
- Bhatti, A. R., & Farries, P. M. (2000). Carbon/Carbon, Cement and Ceramic Matrix Composites. In: Warren, R. (Eds), Comprehensive Composite Materials. (4th ed). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Biswas, S., Deo, B., Patnaik, A. & Satapathy, A. (2011) Effect of fiber loading and orientation on mechanical and erosion wear behaviors of glass– epoxy composites. Polymer Composites. 32, 665-674.
- Callister, W. D. (2006). Materials science and engineering: an introduction. (7th ed). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Gibbons, J. H. (1988). Polymer matrix composites in advanced materials by design. Washington: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment.
- Harper, C. A. (2002). Handbook of plastics, elastomers and composites. New York: McGraw Hill.
- Hull, D., & Clyne, T. W. (1996). An introduction to composite materials. (2nd ed). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ISO 178, Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
- ISO 180, Plastics - Determination of izod impact strength
- Ku, H., Epaarachchi, J., Trada, M., & Wong, P. (2013). Modelling of tensile properties glass powder/epoxy composites post-cured in an oven and in microwaves. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 32(10), 689–699.
- Ku, H., Trade, M., Nixon, R., & Wong, P. (2010). Flexural properties of phenolic resin reinforced with glass powder: preliminary results. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 116 (1), 347–354.
- Ku, H., Wong, P., Huang, J., Fung, H., & Trada, M. (2011). Tensile tests of glass powder reinforced epoxy composites: pilot study. Advanced Materials Research. 214, 1–5.
- Ku, H., Wong, P., Huang, J., Fung, H., & Trada, M. (2012). Flexural properties of epoxy composites filled with glass powder: preliminary results. Advanced Materials Research, 410, 309–312.
- Kusaseh,N. M., Nuruzzaman, D. M., Ismail, N. M., Hamedon, Z., Azhari, A., & Iqbal, A. K. M. A. (2018). Flexure and impact properties of glass fiber reinforced nylon 6-polypropylene composites. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/319/1/012045
- Lee, J., Park, S. B., Lee, J. S., Kim, J. W. (2017) Improvement in mechanical properties of glass fiber fabric/PVC composites with chopped glass fibers and coupling agent. Materials Research Express, 4 (7), 075303.
- Mallick, P. K. (1993). Fiber Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing and Design. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
- Nayak, S. Y., Heckadka, S. S., Thomas, L. G. & Baby, A. (2018) Tensile and Flexural Properties of Chopped Strand E-glass Fibre Mat Reinforced CNSL-Epoxy Composites. MATEC Web of Conferences, 144(4), 02025.
- Nuruzzaman, D. M., Iqbal, A. K. M. A., Oumer, A. N., Ismail, N. M. & Basri, S. (2016). Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced nylon. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 114, 1-7.
- Omid, T., Venus, M. M., Sharafeddin, F. & Ashgar, A. A. (2012). Effect of glass fiber length on flexural strength of fiber-reinforced composite resin. World Journal of Dentistry. 3, 131-135.
- Philips, L. N. (1989). Design with advanced composite materials. London: Springer Verlag.
- Pizzi, A. (1994). Advanced wood adhesives technology. New York: Marcel Dekker.
- Ripperger, W. (2005). Process for the Production of High Purity Melamine From Urea. US 6,858,730
- Rosato, D. V. (1997). Designing with reinforced composites: technology, performance, economics. Munich: Hanser Verlag.
- Sonsakul, K. & Boongsood, W. (2017). Effects of glass scraps powder and glass fiber on mechanical properties of polyester composites. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 273 (2017), 012006.
- Soy, U. (2009). Metal Matrix Composite Materials. Technical Education Faculty of Sakarya University, Metal Education Department, Lecture Notes, Sakarya. Şahin, Y. (2000). Introduction to composite materials. (1st ed). Ankara: Gazi.
- Trantina, G., & Mimmer, R. (1993). Structural analysis of thermoplastic components. New York: McGraw Hill.
- Ulcay, Y., Gemci, R., & Akyol, M. (2002). Examining the effect of different cure methods on interfacial strength of fiber reinforced polymer matrix. Journal of Uludag University Engineering and Architecture. 7 (1), 93-116.
- Valasek, P. & Müller, M. (2013) Polymeric composite based on glass powder - Usage possibilities in agrocomplex. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica. 44(2), 107-112.
- Wallenberger, F. T, Watson, J. C, & Li, H. (2001). Glass Fibers. In: Donaldson, S. L., & Miracle, D. B. (Eds), Composites, (pp 27-34). Novelty: ASM International Park.
Düzeltme Notu
Bu makalede yazar kurumu bilgisi hatalı olarak belirtilmiştir. Yazarın kurum bilgisi düzeltilmiştir. Makalenin bilimsel içeriğinde herhangi bir değişiklik yapılmamıştır.
Öz
Cam elyafı, kompozitlerin mekanik özelliklerini artırmak için kullanılan en popüler takviye elemanıdır. Filament halde üretilen cam elyafını, kırpılmış cam elyaf formuna dönüştürme esnasında yüklü miktarda atık cam elyaf açığa çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma melamin matrisli kompozitlerde atık cam elyaf tozunun kullanılması üzerinedir. Sıcak pres yöntemiyle üretilen atık cam elyaf tozu takviyeli melamin kompozit numunelerin çekme dayanımı, eğilme direnci, özgül ağırlığı ve darbe dayanımı ölçülmüştür. Test sonuçları kompozit malzeme üretiminde kullanılan takviye elemanının fiziksel formunun son ürün karakteristiği üzerinde çok önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Numunelerin özgül ağırlığının, kompozitteki atık cam elyaf tozu takviyesi oranı arttıkça yükseldiği görülmüştür. Özgül ağırlık sonuçlarındaki bu değişim, melamin matrisin sıcaklık ve basınç uygulaması sonucunda takviyeli ve takviyesiz numunelerde yeniden düzenlenmesinden ve takviyeli numunelerde atık cam elyaf tozunun ısıya karşı duyarlığının melamin matrise oranla düşük olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Atık cam elyaf takviyesinin çekme dayanımını ve darbe dayanımını sırasıyla %30 ve %20 ye varan oranlarda artırdığı ancak eğilme dayanımını yaklaşık %50 ye varan oranlarda düşürdüğü tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Atık cam elyaf tozu kompozit melamin mekanik özellikler darbe dayanımı
Proje Numarası
2011/7-10YLS
Kaynakça
- Agarwall, B. D., Bioutman, L. J., & Chandrashekhara, K. (2006). Analysis and performance of fiber composites. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- ASTM D792, Standard test methods for density and specific gravity (relative density) of plastics by displacement
- ASTM D3039, Standard test method for tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials
- Bhaskar, V. V. & Srinivas, K. (2017) Mechanical characterization of glass fiber (woven roving/chopped strand mat E-glass fiber) reinforced polyester composites. AIP Conference Proceedings. doi: 10.1063/1.4990261.
- Bhatti, A. R., & Farries, P. M. (2000). Carbon/Carbon, Cement and Ceramic Matrix Composites. In: Warren, R. (Eds), Comprehensive Composite Materials. (4th ed). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Biswas, S., Deo, B., Patnaik, A. & Satapathy, A. (2011) Effect of fiber loading and orientation on mechanical and erosion wear behaviors of glass– epoxy composites. Polymer Composites. 32, 665-674.
- Callister, W. D. (2006). Materials science and engineering: an introduction. (7th ed). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- Gibbons, J. H. (1988). Polymer matrix composites in advanced materials by design. Washington: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment.
- Harper, C. A. (2002). Handbook of plastics, elastomers and composites. New York: McGraw Hill.
- Hull, D., & Clyne, T. W. (1996). An introduction to composite materials. (2nd ed). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ISO 178, Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
- ISO 180, Plastics - Determination of izod impact strength
- Ku, H., Epaarachchi, J., Trada, M., & Wong, P. (2013). Modelling of tensile properties glass powder/epoxy composites post-cured in an oven and in microwaves. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 32(10), 689–699.
- Ku, H., Trade, M., Nixon, R., & Wong, P. (2010). Flexural properties of phenolic resin reinforced with glass powder: preliminary results. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 116 (1), 347–354.
- Ku, H., Wong, P., Huang, J., Fung, H., & Trada, M. (2011). Tensile tests of glass powder reinforced epoxy composites: pilot study. Advanced Materials Research. 214, 1–5.
- Ku, H., Wong, P., Huang, J., Fung, H., & Trada, M. (2012). Flexural properties of epoxy composites filled with glass powder: preliminary results. Advanced Materials Research, 410, 309–312.
- Kusaseh,N. M., Nuruzzaman, D. M., Ismail, N. M., Hamedon, Z., Azhari, A., & Iqbal, A. K. M. A. (2018). Flexure and impact properties of glass fiber reinforced nylon 6-polypropylene composites. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/319/1/012045
- Lee, J., Park, S. B., Lee, J. S., Kim, J. W. (2017) Improvement in mechanical properties of glass fiber fabric/PVC composites with chopped glass fibers and coupling agent. Materials Research Express, 4 (7), 075303.
- Mallick, P. K. (1993). Fiber Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing and Design. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
- Nayak, S. Y., Heckadka, S. S., Thomas, L. G. & Baby, A. (2018) Tensile and Flexural Properties of Chopped Strand E-glass Fibre Mat Reinforced CNSL-Epoxy Composites. MATEC Web of Conferences, 144(4), 02025.
- Nuruzzaman, D. M., Iqbal, A. K. M. A., Oumer, A. N., Ismail, N. M. & Basri, S. (2016). Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced nylon. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 114, 1-7.
- Omid, T., Venus, M. M., Sharafeddin, F. & Ashgar, A. A. (2012). Effect of glass fiber length on flexural strength of fiber-reinforced composite resin. World Journal of Dentistry. 3, 131-135.
- Philips, L. N. (1989). Design with advanced composite materials. London: Springer Verlag.
- Pizzi, A. (1994). Advanced wood adhesives technology. New York: Marcel Dekker.
- Ripperger, W. (2005). Process for the Production of High Purity Melamine From Urea. US 6,858,730
- Rosato, D. V. (1997). Designing with reinforced composites: technology, performance, economics. Munich: Hanser Verlag.
- Sonsakul, K. & Boongsood, W. (2017). Effects of glass scraps powder and glass fiber on mechanical properties of polyester composites. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 273 (2017), 012006.
- Soy, U. (2009). Metal Matrix Composite Materials. Technical Education Faculty of Sakarya University, Metal Education Department, Lecture Notes, Sakarya. Şahin, Y. (2000). Introduction to composite materials. (1st ed). Ankara: Gazi.
- Trantina, G., & Mimmer, R. (1993). Structural analysis of thermoplastic components. New York: McGraw Hill.
- Ulcay, Y., Gemci, R., & Akyol, M. (2002). Examining the effect of different cure methods on interfacial strength of fiber reinforced polymer matrix. Journal of Uludag University Engineering and Architecture. 7 (1), 93-116.
- Valasek, P. & Müller, M. (2013) Polymeric composite based on glass powder - Usage possibilities in agrocomplex. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica. 44(2), 107-112.
- Wallenberger, F. T, Watson, J. C, & Li, H. (2001). Glass Fibers. In: Donaldson, S. L., & Miracle, D. B. (Eds), Composites, (pp 27-34). Novelty: ASM International Park.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Giyilebilir Malzemeler |
| Bölüm | Düzeltme |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | 2011/7-10YLS |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 10 Ocak 2020 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 3 Aralık 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 4 |